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28 California opinions name it 3 courts 1969–2026 8 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
San Diegans for Open Government v. Har Construction CA4/1green2 sentences2017More recently, in San Diegans for Open Government v. Har Construction, Inc. (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 611 , 628, 192 Cal.Rptr.3d 559 ( Har Construction ), this court approvingly cited Tourgeman for the same rule, stating whether the public interest exemption in section 425.17, subdivision (b) applies is based on the plaintiff's allegations and "does not require the plaintiff to proffer affirmative evidence." Although the University defendants do not mention it, other courts have agreed with Tourgeman on this point. ( Cruz v. City O f Culver City (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 239 , 249, 205 Cal.Rptr.3d 736 2017More recently, in San Diegans for Open Government v. Har Construction, Inc. (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 611 , 628, 192 Cal.Rptr.3d 559 ( Har Construction ), this court approvingly cited Tourgeman for the same rule, stating whether the public interest exemption in section 425.17, subdivision (b) applies is based on the plaintiff's allegations and "does not require the plaintiff to proffer affirmative evidence." Although the University defendants do not mention it, other courts have agreed with Tourgeman on this point. ( Cruz v. City O f Culver City (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 239 , 249, 205 Cal.Rptr.3d 736 | 2 | 3 |
Tourgeman v. Nelson & Kennardgreen2 sentences2017The University defendants acknowledge that in Tourgeman v. Nelson Kennard (2014) 222 Cal.App.4th 1447 , 1466, 166 Cal.Rptr.3d 729 ( Tourgeman ), this court rejected a similar argument. 2017The University defendants acknowledge that in Tourgeman v. Nelson Kennard (2014) 222 Cal.App.4th 1447 , 1466, 166 Cal.Rptr.3d 729 ( Tourgeman ), this court rejected a similar argument. | 2 | 3 |
Regents of University of California v. Superior Courtgreen2 sentences2024(Regents of University of California v. Superior Court (1976) 17 Cal.3d 533, 537 [making investment decisions “are not so closely related to its educational decisions to cloak” the university with immunity, they are not uniquely governmental functions].) II. 2024(Regents of University of California v. Superior Court (1976) 17 Cal.3d 533, 537 [making investment decisions “are not so closely related to its educational decisions to cloak” the university with immunity, they are not uniquely governmental functions].) II. | 2 | 2 |
Goldberg v. REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIF.green2 sentences2018(Doe v. Regents of University of California (2016) 5 Cal.App.5th 1055, 1073 .) “‘The statute’s requirement of a “‘fair trial’” means that there must have been “a fair administrative hearing.”’” (Doe v. University of Southern California (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 221, 239 , quoting Gonzalez v. Santa Clara County Dept. of Social Services (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 72, 96 .) “[T]he University’s rule-making powers and its relationship with its students are subject to federal constitutional guarantees.” (Goldberg v. Regents of University of California (1967) 248 Cal.App.2d 867, 875 .) In disciplining colle 1977(See Goldberg, supra, 248 Cal.App.2d 867, 873-875 ; Eisen v. Regents of University of California (1969) 269 Cal.App.2d 696, 698 [ 75 Cal.Rptr. 45 , 37 A.L.R.3d 1300 ].) In Eisen , citing Goldberg with approval, it is said that “[t]he parties agree that the University’s rule-making powers and its relationship with its students . . . are subject to federal constitutional guarantees . . . .” ( Eisen, supra, 269 Cal.App.2d 696, at p. 698 .) The discussion in Greenhill v. Bailey (8th Cir. 1975) 519 F.2d 5, 7 , explores the traditional rule of noninterference by judicial process with the aifairs of | 1 | 3 |
