meritless claim (California) · Go Syfert
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meritless claim in California

31 California opinions name it 2 courts 1985–2025 17 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (18)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Kippgreen
cal · 1998 · cited in 9 California opinions naming this issue, 2021–2024
2 sentences

2024(See People v. Ochoa (1998) 19 Cal.4th 353, 463 [“Representation does not become deficient for failing to make meritless objections.”]; People v. Kipp (1998) 18 Cal.4th 349, 377 [“trial attorney’s failure to assert a meritless defense does not demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel”].) 15 B.

2024(See People v. Kipp (1998) 18 Cal.4th 349, 377 [“attorney’s failure to assert a meritless defense does not demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel”]; People v. Ochoa (1998) 19 Cal.4th 353, 463 [“Representation does not become deficient for failing to make meritless objections”].) 5 Our Supreme Court is poised to resolve the issue, having granted review in People v. Kopp (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 47 , review granted November 13, 2019, S257844, to decide the following questions: “Must a court consider a defendant’s ability to pay before imposing or executing fines, fees, and assessments?

99
People v. Ochoagreen
cal · 1999 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024(See People v. Ochoa (1998) 19 Cal.4th 353, 463 [“Representation does not become deficient for failing to make meritless objections.”]; People v. Kipp (1998) 18 Cal.4th 349, 377 [“trial attorney’s failure to assert a meritless defense does not demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel”].) 15 B.

2024(See People v. Kipp (1998) 18 Cal.4th 349, 377 [“attorney’s failure to assert a meritless defense does not demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel”]; People v. Ochoa (1998) 19 Cal.4th 353, 463 [“Representation does not become deficient for failing to make meritless objections”].) 5 Our Supreme Court is poised to resolve the issue, having granted review in People v. Kopp (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 47 , review granted November 13, 2019, S257844, to decide the following questions: “Must a court consider a defendant’s ability to pay before imposing or executing fines, fees, and assessments?

22
Oasis West Realty v. Goldmangreen
cal · 2011 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2014–2016
2 sentences

2016(South Sutter, LLC v. LJ Sutter Partners, L.P. (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 634, 659 ; Marlin v. Aimco Venezia, LLC (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 154, 162 ; see also Tendler v. www.jewishsurvivors.blogspot.com (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 802 , 811–812 (conc. opn. by McAdams, J.).) Thus, a plaintiff who “ ‘can show a probability of prevailing on any part of its claim’ ” does not have a meritless claim and a motion to strike is not proper—“ ‘the entire cause of action stands.’ ” (Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman (2011) 51 Cal.4th 811, 820 (Oasis), third italics added.) So, if a cause of action arising entirely f

2014As explained above, a trial court may stop its analysis and deny an anti-SLAPP motion once it determines the plaintiff established a probability of prevailing on at least one protected act because the plaintiff thereby has shown the cause of action is not a meritless claim designed to punish the defendant for exercising First Amendment rights. ( Oasis, supra, 51 Cal.4th at pp. 820-821; Wallace, supra, 196 Cal.App.4th at p. 1211 .) A plaintiff’s decision to settle the portion of a cause of action the trial court found to have merit does not free the appellate court to examine and strike the rem

12
Bertero v. National General Corp.green
cal · 1974 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025(See, e.g., Bertero v. National General Corp. (1974) 13 Cal.3d 43, 50-51 [discussing wrongful institution of civil proceedings]; see also TransUnion, supra, 594 U.S. at p. 424-426 [examining the common law to identify concrete harms].) However, because he has not alleged any adverse consequences from cross-defendants’ alleged failure to provide statutorily required notices, Guracar has not shown a traditionally recognized, concrete harm from that failure.

11
TransUnion LLC v. Ramirezgreen
scotus · 2021 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025(See, e.g., Bertero v. National General Corp. (1974) 13 Cal.3d 43, 50-51 [discussing wrongful institution of civil proceedings]; see also TransUnion, supra, 594 U.S. at p. 424-426 [examining the common law to identify concrete harms].) However, because he has not alleged any adverse consequences from cross-defendants’ alleged failure to provide statutorily required notices, Guracar has not shown a traditionally recognized, concrete harm from that failure.

2025(See, e.g., Bertero v. National General Corp. (1974) 13 Cal.3d 43, 50-51 [discussing wrongful institution of civil proceedings]; see also TransUnion, supra, 594 U.S. at p. 424-426 [examining the common law to identify concrete harms].) However, because he has not alleged any adverse consequences from cross-defendants’ alleged failure to provide statutorily required notices, Guracar has not shown a traditionally recognized, concrete harm from that failure.

