purpose of the notice requirement (Texas) · Go Syfert
← Texas issues

purpose of the notice requirement in Texas

157 Texas opinions name it 5 courts 1972–2026 15 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (55)

CaseFollowedCited
Cathey v. Boothgreen
tex · 1995 · cited in 40 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2026
2 sentences

2022See id. §§ 2253.027(b), 2253.041; see also Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995) (“The purpose of the notice requirement is to ensure prompt reporting of claims in order to enable governmental units to gather information necessary to guard against unfounded claims, settle claims, and prepare for trial.”).

2019“The purpose of the notice requirement is to ensure prompt reporting of claims in order to enable governmental units to gather information necessary to guard against unfounded claims, settle claims, and prepare for trial.” Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995); see Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice v. Simmons, 140 S.W.3d 338, 347 (Tex. 2004). 12 its agents, adjusters, damage claims coordinators, office of risk management personnel, and City program managers which reflect the City’s efforts to determine its liability for the respective claims.

2640
City of Houston v. Torresgreen
tex · 1981 · cited in 19 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1990–2023
2 sentences

2010As the Court notes, the purpose of the notice requirement “is to ensure prompt reporting of claims in order to enable governmental units to gather information necessary to guard against unfounded claims, settle claims, and prepare for trial.” Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex.1995) (citing City of Houston v. Torres, 621 S.W.2d 588, 591 (Tex.1981)).

2010As the Court notes, the purpose of the notice requirement "is to ensure prompt reporting of claims in order to enable governmental units to gather information necessary to guard against unfounded claims, settle claims, and prepare for trial." Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex.1995) (citing City of Houston v. Torres, 621 S.W.2d 588, 591 (Tex.1981)).

1919
Gay v. Stategreen
texapp · 1998 · cited in 11 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2018
2 sentences

2016“The purpose of the notice requirement is to prevent the defendant from being surprised by the introduction of the outcry-hearsay testimony.” Gay v. State, 981 S.W.2d 864, 866 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. ref’d); see also Fetterolf v. State, 782 S.W.2d 927, 930 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, pet. ref’d).

2014“The purpose of the notice requirement is to prevent the defendant from being surprised by the introduction of the outcry-hearsay testimony.” Gay v. State, 981 S.W.2d 864, 866 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. ref’d). 7 First, to comply with article 38.072 the State on at least fourteen days before trial must provide the defendant with (1) written notice they intend to offer the hearsay statement; (2) provide the defendant “with the name of the witness through whom it intends to offer the statement”; and (3) provide the defendant with a written summary of the statement.

1111
Nance v. Stategreen
texapp · 1997 · cited in 11 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2016
2 sentences

2016Any deficiency in notice is analyzed on how it affected a defendant’s “ability to prepare for the evidence.” Id.; see also Nance v. State, 946 S.W.2d 490, 492 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997, pet. ref’d) (explaining notice requirement avoids unfair surprise and trial by ambush).

2000See Nance v. State, 946 S.W.2d 490, 491-93 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1997, pet. ref d) (finding that because the purpose of the notice requirement is to avoid unfair surprise and trial by ambush, given the circumstances, the notice provided was sufficient).

1111
Cole v. Stategreen
texapp · 1998 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2021
2 sentences

2021See Villarreal, 470 S.W.3d at 176 ; see also Blunt v. State, No. 05-19-00216-CR, 2020 WL 1672552 , at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 6, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (considering whether State’s notice provided pursuant to article 38.37 was adequate to prevent defendant from being surprised and for him to prepare adequate defense); Pratt, 2005 WL 3527128 , at *3 (“The purpose of the notice requirement[] in article[] . . . 38.37 is to prevent unfair surprise to the defendant and to apprise him of the extraneous offenses . . . the State plans to 41 introduce at trial.”); C

2003Cole v. State, 987 S.W.2d 893, 897 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1998, no pet.).

55
Roethel v. Stategreen
texapp · 2002 · cited in 6 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2021
2 sentences

2019App. 2005) (discussing the purpose of the notice requirement under Rule 404(b)); Roethel v. State, 80 S.W.3d 276 , (Tex. App.— Austin 2002, no pet.) (discussing the purpose of the notice requirement under article 37.07).