Blickman Turkus v. Mf Downtown Sunnyvalegreen1 sentence2026(See Rattagan, supra, 17 Cal.5th at p. 43 [the complaint must include “the content of the omitted facts” where plaintiff alleges fraudulent concealment based on a defendant’s exclusive knowledge of undisclosed facts]; Blickman Turkus, LP v. MF Downtown Sunnyvale, LLC (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 858, 877-878 [“unspecified statements on an identified topic [i.e., defendant’s ability to pay rent]” did not provide “the substance of those statements” sufficient to support a fraudulent concealment claim based on a theory of partial concealment].) In addition, Graham did not adequately allege the Universi | 1 | 1 |
Aptos Council v. County of Santa Cruzgreen2 sentences2026With respect to fraudulent concealment, the University defendants 10 Cal.App.5th 266, 296 [“Issues not raised in the appellant’s opening brief are deemed waived or abandoned.”].) 4 argued the operative complaint failed to sufficiently allege a duty to disclose or Graham’s justifiable reliance. 2026With respect to fraudulent concealment, the University defendants 10 Cal.App.5th 266, 296 [“Issues not raised in the appellant’s opening brief are deemed waived or abandoned.”].) 4 argued the operative complaint failed to sufficiently allege a duty to disclose or Graham’s justifiable reliance. | 1 | 1 |
Goss v. Lopezgreen2 sentences2018(Doe v. Regents of University of California (2016) 5 Cal.App.5th 1055, 1073 .) “‘The statute’s requirement of a “‘fair trial’” means that there must have been “a fair administrative hearing.”’” (Doe v. University of Southern California (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 221, 239 , quoting Gonzalez v. Santa Clara County Dept. of Social Services (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 72, 96 .) “[T]he University’s rule-making powers and its relationship with its students are subject to federal constitutional guarantees.” (Goldberg v. Regents of University of California (1967) 248 Cal.App.2d 867, 875 .) In disciplining colle 2018(Doe v. Regents of University of California (2016) 5 Cal.App.5th 1055, 1073 .) “‘The statute’s requirement of a “‘fair trial’” means that there must have been “a fair administrative hearing.”’” (Doe v. University of Southern California (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 221, 239 , quoting Gonzalez v. Santa Clara County Dept. of Social Services (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 72, 96 .) “[T]he University’s rule-making powers and its relationship with its students are subject to federal constitutional guarantees.” (Goldberg v. Regents of University of California (1967) 248 Cal.App.2d 867, 875 .) In disciplining colle | 1 | 1 |
Scruby v. Vintage Grapevine, Inc.green1 sentence2017(Scruby v. Vintage Grapevine, Inc. (1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 697, 701, fn.1 (Scruby).) 9 The Trustees' motion states SDOG erroneously sued them as CSU and SDSU. 14 The University defendants asserted that SDOG's complaint was governed by the anti-SLAPP statute because the action is based on agreements for collaborative news reporting. | 1 | 1 |
| Eastburn v. Regional Fire Protection Authoritygreen | 1 | 1 |
Baldwin v. Zoradigreen2 sentences2016“The breach of the license agreement by one student imposes no contractual duty upon the Trustees in regard to another student.” (Baldwin v. Zoradi (1981) 123 Cal.App.3d 275, 294 (Baldwin).) Thus, even had plaintiff alleged provisions of the licensing agreement and that those provisions had been breached by her attacker or other students, this would not give rise to a cause of action for breach of contract against the University defendants. 15 B. 2016As in Crow, plaintiff’s trial court opposition papers and her briefs on appeal are replete with arguments which, at their core, are based on the University defendants’ alleged “liability . . . for [their] negligent operation and supervision of the dormitories.” ( Crow, supra, 222 Cal.App.3d at pp. 206-207.) Plaintiff’s contentions also bear similarity to the unsuccessful claims in Baldwin, wherein the plaintiff asserted that the defendants were negligent for failing to perform their duty to enforce the rules of student conduct and for knowingly creating an unsafe condition, specifically “ ‘a s | 1 | 1 |
