proviso exception (California) · Go Syfert
← California issues

proviso exception in California

19 California opinions name it 2 courts 1908–2026 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (11)

CaseFollowedCited
Lee v. Browngreen
cal · 1976 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
2 sentences

1994(United Farm Workers of America v. Agricultural Labor Relations Bd., supra, 37 Cal.3d 912, 916 ; Lee v. Brown (1976) 18 Cal.3d 110, 113 [ 553 P.2d 1121 ].) The motion to dismiss the appeal is denied.

1994(United Farm Workers of America v. Agricultural Labor Relations Bd., supra, 37 Cal.3d 912, 916 ; Lee v. Brown (1976) 18 Cal.3d 110, 113 [ 553 P.2d 1121 ].) The motion to dismiss the appeal is denied.

11
Telefilm, Inc. v. Superior Courtgreen
cal · 1949 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
2 sentences

1991“It is a cardinal rule of interpretation of statutes that a proviso or exception carved out of the general enactment must be construed strictly, and one who relies on the exception must establish it within the words as well as the reason. [Citations.]” (Telefilm, Inc. v. Superior Court (1949) 33 Cal.2d 289, 297 [ 201 P.2d 811 ].) We are not persuaded that the duration of Ugenti’s employment, or the selection process in hiring an athletic coach, is “within the words as well as reason” of section 35179.5.

1991“It is a cardinal rule of interpretation of statutes that a proviso or exception carved out of the general enactment must be construed strictly, and one who relies on the exception must establish it within the words as well as the reason. [Citations.]” (Telefilm, Inc. v. Superior Court (1949) 33 Cal.2d 289, 297 [ 201 P.2d 811 ].) We are not persuaded that the duration of Ugenti’s employment, or the selection process in hiring an athletic coach, is “within the words as well as reason” of section 35179.5.

11
Moore v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co.green
calctapp · 1932 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1962–1962
2 sentences

1962Co., 122 Cal.App. 205, 210-211 [ 9 P.2d 562 ]), points out that the effect of this amendment was to require relevancy only in the specified proceedings, thus removing any basis for implying such a limitation in other actions.

1962Co., 122 Cal.App. 205, 210-211 [ 9 P.2d 562 ]), points out that the effect of this amendment was to require relevancy only in the specified proceedings, thus removing any basis for implying such a limitation in other actions.

11
Johnson v. Board of Supervisorsgreen
cal · 1929 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1949–1949
2 sentences

1949(Johnson v. Board of Supervisors, 208 Cal. 282, 285 [ 281 P. 57 ]; United States v. Dickson, 40 U.S. (15 Pet.) 141 [ 10 L.Ed. 689 ].) If the Legislature in enacting provisos to the general provisions of section 661 of the Code of Civil Procedure had intended to include therein the death of the trial judge, the intention would have been indicated as was done in other instances where death was expressly mentioned.

1949(Johnson v. Board of Supervisors, 208 Cal. 282, 285 [ 281 P. 57 ]; United States v. Dickson, 40 U.S. (15 Pet.) 141 [ 10 L.Ed. 689 ].) If the Legislature in enacting provisos to the general provisions of section 661 of the Code of Civil Procedure had intended to include therein the death of the trial judge, the intention would have been indicated as was done in other instances where death was expressly mentioned.

11
People Ex Rel. Happell v. Sischogreen
cal · 1943 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1945–1945
2 sentences

1945Happell v. Sischo (1943), 23 Cal.2d 478, 493 [ 144 P.2d 785 , 150 A.L.R. 1431 ] [rule of statutory construction].) Furthermore, the express enumeration of exceptions indicates the exclusion of any other exceptions. (17 C.J.S. § 343, p. 797 [rule as to contracts]; see, also, Belloc v. Rogers (1858), 9 Cal. 123, 128 ; Tynan v. Walker (1869), 35 Cal. 634, 639 [95 Am.Dec. 152 ] Rothschild v. Superior Court (1930), 109 Cal.App. 345, 348 [ 293 P. 106 ] ; C.I.T.