2016“The purpose of the notice requirement is to enable the defendant to prepare to meet the extraneous offense evidence.” Roethel v. State, 80 S.W.3d 276, 282 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.) (op. on reh’g).

46
Hines v. Hashgreen
tex · 1993 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1995–2016
2 sentences

2016The purpose of the notice requirement is to “discourage litigation and encourage settlements of consumer complaints.” Hines v. Hash, 843 S.W.2d 464, 469 (Tex. 1992).

2016The purpose of the notice requirement is to “discourage litigation and encourage settlements of consumer complaints.” Hines v. Hash, 843 S.W.2d 464, 469 (Tex.1992).

45
Worthy v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2010 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012Worthy v. State, 312 S.W.3d 34, 38 (Tex. Crim.

2012Worthy v. State , 312 S.W.3d 34, 38 (Tex. Crim.

44
Barnard v. Mecomgreen
texapp · 1983 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1984–1985
2 sentences

1984In Barnard v. Mecom, 650 S.W.2d 123, 127 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1983, writ ref'd n.r.e.) the court stated that “Section 17.50A(a) does not require a complaining consumer to threaten suit under the DTPA or specify which section he thinks is violated.” The purpose of the notice requirement is to inform the seller of the consumer’s complaint and thus provide an opportunity for the parties to settle the matter without litigation.

1984In Barnard v. Mecom, 650 S.W.2d 123, 127 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1983, writ ref'd n.r.e.) the court stated that "Section 17.50A(a) does not require a complaining consumer to threaten suit under the DTPA or specify which section he thinks is violated." The purpose of the notice requirement is to inform the seller of the consumer's complaint and thus provide an opportunity for the parties to settle the matter without litigation.

44
Hernandez v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2005 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2023
2 sentences

2023See Hernandez, 176 S.W.3d at 823 ; Apolinar v. State, 106 S.W.3d 407, 414 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003), aff’d, 155 S.W.3d 184 (Tex. Crim.

2023See Hernandez, 176 S.W.3d at 825 ; Burgess v. State, No. 02-12-00407-CR, 2014 WL 70090 , at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 9, 2014, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

35
Jim Walter Homes, Inc. v. Valenciagreen
tex · 1985 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1985–1993
2 sentences

1993Jim Walter Homes, Inc. v. Valencia, 679 S.W.2d 29, 36 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1984), affirmed as modified, 690 S.W.2d 239 (Tex.1985).

1991Given that the purpose of the notice requirement is to discourage litigation and encourage settlement of consumer complaints, Jim Walters Homes, Inc. v. Valencia, 690 S.W.2d 239, 242 (Tex.1985), it follows that there can be no opportunity for either unless a proper written notice is given.

34
Apolinar v. Stategreen
texapp · 2003 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2023
2 sentences

2023See Hernandez, 176 S.W.3d at 823 ; Apolinar v. State, 106 S.W.3d 407, 414 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003), aff’d, 155 S.W.3d 184 (Tex. Crim.

2020See Hernandez, 176 S.W.3d at 825 ; Apolinar v. State, 106 S.W.3d 407, 414 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 2003), aff’d, 155 S.W.3d 184 (Tex. Crim.

33
Henderson v. Stategreen
texapp · 2000 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2015
2 sentences

2015See Owens v. State, 119 S.W.3d 439, 444 (Tex. App.--Tyler 2003, no pet.) (holding that notice provided on the same day as jury selection was sufficient to prevent trial by ambush because notice was provided immediately after the extraneous offense evidence was discovered); Henderson, 29 S.W.3d at 625 (it was not unreasonable for the State to provide notice of its intent to introduce extraneous offense evidence eight days before the witness testified because notice was given as soon as the State learned of the extraneous offense evidence).

2003Henderson v. State, 29 S.W.3d 616, 625 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. denied).

33
Hering v. Norbanco Austin I, Ltd.green
texapp · 1987 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2010
2 sentences

2010See Hering v. Norbanco Austin I, 735 S.W.2d 638 , 641 n.5 (Tex. App.-Austin 1987, writ denied).