Beck v. American Health Group International, Inc.green1 sentence2016Nevertheless, the court stated that, in reviewing the demurrer, it was compelled to accept the provisions alleged by plaintiff as constituting the terms and conditions of the residency agreement relevant to plaintiff’s claims.5 (See generally Beck v. American Health Group Internat., Inc. (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 1555, 1561 [ordinarily, a written contract is sufficiently pleaded if it is set out in full or its terms alleged according to their legal effect], disapproved on another ground in Epic Medical Management, LLC v. Paquette (2015) 244 Cal.app.4th 504, 516.) According to plaintiff’s second am | 1 | 1 |
Melton v. Boustredgreen2 sentences2016“The elements ‘of a cause of action for public nuisance include the existence of a duty and causation.’ ” (Melton v. Boustred (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 521, 542 (Melton).) We have determined at length, ante, that the University defendants did not owe an applicable duty to plaintiff here. 2016Moreover, “ ‘[w]here negligence and nuisance causes of action rely on the same facts about lack of due care, the nuisance claim is a negligence claim.’ [Citation.] The nuisance claim ‘stands or falls with the determination of the negligence cause of action’ in such cases.” (Melton, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at p. 542 .) Here, inasmuch as plaintiff pleads a cause of action for public nuisance, her cause of action “has no independent vitality, because it merely restates [her] negligence claims ‘using a different label.’ ” (Id. at p. 543.) Accordingly, we conclude that the second amended complaint f | 1 | 1 |
Gabriel v. Wells Fargo Bankgreen1 sentence2016(See Gabriel v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 547, 553, fn. 3 ; CACI No. 303.) Section 814 provides that “[n]othing in this part” regarding liability of public entities and public employees “affects liability based on contract or the right to obtain relief other than money or damages against a public entity or public employee.” (§ 814.) In the second amended complaint, plaintiff alleged that she entered into a residency agreement with the University defendants. | 1 | 1 |
Wilhelm v. Pray, Price, Williams & Russellgreen1 sentence2016(See Wilhelm v. Pray, Price, Williams & Russell (1986) 186 Cal.App.3d 1324, 1331 [the absence of any one of the required elements of an action in fraud or deceit will preclude recovery].) Moreover, under the circumstances of this case, in light of the absence of justifiable reliance, plaintiff cannot establish the fifth element set forth above, that she sustained damages as a result of the University defendants’ alleged misrepresentation. | 1 | 1 |
| Allen v. City of Sacramentogreen | 1 | 1 |
| Rindge Co. v. County of Los Angelesgreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Chevaliergreen | 1 | 1 |
| Gutkin v. University of Southern Californiagreen | 1 | 1 |
| City of San Jose v. Superior Courtgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Black Panther Party v. Kehoegreen | 1 | 1 |
| American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Northern California, Inc. v. Deukmejiangreen | 1 | 1 |
| McGill v. Regents of University of Californiagreen | 1 | 1 |
| Purdy & Fitzpatrick v. State of Californiagreen | 1 | 1 |
| City of Pasadena v. Charlevillegreen | 1 | 1 |
| Miller v. Bechtel Corp.green | 1 | 1 |
| Marc A. Stretten v. Wadsworth Veterans Hospitalgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Eisen v. Regents of University of Californiagreen | 1 | 1 |
| Huntley v. Public Utilities Commissiongreen | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in California. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Ingels v. Westwood One Broadcasting Services, Inc.