1945Happell v. Sischo (1943), 23 Cal.2d 478, 493 [ 144 P.2d 785 , 150 A.L.R. 1431 ] [rule of statutory construction].) Furthermore, the express enumeration of exceptions indicates the exclusion of any other exceptions. (17 C.J.S. § 343, p. 797 [rule as to contracts]; see, also, Belloc v. Rogers (1858), 9 Cal. 123, 128 ; Tynan v. Walker (1869), 35 Cal. 634, 639 [95 Am.Dec. 152 ] Rothschild v. Superior Court (1930), 109 Cal.App. 345, 348 [ 293 P. 106 ] ; C.I.T.

11
Belloc v. Rogersgreen
cal · 1858 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1945–1945
2 sentences

1945Happell v. Sischo (1943), 23 Cal.2d 478, 493 [ 144 P.2d 785 , 150 A.L.R. 1431 ] [rule of statutory construction].) Furthermore, the express enumeration of exceptions indicates the exclusion of any other exceptions. (17 C.J.S. § 343, p. 797 [rule as to contracts]; see, also, Belloc v. Rogers (1858), 9 Cal. 123, 128 ; Tynan v. Walker (1869), 35 Cal. 634, 639 [95 Am.Dec. 152 ] Rothschild v. Superior Court (1930), 109 Cal.App. 345, 348 [ 293 P. 106 ] ; C.I.T.

1945Happell v. Sischo (1943), 23 Cal.2d 478, 493 [ 144 P.2d 785 , 150 A.L.R. 1431 ] [rule of statutory construction].) Furthermore, the express enumeration of exceptions indicates the exclusion of any other exceptions. (17 C.J.S. 343, p. 797 [rule as to contracts]; see, also, Belloc v. Rogers (1858), 9 Cal. 123, 128 ; Tynan v. Walker (1869), 35 Cal. 634, 639 [95 Am.Dec. 152]; Rothschild v. Superior Court (1930), 109 Cal.App. 345, 348 [ 293 P. 106 ]; C.I.T.

11
Tynan v. Walkergreen
· 1868 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1945–1945
2 sentences

1945Happell v. Sischo (1943), 23 Cal.2d 478, 493 [ 144 P.2d 785 , 150 A.L.R. 1431 ] [rule of statutory construction].) Furthermore, the express enumeration of exceptions indicates the exclusion of any other exceptions. (17 C.J.S. § 343, p. 797 [rule as to contracts]; see, also, Belloc v. Rogers (1858), 9 Cal. 123, 128 ; Tynan v. Walker (1869), 35 Cal. 634, 639 [95 Am.Dec. 152 ] Rothschild v. Superior Court (1930), 109 Cal.App. 345, 348 [ 293 P. 106 ] ; C.I.T.

1945Happell v. Sischo (1943), 23 Cal.2d 478, 493 [ 144 P.2d 785 , 150 A.L.R. 1431 ] [rule of statutory construction].) Furthermore, the express enumeration of exceptions indicates the exclusion of any other exceptions. (17 C.J.S. 343, p. 797 [rule as to contracts]; see, also, Belloc v. Rogers (1858), 9 Cal. 123, 128 ; Tynan v. Walker (1869), 35 Cal. 634, 639 [95 Am.Dec. 152]; Rothschild v. Superior Court (1930), 109 Cal.App. 345, 348 [ 293 P. 106 ]; C.I.T.

11
Rothschild v. Superior Courtgreen
calctapp · 1930 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1945–1945
2 sentences

1945Happell v. Sischo (1943), 23 Cal.2d 478, 493 [ 144 P.2d 785 , 150 A.L.R. 1431 ] [rule of statutory construction].) Furthermore, the express enumeration of exceptions indicates the exclusion of any other exceptions. (17 C.J.S. § 343, p. 797 [rule as to contracts]; see, also, Belloc v. Rogers (1858), 9 Cal. 123, 128 ; Tynan v. Walker (1869), 35 Cal. 634, 639 [95 Am.Dec. 152 ] Rothschild v. Superior Court (1930), 109 Cal.App. 345, 348 [ 293 P. 106 ] ; C.I.T.