2010See Hering v. Norbanco Austin I, 735 S.W.2d 638 , 641 n.5 (Tex. App.–Austin 1987, writ denied).

33
Gottlich v. Stategreen
texapp · 1992 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1995–2005
2 sentences

2005See Gottlich v. State , 822 S.W.2d 734, 737 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1992, pet. ref’d); Brown v. State , 756 S.W.2d 793, 797 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, pet. ref’d).

1998Gottlich v. State, 822 S.W.2d 734, 737 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1992, pet. refd).

33
Texana Community MHMR Center v. Silvasgreen
texapp · 2001 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
2 sentences

2003Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995); see also Texana Cmty. MHMR Ctr. v. Silvas, 62 S.W.3d 317, 324-25 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.).

2003Cathey v. Booth , 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995); see also Texana Cmty. MHMR Ctr. v. Silvas 62 S.W.3d 317, 324-25 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.).

33
Jim Walter Homes, Inc. v. Valenciagreen
texapp · 1984 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1985–1993
2 sentences

1993Jim Walter Homes, Inc. v. Valencia, 679 S.W.2d 29, 36 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1984), affirmed as modified, 690 S.W.2d 239 (Tex.1985).

1985See Barnard v. Mecom, 650 S.W.2d 123 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1983, writ ref'd. n.r.e.); See also Jim Walter Homes, Inc. v. Valencia, 679 S.W.2d 29 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1984, aff'd.) 690 S.W.2d 239 (Tex.1985).

33
Burling v. Stategreen
texapp · 2002 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2008
2 sentences

2008Wallace v. State , 135 S.W.3d 114, 120 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2004, no pet.); Burling , 83 S.W.3d at 203 ; Nance v. State , 946 S.W.2d 490, 493 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997, pet. ref’d).

2008Wallace v. State, 135 S.W.3d 114, 120 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2004, no pet.); Burling, 83 S.W.3d at 203 ; Nance v. State, 946 S.W.2d 490, 493 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1997, pet. ref’d).

24
Hayden v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2001 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2021
2 sentences

2021See Villarreal, 470 S.W.3d at 176 ; see also Blunt v. State, No. 05-19-00216-CR, 2020 WL 1672552 , at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 6, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (considering whether State’s notice provided pursuant to article 38.37 was adequate to prevent defendant from being surprised and for him to prepare adequate defense); Pratt, 2005 WL 3527128 , at *3 (“The purpose of the notice requirement[] in article[] . . . 38.37 is to prevent unfair surprise to the defendant and to apprise him of the extraneous offenses . . . the State plans to 41 introduce at trial.”); C

2012Hayden v. State, 66 S.W.3d 269, 272 (Tex. Crim.

23
Texas Department of Criminal Justice v. Simonsgreen
tex · 2004 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2019
2 sentences

2019“The purpose of the notice requirement is to ensure prompt reporting of claims in order to enable governmental units to gather information necessary to guard against unfounded claims, settle claims, and prepare for trial.” Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995); see Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice v. Simmons, 140 S.W.3d 338, 347 (Tex. 2004). 12 its agents, adjusters, damage claims coordinators, office of risk management personnel, and City program managers which reflect the City’s efforts to determine its liability for the respective claims.

2013“The purpose of the notice requirement is to ensure prompt reporting of claims in order to enable governmental units to gather information necessary to guard against unfounded claims, settle claims, and prepare for trial.” Texas Department of Criminal Justice v. Simons, 140 S.W.3d 338, 344 (Tex.2004), quoting Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 340-41 (Tex.1995) (per curiam); see also City of Dallas v. Carbajal, 324 S.W.3d 537, 538 (Tex.2010).

23
City of Dallas v. Carbajalgreen
tex · 2010 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2014
2 sentences

2014“The purpose of the notice requirement is to ensure the prompt reporting of claims in order to enable governmental units to gather information necessary to guard against unfounded claims, settle claims, and prepare for trial.” Cathy v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995) (citation omitted); see Carbajal, 324 S.W.3d at 539 .