green
2 sentences2017They also asserted the public interest lawsuit exemption to the *170 anti-SLAPP statute in section 425.17, subdivision (b) did not apply because under section 426.17, subdivision (d) and Ingels v. Westwood One Broadcasting Services, Inc. (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1050 , 28 Cal.Rptr.3d 933 ( Ingels ), news gathering and reporting are exceptions to the public interest lawsuit exemption. 2017They also asserted the public interest lawsuit exemption to the *170 anti-SLAPP statute in section 425.17, subdivision (b) did not apply because under section 426.17, subdivision (d) and Ingels v. Westwood One Broadcasting Services, Inc. (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1050 , 28 Cal.Rptr.3d 933 ( Ingels ), news gathering and reporting are exceptions to the public interest lawsuit exemption. | 3 | 2017–2017 |
Cruz v. City of Culver City
green
2 sentences2017More recently, in San Diegans for Open Government v. Har Construction, Inc. (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 611 , 628, 192 Cal.Rptr.3d 559 ( Har Construction ), this court approvingly cited Tourgeman for the same rule, stating whether the public interest exemption in section 425.17, subdivision (b) applies is based on the plaintiff's allegations and "does not require the plaintiff to proffer affirmative evidence." Although the University defendants do not mention it, other courts have agreed with Tourgeman on this point. ( Cruz v. City O f Culver City (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 239 , 249, 205 Cal.Rptr.3d 736 2017More recently, in San Diegans for Open Government v. Har Construction, Inc. (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 611 , 628, 192 Cal.Rptr.3d 559 ( Har Construction ), this court approvingly cited Tourgeman for the same rule, stating whether the public interest exemption in section 425.17, subdivision (b) applies is based on the plaintiff's allegations and "does not require the plaintiff to proffer affirmative evidence." Although the University defendants do not mention it, other courts have agreed with Tourgeman on this point. ( Cruz v. City O f Culver City (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 239 , 249, 205 Cal.Rptr.3d 736 | 3 | 2017–2017 |
The Inland Oversight Comm. v. County of San Bernardino
green
2 sentences2017More recently, in San Diegans for Open Government v. Har Construction, Inc. (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 611 , 628, 192 Cal.Rptr.3d 559 ( Har Construction ), this court approvingly cited Tourgeman for the same rule, stating whether the public interest exemption in section 425.17, subdivision (b) applies is based on the plaintiff's allegations and "does not require the plaintiff to proffer affirmative evidence." Although the University defendants do not mention it, other courts have agreed with Tourgeman on this point. ( Cruz v. City O f Culver City (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 239 , 249, 205 Cal.Rptr.3d 736 2017More recently, in San Diegans for Open Government v. Har Construction, Inc. (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 611 , 628, 192 Cal.Rptr.3d 559 ( Har Construction ), this court approvingly cited Tourgeman for the same rule, stating whether the public interest exemption in section 425.17, subdivision (b) applies is based on the plaintiff's allegations and "does not require the plaintiff to proffer affirmative evidence." Although the University defendants do not mention it, other courts have agreed with Tourgeman on this point. ( Cruz v. City O f Culver City (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 239 , 249, 205 Cal.Rptr.3d 736 | 3 | 2017–2017 |
Furry v. E. Bay Publ'g, LLC
green
2 sentences2023The trial court found that “the evidence is not that the [U]niversity had a good faith belief [that adjunct instructors were exempt under state law]; the evidence is that they never thought about it.” This factual finding is entitled to deference on review (Furry, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 1078 ), and the University does not challenge it as unsupported by substantial evidence. 2023The trial court found that “the evidence is not that the [U]niversity had a good faith belief [that adjunct instructors were exempt under state law]; the evidence is that they never thought about it.” This factual finding is entitled to deference on review (Furry, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 1078 ), and the University does not challenge it as unsupported by substantial evidence. | 2 | 2023–2023 |
Reid v. Google, Inc.