1945Happell v. Sischo (1943), 23 Cal.2d 478, 493 [ 144 P.2d 785 , 150 A.L.R. 1431 ] [rule of statutory construction].) Furthermore, the express enumeration of exceptions indicates the exclusion of any other exceptions. (17 C.J.S. § 343, p. 797 [rule as to contracts]; see, also, Belloc v. Rogers (1858), 9 Cal. 123, 128 ; Tynan v. Walker (1869), 35 Cal. 634, 639 [95 Am.Dec. 152 ] Rothschild v. Superior Court (1930), 109 Cal.App. 345, 348 [ 293 P. 106 ] ; C.I.T.

11
People v. Kinsleygreen
calctapp · 1931 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1938–1938
1 sentence

1938Jur. 720-725; 14 Cal. Jur. 52, 53; People v. H, Jevne Co., (1919) 179 Cal. 621, 625, 626 [ 178 Pac. 517 ]; Ex parte Hornef, (1908) 154 Cal. 355, 360 [ 97 Pac. 891 ]; People v. Kinsley, (1931) 118 Cal. App. 593, 598 [ 5 Pac. (2d) 938 ].) Of every complaint which does not negative such a proviso or exception, it is possible to say that all the facts alleged in it may be true and still the defendant may be entirely innocent of crime.

11
Ex Parte Hornefgreen
cal · 1908 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1938–1938
2 sentences

1938Jur. 720-725; 14 Cal. Jur. 52, 53; People v. H, Jevne Co., (1919) 179 Cal. 621, 625, 626 [ 178 Pac. 517 ]; Ex parte Hornef, (1908) 154 Cal. 355, 360 [ 97 Pac. 891 ]; People v. Kinsley, (1931) 118 Cal. App. 593, 598 [ 5 Pac. (2d) 938 ].) Of every complaint which does not negative such a proviso or exception, it is possible to say that all the facts alleged in it may be true and still the defendant may be entirely innocent of crime.

1938Jur. 720-725; 14 Cal. Jur. 52, 53; People v. H, Jevne Co., (1919) 179 Cal. 621, 625, 626 [ 178 Pac. 517 ]; Ex parte Hornef, (1908) 154 Cal. 355, 360 [ 97 Pac. 891 ]; People v. Kinsley, (1931) 118 Cal. App. 593, 598 [ 5 Pac. (2d) 938 ].) Of every complaint which does not negative such a proviso or exception, it is possible to say that all the facts alleged in it may be true and still the defendant may be entirely innocent of crime.

11
People v. H. Jevne Co.green
cal · 1919 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1938–1938
2 sentences

1938Jur. 720-725; 14 Cal. Jur. 52, 53; People v. H, Jevne Co., (1919) 179 Cal. 621, 625, 626 [ 178 Pac. 517 ]; Ex parte Hornef, (1908) 154 Cal. 355, 360 [ 97 Pac. 891 ]; People v. Kinsley, (1931) 118 Cal. App. 593, 598 [ 5 Pac. (2d) 938 ].) Of every complaint which does not negative such a proviso or exception, it is possible to say that all the facts alleged in it may be true and still the defendant may be entirely innocent of crime.

1938Jur. 720-725; 14 Cal. Jur. 52, 53; People v. H, Jevne Co., (1919) 179 Cal. 621, 625, 626 [ 178 Pac. 517 ]; Ex parte Hornef, (1908) 154 Cal. 355, 360 [ 97 Pac. 891 ]; People v. Kinsley, (1931) 118 Cal. App. 593, 598 [ 5 Pac. (2d) 938 ].) Of every complaint which does not negative such a proviso or exception, it is possible to say that all the facts alleged in it may be true and still the defendant may be entirely innocent of crime.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in California. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (17)

CaseCitedYears
Clippinger v. Title Insurance & Trust Co. green
calctapp · 1935
2 sentences

1967The residuary provision is controlling in the absence of a contrary specific disposition." ( 10 Cal.App.2d at p. 429 .) It would be pure speculation to presume that if the testatrix's attention was called to the inconsistency between the disposition contemplated under the contingency in paragraph "Sixth" and under the contingency in the proviso in clause " '(1)' " of part A of paragraph "Seventh," and the disposition under clause " '(5),' " as the facts resulted, that she would have revised her will to provide for her granddaughters.