2014“But that is not the purpose of the notice requirement; all that is required is enough information for [the school] to investigate for the purpose of guarding against unfounded claims, settle claims, and prepare for trial.” City of Wichita Falls v. Jenkins, 307 S.W.3d 854, 860 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, pet. denied); see Carbajal, 324 S.W.3d at 539 ; Booth, 900 S.W.2d at 341 .

23
Fetterolf v. Stategreen
texapp · 1990 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1995–2016
2 sentences

2016“The purpose of the notice requirement is to prevent the defendant from being surprised by the introduction of the outcry-hearsay testimony.” Gay v. State, 981 S.W.2d 864, 866 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. ref’d); see also Fetterolf v. State, 782 S.W.2d 927, 930 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, pet. ref’d).

1995Gottlich v. State, 822 S.W.2d 734, 737 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1992, pet. ref'd); Fetterolf v. State, 782 S.W.2d 927, 931 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, pet. ref'd); Brown v. State, 756 S.W.2d 793, 797 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, pet. ref'd).

22
Gonzalez v. Stategreen
texapp · 2011 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
22
Wallace v. Stategreen
texapp · 2004 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
22
Texas Department of Criminal Justice v. Simonsgreen
texapp · 2002 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
22
Brown v. Stategreen
texapp · 1988 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1995–2005
22
Self v. Stategreen
texapp · 1993 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1998–2000
22
cluster 528208green
ca4 · 1989 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1998–2000
22
City of Wichita Falls v. Jenkinsgreen
texapp · 2010 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2019
2 sentences

2019The court concluded that such is “not the purpose of the notice requirement,” rather, “all that is required is enough information for the City to investigate for the purpose of guarding against unfounded claims, settle claims, and prepare for trial.” And, the letter offered “enough information to allow the City to effect this purpose.” Id. (citing Richardson v. Allen, No. 05–96–00018–CV, 1997 WL 242812 , at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 13, 1997, no pet.) (not designated for 15 publication) (holding that “there is no requirement that a claimant describe in full medical detail the nature and extent

2014“But that is not the purpose of the notice requirement; all that is required is enough information for [the school] to investigate for the purpose of guarding against unfounded claims, settle claims, and prepare for trial.” City of Wichita Falls v. Jenkins, 307 S.W.3d 854, 860 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, pet. denied); see Carbajal, 324 S.W.3d at 539 ; Booth, 900 S.W.2d at 341 .

13
In Re Kimball Hill Homes Texas, Inc.green
texapp · 1998 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2006
2 sentences

2006See Kimball, 969 S.W.2d at 525 .

2004In re Kimball Hill, 969 S.W.2d at 525 .

13
Martin v. Martin, Martin & Richards, Inc.green
tex · 1999 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2022
2 sentences

2022Martin v. Martin, Martin, & Richards, Inc., 989 S.W.2d 357, 359 (Tex. 1998).

2015Id.

12
Employers Casualty Co. v. Glens Falls Insurance Co.green
tex · 1972 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–2005
12
North American Van Lines of Texas, Inc. v. Bauerlegreen
texapp · 1984 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1985–1987
12
Joy Worsdale, Individually and as the Personal Representative of the Estate of Scott Worsdale v. the City of Killeen, Texasgreen
tex · 2019 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Hernandez v. Stategreen
texapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Brooks v. Stategreen
texapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Andres Alfredo Segovia v. Stategreen
texapp · 2015 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
William Owens v. Stategreen
texapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas v. Estate of Arancibia Ex Rel. Vasquez-Arancibiagreen
tex · 2010 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Jose Carreras, M.D., P.A. v. Marroquingreen
tex · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (16)

CaseCitedYears
Apolinar v. State green
texcrimapp · 2005
2 sentences

2023See Hernandez, 176 S.W.3d at 823 ; Apolinar v. State, 106 S.W.3d 407, 414 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003), aff’d, 155 S.W.3d 184 (Tex. Crim.

2020See Hernandez, 176 S.W.3d at 825 ; Apolinar v. State, 106 S.W.3d 407, 414 (Tex. App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 2003), aff’d, 155 S.W.3d 184 (Tex. Crim.

32008–2023
National Sports & Spirit, Inc. v. University of North Texas green
texapp · 2003
2 sentences

2010Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex.1995); Nat’l Sports & Spirit, 117 S.W.3d at 79 .