green
2 sentences2021Code, § 12940 et seq.) The trial court granted the University’s motion for summary judgment but erroneously excluded evidence a University employee rejected a job candidate because she “wanted someone younger.” Reid v. Google, Inc. (2010) 50 Cal.4th 512 , 535–545 (Reid) explained such remarks can be relevant in age discrimination suits. 2021Code, § 12940 et seq.) The trial court granted the University’s motion for summary judgment but erroneously excluded evidence a University employee rejected a job candidate because she “wanted someone younger.” Reid v. Google, Inc. (2010) 50 Cal.4th 512 , 535–545 (Reid) explained such remarks can be relevant in age discrimination suits. | 2 | 2021–2021 |
Doe v. Regents of the University of California
green
2 sentences2018(Id. at pp. 248, 253.) Regents is the second and, as far as we have discovered, the only other California case addressing whether a fair hearing includes the ability of a student accused of sexual misconduct to question the complaining witness.8 In Regents, the university held a hearing at which both the accused student and the complaining witness appeared, although they were separated by a screen and could not see one another. ( Regents, supra, 5 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1081, 1093.) The university’s procedures allowed the parties to “provide written questions to the review panel chair or review of 2018(Id. at pp. 248, 253.) Regents is the second and, as far as we have discovered, the only other California case addressing whether a fair hearing includes the ability of a student accused of sexual misconduct to question the complaining witness.8 In Regents, the university held a hearing at which both the accused student and the complaining witness appeared, although they were separated by a screen and could not see one another. ( Regents, supra, 5 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1081, 1093.) The university’s procedures allowed the parties to “provide written questions to the review panel chair or review of | 2 | 2018–2018 |
Haidak v. Univ. of Mass-Amherst
green
2 sentences2026(See, e.g., Haidak v. University of Massachusetts- 8 Doe’s brief asserts at the investigation hearing he presented at his closing statement “and also listed some of the questions he would have asked the complainants if they had made themselves available for questioning at the University hearing.” 21 Amherst (1st Cir. 2019) 933 F.3d 56 , 69–70; Doe v. Haas (E.D.N.Y. 2019) 427 F.Supp.3d 336 , 351 [citing Haidak].) The Delay Was Not Error, Let Alone Prejudicial Error Doe’s second argument reads as follows: “The delay in this case was unreasonable. 2026(See, e.g., Haidak v. University of Massachusetts- 8 Doe’s brief asserts at the investigation hearing he presented at his closing statement “and also listed some of the questions he would have asked the complainants if they had made themselves available for questioning at the University hearing.” 21 Amherst (1st Cir. 2019) 933 F.3d 56 , 69–70; Doe v. Haas (E.D.N.Y. 2019) 427 F.Supp.3d 336 , 351 [citing Haidak].) The Delay Was Not Error, Let Alone Prejudicial Error Doe’s second argument reads as follows: “The delay in this case was unreasonable. | 1 | 2026–2026 |
Baral v. Schnitt
green
1 sentence2019(Baral, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 393 .) In a footnote in its opening brief, however, the University argues that the defamatory statements in the retaliation claim were also protected for the same reasons as argued in the context of the defamation claim. | 1 | 2019–2019 |
Shoemaker v. County of Los Angeles
green
1 sentence2018(See Shoemaker v. County of Los Angeles (1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 618, 632 .) Due process jurisprudence nevertheless may be “instructive” in cases determining fair hearing standards for student disciplinary proceedings at private schools. | 1 | 2018–2018 |
Doe v. University of Southern California
green
1 sentence2018(Doe v. Regents of University of California (2016) 5 Cal.App.5th 1055, 1073 .) “‘The statute’s requirement of a “‘fair trial’” means that there must have been “a fair administrative hearing.”’” (Doe v. University of Southern California (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 221, 239 , quoting Gonzalez v. Santa Clara County Dept. of Social Services (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 72, 96 .) “[T]he University’s rule-making powers and its relationship with its students are subject to federal constitutional guarantees.” (Goldberg v. Regents of University of California (1967) 248 Cal.App.2d 867, 875 .) In disciplining colle | 1 | 2018–2018 |
Gonzalez v. Santa Clara County Department of Social Services
green
1 sentence2018(Doe v. Regents of University of California (2016) 5 Cal.App.5th 1055, 1073 .) “‘The statute’s requirement of a “‘fair trial’” means that there must have been “a fair administrative hearing.”’” (Doe v. University of Southern California (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 221, 239 , quoting Gonzalez v. Santa Clara County Dept. of Social Services (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 72, 96 .) “[T]he University’s rule-making powers and its relationship with its students are subject to federal constitutional guarantees.” (Goldberg v. Regents of University of California (1967) 248 Cal.App.2d 867, 875 .) In disciplining colle | 1 | 2018–2018 |
Cervantez v. J. C. Penney Co.