1967The residuary provision is controlling in the absence of a contrary specific disposition.” ( 10 Cal.App.2d at p. 429 .) It would be pure speculation to presume that if the testatrix’s attention was called to the inconsistency between the disposition contemplated under the contingency in paragraph “Sixth” and under the contingency in the proviso in clause “ 1 (1) ’ ” of part A of paragraph “Seventh,” and the disposition under clause “ ‘ (5),’ ” as the facts resulted, that she would have revised her will to provide for her granddaughters.

21967–1967
Baggett v. Housing Authority green
calctapp · 1987
1 sentence

2026Online (2026) <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/unless> [as of March 18, 2026], archived at: <https://perma.cc/6NWR-2AJM>.) Accordingly, “a proviso or clause beginning with the word ‘unless’ means an exception or condition subsequent.” (Baggett v. Housing Authority (1987) 195 Cal.App.3d 383, 389 .) Section 1172.75, subdivision (d)(4) provides both a requirement and an exception 13. to that requirement.

12026–2026
Blue v. City of Los Angeles green
calctapp · 2006
1 sentence

2022The Hollywood Redevelopment Plan In May 1986, the CRA-LA established the Hollywood Redevelopment Plan to pursue redevelopment in the Hollywood area that “will attain the purposes of the California Community Redevelopment Law.” (See Blue v. City of Los Angeles (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 1131, 1134 .) Among the goals of the plan are to “increase the supply and improve the quality of housing for all income and age groups, especially for persons with low and moderate incomes.” The Hollywood Redevelopment Plan includes a provision that mirrors the 15 percent requirement 3 and includes the proviso that

12022–2022
California Redevelopment Ass'n v. Matosantos green
cal · 2011
1 sentence

2022The Dissolution Law The system of tax increment financing for redevelopment agencies became “a source of contention because of the financial advantage it provide[d] redevelopment agencies and their community sponsors, primarily cities, over school districts and other local taxing agencies,” and its effect “on school districts’ property tax revenues . . . [became] a point of fiscal conflict between California’s community redevelopment agencies and the state itself.” (Matosantos, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 248 .) By 2011, the “diversion” of “property tax revenue to redevelopment agencies each year

12022–2022
Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. red
scotus · 1946
2 sentences

2018The de minimis rule can *825 doubtless be applied to much of the walking time involved in this case, but the precise scope of that application can be determined only after the trier of facts makes more definite findings as to the amount of walking time in issue." ( Anderson , supra , 328 U.S. at p. 692 , 66 S.Ct. 1187 .) The court remanded for application of the de minimis doctrine to determine whether the employee time spent on preliminary activities was "insubstantial and insignificant" and "need not be included in the statutory workweek." ( Id. at p. 693, 66 S.Ct. 1187 .) In 1961, the de mi

2018The de minimis rule can *825 doubtless be applied to much of the walking time involved in this case, but the precise scope of that application can be determined only after the trier of facts makes more definite findings as to the amount of walking time in issue." ( Anderson , supra , 328 U.S. at p. 692 , 66 S.Ct. 1187 .) The court remanded for application of the de minimis doctrine to determine whether the employee time spent on preliminary activities was "insubstantial and insignificant" and "need not be included in the statutory workweek." ( Id. at p. 693, 66 S.Ct. 1187 .) In 1961, the de mi

12018–2018
Napa Valley Educators' Ass'n v. Napa Valley Unified School District green
calctapp · 1987
2 sentences

2018The phrase constitutes a command only that the board not delegate to one member its final decision-making power." ( Ibid .) Opinions of the Attorney General, " 'while not binding, are entitled to great weight. [Citations.] In the absence of controlling authority, these opinions are persuasive "since the Legislature is presumed to be cognizant of that construction of the statute." ' " ( California Assn. of Psychology Providers v. Rank (1990) 51 Cal.3d 1 , 17, 270 Cal.Rptr. 796 , 793 P.2d 2 , quoting Napa Valley Educators' Assn. v. Napa Valley Unified School Dist . (1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 243 , 25