11
People v. Curielgreen
cal · 2023 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024(Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 971 ; accord, Curiel, supra, at p. 460 .) In this circumstance, requiring petitioner, as the moving party, to minimally assist himself by informing the court and the prosecutor of a basis for what appears to be a meritless claim does not contravene Curiel.

11
Hong Liu v. Mooregreen
calctapp · 1999 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021They are awarded fees to compensate them for defending against a meritless claim brought by a “party seeking to ‘chill the [defendants’] valid exercise of the constitutional rights of freedom of speech and petition for the redress of grievances.’” (Ketchum, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 1131 ; see also Liu v. Moore (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 745, 750 [“The purpose of section 425.16 is clearly to give relief, including financial relief in the form of attorney’s fees and costs, to persons who have been victimized by meritless, retaliatory SLAPP lawsuits because of their ‘participation in matters of public

11
Del Rio v. Jettongreen
calctapp · 1997 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021They are awarded fees to compensate them for defending against a meritless claim brought by a “party seeking to ‘chill the [defendants’] valid exercise of the constitutional rights of freedom of speech and petition for the redress of grievances.’” (Ketchum, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 1131 ; see also Liu v. Moore (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 745, 750 [“The purpose of section 425.16 is clearly to give relief, including financial relief in the form of attorney’s fees and costs, to persons who have been victimized by meritless, retaliatory SLAPP lawsuits because of their ‘participation in matters of public

11
Tendler v. Www. Jewishsurvivors. Blogspot. Comgreen
calctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016(South Sutter, LLC v. LJ Sutter Partners, L.P. (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 634, 659 ; Marlin v. Aimco Venezia, LLC (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 154, 162 ; see also Tendler v. www.jewishsurvivors.blogspot.com (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 802 , 811–812 (conc. opn. by McAdams, J.).) Thus, a plaintiff who “ ‘can show a probability of prevailing on any part of its claim’ ” does not have a meritless claim and a motion to strike is not proper—“ ‘the entire cause of action stands.’ ” (Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman (2011) 51 Cal.4th 811, 820 (Oasis), third italics added.) So, if a cause of action arising entirely f

11
Cho v. Changgreen
calctapp · 2013 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016(Id. at p. 821; see also Bently Reserve, supra, 218 Cal.App.4th at p. 426 [“When a cause of action states multiple grounds for relief, ‘the plaintiff may satisfy its obligation in the second prong by simply showing a probability of prevailing on any’ one of those grounds.”]; Burrill v. Nair (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 357, 382 ; Wallace v. McCubbin (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 1169, 1211 ; Mann v. Quality Old Time Service, Inc. (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 90, 106 ; cf. Cho v. Chang (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 521, 527 [recognizing Oasis and holding a trial court could nonetheless strike those meritless portions of

11
Bently Reserve LP v. Papalioliosgreen
calctapp · 2013 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016(Id. at p. 821; see also Bently Reserve, supra, 218 Cal.App.4th at p. 426 [“When a cause of action states multiple grounds for relief, ‘the plaintiff may satisfy its obligation in the second prong by simply showing a probability of prevailing on any’ one of those grounds.”]; Burrill v. Nair (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 357, 382 ; Wallace v. McCubbin (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 1169, 1211 ; Mann v. Quality Old Time Service, Inc. (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 90, 106 ; cf. Cho v. Chang (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 521, 527 [recognizing Oasis and holding a trial court could nonetheless strike those meritless portions of

11
Mattel, Inc. v. Luce, Forward, Hamilton & Scrippsgreen
calctapp · 2002 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010The appellate court concluded that it did because the plaintiff had obtained sanctions against the defendant under Rule 11 for filing a meritless claim, reflecting a determination on the merits in favor of the malicious-prosecution plaintiff. ( Mattel , at pp. 1190-1191.) With respect to the probable cause and malice elements, however, the court in Mattel stated only the following, with no additional authority or analysis: "The findings made in connection with the [R]ule 11 ... sanctions, the appropriate subject of judicial notice requested of the trial court (Evid.

11
Zamos v. Stroudgreen
cal · 2004 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005(Oren Royal Oaks Venture v. Greenberg, Bernhard, Weiss & Karma, Inc. (1986) 42 Cal.3d 1157, 1168-1169 [ 232 Cal.Rptr. 567 , 728 P.2d 1202 ] (Oren).) Similarly, although continued prosecution of a claim after it becomes apparent the claim is meritless can expose a party to damages for malicious prosecution (Zamos v. Stroud (2004) 32 Cal.4th 958, 968-970 [ 12 Cal.Rptr.3d 54 , 87 P.3d 802 ]), the “mere . . . maintenance of a lawsuit—even for an improper purpose—is not a proper basis for an abuse of process action” (Oren, supra, at p. 1169 ).