green
1 sentence2016Penney Co. (1979) 24 Cal.3d 579, 593 .) Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly sustained the University defendants’ demurrer with respect to plaintiff’s fifth cause of action sounding in intentional infliction of emotional distress. | 1 | 2016–2016 |
| Anderson v. Deloitte & Touche LLP green | 1 | 2016–2016 |
Hernandez v. Modesto Portuguese Pentecost Assn.
green
1 sentence2016Business and Professions Code “[s]ection 25602.1 is a narrow exception to the Legislature’s enactment of what our Supreme Court has termed ‘sweeping civil immunity’ from liability for injuries to third persons resulting from the furnishing of alcohol to another. [Citations.] As the sole exception to statutory immunity, section 25602.1 must be strictly construed to effect the Legislature’s intent.” (Hernandez v. Modesto Portuguese Pentecost Assn. (1995) 40 Cal.App.4th 1274, 1281 .) Interpreting the phrase “causes to be sold” in Business and Professions Code section 25602.1, this court held in H | 1 | 2016–2016 |
Cerna v. City of Oakland
green
1 sentence2016Similarly, the mere fact that students may have transported alcohol through this hallway has no meaningful causal connection to the sexual assault. 28 Moreover, as the University defendants observe, “[a] lack of human supervision and protection is not a deficiency in the physical characteristics of public property.” (Cerna v. City of Oakland (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1340, 1352 .) F. Conclusion - Negligence Based Causes of Action Based on all of the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court correctly determined that the third, fourth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh causes of action | 1 | 2016–2016 |
TANJA H. v. Regents of University of California
green
2 sentences2016The court found the allegations of the complaint strikingly similar to those in Tanja H. v. Regents of University of California (1991) 228 Cal.App.3d 434 (Tanja H.), the case on which the University defendants relied for the principle that a university is generally not liable for the consequences resulting from the combination of college students and alcohol. 2016(Tanja H., supra, 228 Cal.App.3d at p. 444 ; Crow, supra, 222 Cal.App.3d at pp. 207-208; Baldwin, supra, 123 Cal.App.3d at pp. 286-287.) We note in this regard that plaintiff has not alleged that the University defendants were aware of a particularized threat posed by Richards, or a specific threat against plaintiff. | 1 | 2016–2016 |
Oasis West Realty v. Goldman
green
1 sentence2016A. Breach of Contract “[T]he elements of a cause of action for breach of contract are (1) the existence of the contract, (2) plaintiff’s performance or excuse for nonperformance, (3) defendant’s breach, and (4) the resulting damages to the plaintiff.” (Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman (2011) 51 Cal.4th 811, 821 .) To prove breach, the plaintiff is required to prove that the defendant failed to do something the contract required the defendant to do, or the defendant did something that the contract prohibited the defendant from doing. | 1 | 2016–2016 |
Davidson v. City of Westminster
green
1 sentence2016We conclude that the conduct alleged by plaintiff here falls far short of that which will be deemed “ ‘so extreme as to exceed all bounds of that usually tolerated in a civilized community.’ ” (Davidson, supra, 32 Cal.3d at p. 210 , quoting Cervantez v. J. | 1 | 2016–2016 |
| City of Oakland v. Oakland Raiders green | 1 | 2007–2007 |
| Gonzaga University v. Doe green | 1 | 2007–2007 |
| In Re Marriage of Moschetta green | 1 | 1997–1997 |
| Wilkinson v. Times Mirror Corp. green | 1 | 1994–1994 |
| Rojo v. Kliger green | 1 | 1992–1992 |
| Skelly v. State Personnel Board green | 1 | 1982–1982 |
| Valvoline Oil Co. v. Havoline Oil Co. green | 1 | 1981–1981 |
| Bernard H. Greenhill v. Ray v. Bailey green | 1 | 1977–1977 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.