2018The phrase constitutes a command only that the board not delegate to one member its final decision-making power." ( Ibid .) Opinions of the Attorney General, " 'while not binding, are entitled to great weight. [Citations.] In the absence of controlling authority, these opinions are persuasive "since the Legislature is presumed to be cognizant of that construction of the statute." ' " ( California Assn. of Psychology Providers v. Rank (1990) 51 Cal.3d 1 , 17, 270 Cal.Rptr. 796 , 793 P.2d 2 , quoting Napa Valley Educators' Assn. v. Napa Valley Unified School Dist . (1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 243 , 25

12018–2018
California Assn. of Psychology Providers v. Rank green
cal · 1990
2 sentences

2018The phrase constitutes a command only that the board not delegate to one member its final decision-making power." ( Ibid .) Opinions of the Attorney General, " 'while not binding, are entitled to great weight. [Citations.] In the absence of controlling authority, these opinions are persuasive "since the Legislature is presumed to be cognizant of that construction of the statute." ' " ( California Assn. of Psychology Providers v. Rank (1990) 51 Cal.3d 1 , 17, 270 Cal.Rptr. 796 , 793 P.2d 2 , quoting Napa Valley Educators' Assn. v. Napa Valley Unified School Dist . (1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 243 , 25

2018The phrase constitutes a command only that the board not delegate to one member its final decision-making power." ( Ibid .) Opinions of the Attorney General, " 'while not binding, are entitled to great weight. [Citations.] In the absence of controlling authority, these opinions are persuasive "since the Legislature is presumed to be cognizant of that construction of the statute." ' " ( California Assn. of Psychology Providers v. Rank (1990) 51 Cal.3d 1 , 17, 270 Cal.Rptr. 796 , 793 P.2d 2 , quoting Napa Valley Educators' Assn. v. Napa Valley Unified School Dist . (1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 243 , 25

12018–2018
Lewis v. Linn green
calctapp · 1962
2 sentences

1999(See Stats. 1927, ch. 866, § 1, pp. 1881-1882.) In Lewis v. Linn (1962) 209 Cal.App.2d 394 [ 26 Cal.Rptr. 6 ], in the context of a slander suit based on statements made by a judge on the bench, the Court of Appeal acknowledged that the application of the “logical-, relation” test to the privilege was not settled, although “[t]he holding of [Moore v. United States Fid. & Guar.

1999(See Stats. 1927, ch. 866, § 1, pp. 1881-1882.) In Lewis v. Linn (1962) 209 Cal.App.2d 394 [ 26 Cal.Rptr. 6 ], in the context of a slander suit based on statements made by a judge on the bench, the Court of Appeal acknowledged that the application of the “logical-, relation” test to the privilege was not settled, although “[t]he holding of [Moore v. United States Fid. & Guar.

11999–1999
United Farm Workers of America v. Agricultural Labor Relations Board green
cal · 1985
1 sentence

1994(United Farm Workers of America v. Agricultural Labor Relations Bd., supra, 37 Cal.3d 912, 916 ; Lee v. Brown (1976) 18 Cal.3d 110, 113 [ 553 P.2d 1121 ].) The motion to dismiss the appeal is denied.

11994–1994
The United States v. J. Gerber & Co., Inc. green
ccpa · 1971
1 sentence

1991Gerber & Co. (C.C.P.A. 1971) 436 F.2d 1390, 1394 .) In my view there is nothing in either article 1 or 2 of chapter 1.5 of title 8 which suggests that construing "service" as used in section 583.220 to *514 have the same meaning as stated in subdivision (f) of section 583.110 would conflict with any clear and express legislative declaration requiring a different construction.

11991–1991
People v. Thrash green
calctapp · 1978
1 sentence

1989The Attorney General’s reliance on People v. Thrash, supra, 80 Cal.App.3d 898 , is equally unavailing.

11989–1989
United States v. Dickson green
· 1841
2 sentences

1949(Johnson v. Board of Supervisors, 208 Cal. 282, 285 [ 281 P. 57 ]; United States v. Dickson, 40 U.S. (15 Pet.) 141 [ 10 L.Ed. 689 ].) If the Legislature in enacting provisos to the general provisions of section 661 of the Code of Civil Procedure had intended to include therein the death of the trial judge, the intention would have been indicated as was done in other instances where death was expressly mentioned.