2005(Oren Royal Oaks Venture v. Greenberg, Bernhard, Weiss & Karma, Inc. (1986) 42 Cal.3d 1157, 1168-1169 [ 232 Cal.Rptr. 567 , 728 P.2d 1202 ] (Oren).) Similarly, although continued prosecution of a claim after it becomes apparent the claim is meritless can expose a party to damages for malicious prosecution (Zamos v. Stroud (2004) 32 Cal.4th 958, 968-970 [ 12 Cal.Rptr.3d 54 , 87 P.3d 802 ]), the “mere . . . maintenance of a lawsuit—even for an improper purpose—is not a proper basis for an abuse of process action” (Oren, supra, at p. 1169 ).

11
In Re Robbinsgreen
cal · 1998 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005(See In re Robbins (1998) 18 Cal.4th 770, 810 [ 77 Cal.Rptr.2d 153 , 959 P.2d 311 ] [failure to raise a meritless claim is not deficient performance].) K.

2005(See In re Robbins (1998) 18 Cal.4th 770, 810 [ 77 Cal.Rptr.2d 153 , 959 P.2d 311 ] [failure to raise a meritless claim is not deficient performance].) K.

11
Oren Royal Oaks Venture v. Greenberg, Bernard, Weiss & Karma Inc.green
cal · 1986 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005(Oren Royal Oaks Venture v. Greenberg, Bernhard, Weiss & Karma, Inc. (1986) 42 Cal.3d 1157, 1168-1169 [ 232 Cal.Rptr. 567 , 728 P.2d 1202 ] (Oren).) Similarly, although continued prosecution of a claim after it becomes apparent the claim is meritless can expose a party to damages for malicious prosecution (Zamos v. Stroud (2004) 32 Cal.4th 958, 968-970 [ 12 Cal.Rptr.3d 54 , 87 P.3d 802 ]), the “mere . . . maintenance of a lawsuit—even for an improper purpose—is not a proper basis for an abuse of process action” (Oren, supra, at p. 1169 ).

2005(Oren Royal Oaks Venture v. Greenberg, Bernhard, Weiss & Karma, Inc. (1986) 42 Cal.3d 1157, 1168-1169 [ 232 Cal.Rptr. 567 , 728 P.2d 1202 ] (Oren).) Similarly, although continued prosecution of a claim after it becomes apparent the claim is meritless can expose a party to damages for malicious prosecution (Zamos v. Stroud (2004) 32 Cal.4th 958, 968-970 [ 12 Cal.Rptr.3d 54 , 87 P.3d 802 ]), the “mere . . . maintenance of a lawsuit—even for an improper purpose—is not a proper basis for an abuse of process action” (Oren, supra, at p. 1169 ).

11
Montrose Chemical Corp. v. Superior Courtgreen
cal · 1993 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
People v. Lowergreen
calctapp · 1979 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
People v. Reillygreen
calctapp · 1987 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in California. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (19)

CaseCitedYears
People v. Hart green
cal · 1999
2 sentences

2024(People v. Hart (1999) 20 Cal.4th 546, 629 .) Defendant has not established ineffective assistance.

2023(People v. Hart (1999) 20 Cal.4th 546, 629 .) 29 V Unanimity Instruction Defendant also claims the trial court prejudicially erred and violated his federal constitutional rights by omitting “critical wording” from CALCRIM No. 3501 regarding the requirement of unanimity.

32023–2024
Wallace v. McCubbin green
calctapp · 2011
2 sentences

2014As explained above, a trial court may stop its analysis and deny an anti-SLAPP motion once it determines the plaintiff established a probability of prevailing on at least one protected act because the plaintiff thereby has shown the cause of action is not a meritless claim designed to punish the defendant for exercising First Amendment rights. ( Oasis, supra, 51 Cal.4th at pp. 820-821; Wallace, supra, 196 Cal.App.4th at p. 1211 .) A plaintiff’s decision to settle the portion of a cause of action the trial court found to have merit does not free the appellate court to examine and strike the rem

2014As explained above, a trial court may stop its analysis and deny an anti-SLAPP motion once it determines the plaintiff established a probability of prevailing on at least one protected act because the plaintiff thereby has shown the cause of action is not a meritless claim designed to punish the defendant for exercising First Amendment rights. ( Oasis, supra, 51 Cal.4th at pp. 820-821; Wallace, supra, 196 Cal.App.4th at p. 1211 .) A plaintiff’s decision to settle the portion of a cause of action the trial court found to have merit does not free the appellate court to examine and strike the rem

22014–2016
Strickland v. Washington green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

2015(See Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 694 .) F. The Translation Issue Andino next contends his new trial counsel was ineffective because he raised a meritless claim that the trial court erred by excluding from evidence an alternate translation of the Spanish word “robo.” Andino contends his new trial counsel should have argued the error was the result of his trial counsel’s ineffectiveness.