2010Cathey v. Booth , 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex. 1995); Nat’l Sports & Spirit , 117 S.W.3d at 79 .

32010–2010
Rabatin v. Kidd green
texapp · 2008
2 sentences

2009In Rabatin , the El Paso Court of Appeals held that "the statute clearly requires that the notice must be accompanied by a medical authorization form in order to toll the limitations period." Rabatin, 281 S.W.3d at 562 .

2009In Rabatin , the El Paso Court of Appeals held that “the statute clearly requires that the notice must be accompanied by a medical authorization form in order to toll the limitations period.” Rabatin, 281 S.W.3d at 562 .

32009–2009
Benavides v. Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport Board green
texapp · 1997
2 sentences

2003We have held that the purpose of the notice requirement is to “assure prompt reporting of claims so that the governmental unit can gather the necessary information to guard against unfounded claims, settle claims, and prepare for trial.” See Benavides, 946 S.W.2d at 578 ; see also Cathey, 900 S.W.2d at 341 ; City of Houston v. Torres, 621 S.W.2d 588, 591 (Tex.1981).

2003We have held that the purpose of the notice requirement is to “assure prompt reporting of claims so that the governmental unit can gather the necessary information to guard against unfounded claims, settle claims, and prepare for trial.” See Benavides , 946 S.W.2d at 578 ; see also Cathey , 900 S.W.2d at 341 ; City of Houston v. Torres, 621 S.W.2d 588, 591 (Tex. 1981).

32003–2003
Pena v. State green
texapp · 2018
2 sentences

2026Pena v. State, 554 S.W.3d 242 , 248–49 (Tex. App.— Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, pet. ref’d).

2020Although including a citation to the statute in the notice might be the better practice, we note that the purpose of the notice requirement in article 38.37 is “to avoid surprise and to allow the defendant to mount an effective defense.” Pena, 554 S.W.3d at 249 .

22020–2026
Mitchell v. Methodist Hospital green
texapp · 2012
12016–2016
Texas Department of Public Safety v. Rodriguez green
texapp · 2011
12012–2012
Stanton v. University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Dallas green
texapp · 1998
12003–2003
Trimble v. Itz green
texapp · 1995
11998–1998
Schepps v. Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas green
tex · 1983
11997–1997
Hash v. Hines green
texapp · 1990
11993–1993
Pool Co. v. Salt Grass Exploration, Inc. green
texapp · 1984
11987–1987
City of Houston v. Holden green
texapp · 1960
11981–1981
City of Austin v. Selter green
texapp · 1967
11981–1981
McCrary v. City of Odessa green
tex · 1972
11972–1972
Wones v. City of Houston green
texapp · 1955
11972–1972

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Penal Code § 22.021 (5) TX § Tex. Prop. Code § 27.004 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 157 (1972–2026) MI 51 (1973–2025) IN 41 (1984–2025) NY 35 (1976–2024) CT 31 (1987–2016) IL 30 (1977–2025) OH 26 (1993–2026) MD 21 (1976–2022) PA 19 (1974–2024) GA 17 (1972–2012) CA 16 (1943–2025) TN 16 (2001–2018) FL 14 (1986–2024) MO 13 (1972–2024) OK 12 (1983–2020) MT 11 (1977–2008) LA 10 (1986–2021) MN 9 (1955–2016) NM 8 (1971–2015) VI 8 (1987–2026) NJ 8 (1985–2026) NC 7 (1980–2022) OR 7 (1979–2026) IA 7 (1973–2020) RI 7 (1986–2011) UT 6 (1985–2012) CO 6 (1979–2024) ID 5 (1986–2020) VA 5 (1997–2025) SD 5 (1989–2000) AL 5 (1985–2023) ME 5 (1986–2020) AZ 4 (1985–2003) WI 4 (1950–1996) WY 4 (1981–2024) WA 3 (1989–1996) KY 3 (2000–2026) WV 3 (1997–2025) AR 3 (1987–1993) MS 3 (2010–2017) KS 2 (1987–1996) NE 2 (1993–2003) ND 2 (2005–2020)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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