1949(Johnson v. Board of Supervisors, 208 Cal. 282, 285 [ 281 P. 57 ]; United States v. Dickson, 40 U.S. (15 Pet.) 141 [ 10 L.Ed. 689 ].) If the Legislature in enacting provisos to the general provisions of section 661 of the Code of Civil Procedure had intended to include therein the death of the trial judge, the intention would have been indicated as was done in other instances where death was expressly mentioned.

11949–1949
In Re Johnson neutral
calctapp · 1931
1 sentence

1938Jur. 720-725; 14 Cal. Jur. 52, 53; People v. H, Jevne Co., (1919) 179 Cal. 621, 625, 626 [ 178 Pac. 517 ]; Ex parte Hornef, (1908) 154 Cal. 355, 360 [ 97 Pac. 891 ]; People v. Kinsley, (1931) 118 Cal. App. 593, 598 [ 5 Pac. (2d) 938 ].) Of every complaint which does not negative such a proviso or exception, it is possible to say that all the facts alleged in it may be true and still the defendant may be entirely innocent of crime.

11938–1938
Coulter v. Pool green
cal · 1921
2 sentences

1925The word “engineer” appears in the section, as amended by the legislature providing for the appointment of county engineers instead of election of surveyors, but that amendment has been held inoperative in the case of Coulter v. Pool, 187 Cal. 181 [ 201 Pac. 120 ].

1925The word “engineer” appears in the section, as amended by the legislature providing for the appointment of county engineers instead of election of surveyors, but that amendment has been held inoperative in the case of Coulter v. Pool, 187 Cal. 181 [ 201 Pac. 120 ].

11925–1925
Mar Shee v. Maryland Assurance Corp. green
cal · 1922
2 sentences

1923Corp., 190 Cal. 1 [ 210 P. 269 ], and the facts in the two cases are the same, except that the language of the proviso or exception attached to the policy and relied upon by the defendant herein is materially different.

1923Corp., 190 Cal. 1 [ 210 P. 269 ], and the facts in the two cases are the same, except that the language of the proviso or exception attached to the policy and relied upon by the defendant herein is materially different.

11923–1923
In Re Johnston green
cal · 1902
2 sentences

1910“The municipality may prescribe regulations for damages and indemnity for damages, but these regulations must be general—i. e., uniform—in their application to all who may desire to exercise the privilege.” (In re Johnston, 137 Cal. 115 , [ 69 Pac. 973 ].) It will be observed that the offense charged with *169 reference to the failure to give a bond is within the proviso clause of the ordinance.

1910“The municipality may prescribe regulations for damages and indemnity for damages, but these regulations must be general—i. e., uniform—in their application to all who may desire to exercise the privilege.” (In re Johnston, 137 Cal. 115 , [ 69 Pac. 973 ].) It will be observed that the offense charged with *169 reference to the failure to give a bond is within the proviso clause of the ordinance.

11910–1910
State v. Heffernan green
ri · 1907
1 sentence

1908I.) 68 Atl. 364 , and is clearly a ease where it was not necessary to allege in the complaint facts showing that the accused did not come within the terms of the proviso or exception.

11908–1908

Where else courts name it

NY 28 (1903–2023) CA 19 (1908–2026) TX 13 (1940–1997) NC 13 (1904–2020) PA 12 (1888–1992) LA 8 (1939–2026) IN 7 (1943–1994) WA 7 (1909–1978) AL 6 (1882–1994) UT 5 (1928–1943) NE 5 (1892–1960) MI 5 (1937–1979) OK 5 (1900–2010) MD 4 (1972–2002) IL 4 (1908–1944) ID 4 (2006–2015) CT 4 (1950–2002) KS 3 (1937–1995) MA 3 (1976–2010) AK 3 (1977–1989) NJ 3 (1966–2006) MN 3 (1926–1941) FL 3 (1938–1988) IA 3 (1894–2017) MO 2 (1910–1929) VA 2 (1906–1970) WV 2 (1993–1994) SD 2 (1937–1975) TN 2 (1920–2016) OR 2 (1975–1995) OH 2 (1922–1984)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check