2014(Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 676 .) E.

22014–2015
People v. Lewis green
cal · 2021
1 sentence

2024(Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 971 ; accord, Curiel, supra, at p. 460 .) In this circumstance, requiring petitioner, as the moving party, to minimally assist himself by informing the court and the prosecutor of a basis for what appears to be a meritless claim does not contravene Curiel.

12024–2024
Winterrowd v. American General Annuity Insurance green
ca9 · 2009
1 sentence

2024Thus, the case turned more on that issue than any issue regarding California law.” (Winterrowd, supra, 556 F.3d at p. 822 .) Further, the Ninth Circuit in Winterrowd found that the relationship between out-of-state counsel and California counsel “was for all practical purposes a partnership.” (Ibid.) As set forth above, the facts are significantly different here.

12024–2024
People v. Kopp green
calctapp5d · 2019
1 sentence

2024(See People v. Kipp (1998) 18 Cal.4th 349, 377 [“attorney’s failure to assert a meritless defense does not demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel”]; People v. Ochoa (1998) 19 Cal.4th 353, 463 [“Representation does not become deficient for failing to make meritless objections”].) 5 Our Supreme Court is poised to resolve the issue, having granted review in People v. Kopp (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 47 , review granted November 13, 2019, S257844, to decide the following questions: “Must a court consider a defendant’s ability to pay before imposing or executing fines, fees, and assessments?

12024–2024
In Re Marilyn H green
cal · 1993
1 sentence

2023“Section 388 provides for the filing by a parent of a verified petition for modification of a juvenile court order based on changed circumstances.” (In re Marilyn H. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 295, 305 .) “Without the statutory procedures and safeguards created by the Legislature there would be nothing to preclude a parent from appearing at a section 366.26 hearing and, without prior notice to the court and other parties, assert a meritless claim of changed circumstances necessitating a delay of the hearing to allow the court to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to hold a hearing on the iss

12023–2023
Ketchum v. Moses green
cal · 2001
1 sentence

2021They are awarded fees to compensate them for defending against a meritless claim brought by a “party seeking to ‘chill the [defendants’] valid exercise of the constitutional rights of freedom of speech and petition for the redress of grievances.’” (Ketchum, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 1131 ; see also Liu v. Moore (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 745, 750 [“The purpose of section 425.16 is clearly to give relief, including financial relief in the form of attorney’s fees and costs, to persons who have been victimized by meritless, retaliatory SLAPP lawsuits because of their ‘participation in matters of public

12021–2021
Salehi v. Surfside III Condominium Owners Ass'n green
calctapp · 2011
1 sentence

2020(See Gietzen v. Covenant RE Management, Inc. (2019) 40 Cal.App.5th 331 , 338; Salehi v. Surfside III Condominium Owners’ Assn. (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 1146, 1158 .) There is likewise no merit to defendants’ claim of retraxit, which is akin to the meritless claim preclusion argument. “ ‘Retraxit’ describes the 5 The California Supreme Court clarified in DKN Holdings LLC v. Faerber (2015) 61 Cal.4th 813 that “[c]laim preclusion, the ‘ “ ‘primary aspect’ ” ’ of res judicata, acts to bar claims that were, or should have been, advanced in a previous suit involving the same parties. [Citations.] Issu

12020–2020
DKN Holdings LLC v. Faerber green
cal · 2015
1 sentence

2020(See Gietzen v. Covenant RE Management, Inc. (2019) 40 Cal.App.5th 331 , 338; Salehi v. Surfside III Condominium Owners’ Assn. (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 1146, 1158 .) There is likewise no merit to defendants’ claim of retraxit, which is akin to the meritless claim preclusion argument. “ ‘Retraxit’ describes the 5 The California Supreme Court clarified in DKN Holdings LLC v. Faerber (2015) 61 Cal.4th 813 that “[c]laim preclusion, the ‘ “ ‘primary aspect’ ” ’ of res judicata, acts to bar claims that were, or should have been, advanced in a previous suit involving the same parties. [Citations.] Issu

12020–2020
Burrill v. Nair CA3 green
calctapp · 2013
1 sentence

2016(Id. at p. 821; see also Bently Reserve, supra, 218 Cal.App.4th at p. 426 [“When a cause of action states multiple grounds for relief, ‘the plaintiff may satisfy its obligation in the second prong by simply showing a probability of prevailing on any’ one of those grounds.”]; Burrill v. Nair (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 357, 382 ; Wallace v. McCubbin (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 1169, 1211 ; Mann v. Quality Old Time Service, Inc. (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 90, 106 ; cf. Cho v. Chang (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 521, 527 [recognizing Oasis and holding a trial court could nonetheless strike those meritless portions of

12016–2016
Marlin v. AIMCO VENEZIA, LLC green
calctapp · 2007
1 sentence

2016(South Sutter, LLC v. LJ Sutter Partners, L.P. (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 634, 659 ; Marlin v. Aimco Venezia, LLC (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 154, 162 ; see also Tendler v. www.jewishsurvivors.blogspot.com (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 802 , 811–812 (conc. opn. by McAdams, J.).) Thus, a plaintiff who “ ‘can show a probability of prevailing on any part of its claim’ ” does not have a meritless claim and a motion to strike is not proper—“ ‘the entire cause of action stands.’ ” (Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman (2011) 51 Cal.4th 811, 820 (Oasis), third italics added.) So, if a cause of action arising entirely f

12016–2016
Mann v. Quality Old Time Service, Inc. green
calctapp · 2004
1 sentence

2016(Id. at p. 821; see also Bently Reserve, supra, 218 Cal.App.4th at p. 426 [“When a cause of action states multiple grounds for relief, ‘the plaintiff may satisfy its obligation in the second prong by simply showing a probability of prevailing on any’ one of those grounds.”]; Burrill v. Nair (2013) 217 Cal.App.4th 357, 382 ; Wallace v. McCubbin (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 1169, 1211 ; Mann v. Quality Old Time Service, Inc. (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 90, 106 ; cf. Cho v. Chang (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 521, 527 [recognizing Oasis and holding a trial court could nonetheless strike those meritless portions of

12016–2016
South Sutter, LLC v. Lj Sutter Partners, L.P green
calctapp · 2011
1 sentence

2016(South Sutter, LLC v. LJ Sutter Partners, L.P. (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 634, 659 ; Marlin v. Aimco Venezia, LLC (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 154, 162 ; see also Tendler v. www.jewishsurvivors.blogspot.com (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 802 , 811–812 (conc. opn. by McAdams, J.).) Thus, a plaintiff who “ ‘can show a probability of prevailing on any part of its claim’ ” does not have a meritless claim and a motion to strike is not proper—“ ‘the entire cause of action stands.’ ” (Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman (2011) 51 Cal.4th 811, 820 (Oasis), third italics added.) So, if a cause of action arising entirely f

12016–2016
People v. Dennis green
cal · 1998
1 sentence

2015“Establishing a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel requires the defendant to demonstrate (1) counsel’s performance was deficient in that it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional norms, and (2) counsel’s deficient representation prejudiced the defendant, i.e., there is a ‘reasonable probability’ that, but for counsel’s failings, defendant would have obtained a more favorable result. [Citations.] A ‘reasonable probability’ is one that is enough to undermine confidence in the outcome. [Citations.]” (People v. Dennis (1998) 17 Cal.4th 468, 540-541

12015–2015
cluster 777291 green
ca9 · 2002
12002–2002
People v. Robbins green
cal · 1988
11998–1998
People v. Lewis green
cal · 1990
11998–1998
Judy Edgar v. Inland Steel Company, a Corporation green
ca7 · 1984
11985–1985

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CA § Cal. Government Code § 70373 (7)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

PA 1151 (1979–2026) FL 67 (2000–2024) IA 49 (2004–2025) IL 43 (1991–2025) CA 31 (1985–2025) NJ 22 (2017–2026) MI 18 (2012–2025) NY 15 (1983–2025) MO 14 (1992–2025) OH 13 (1992–2025) GA 12 (1990–2026) TX 11 (1987–2020) IN 11 (1991–2020) AL 11 (1986–2026) NC 7 (2008–2024) UT 6 (1989–2012) NE 6 (2006–2026) WI 6 (2018–2026) MA 5 (2005–2026) MN 5 (1968–2010) VA 5 (2021–2026) NV 4 (2018–2020) AZ 4 (1988–2015) OK 3 (2020–2021) HI 3 (2023–2024) DC 3 (2014–2018) WA 3 (2009–2018) KS 3 (2021–2022) SC 2 (2023–2024) CO 2 (1992–2013) CT 2 (2001–2006) ME 2 (1979–2012) NM 2 (1997–2018) TN 2 (1991–2010)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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