party alleging error in South Dakota

19 South Dakota opinions name it 1 courts 1896–2010 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by South Dakota courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (13)

Case	Followed	Cited
Shaffer v. Honeywell, Inc.green sd · 1976 · cited in 5 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1986–2004 2 sentences 2004“The party alleging error on appeal must show such error affirmatively by the record and not only must the error be demonstrated but it must also be shown to be prejudicial error.” City of Sioux Falls v. Kelley, 513 N.W.2d 97, 104 (S.D.1994) (citing Shaffer 399 v. Honeywell, Inc., 249 N.W.2d 251 (S.D.1976)). 1993*The party alleging error must show prejudicial error affirmatively from the record.... [On appeal,] we must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion.” Shamburger v. Behrens, 380 N.W.2d 659, 661 (S.D.1986); State v. Holland, 346 N.W.2d 302, 307 (S.D.1984); Drier v. Perfection, Inc., 259 N.W.2d 496, 503 (S.D.1977); Shaffer v. Honeywell, 249 N.W.2d 251, 258 (S.D.1976).	2	5
City of Sioux Falls v. Kelleygreen sd · 1994 · cited in 2 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 2004–2006 2 sentences 2006“The party alleging error on appeal must show ... error affirmatively by the record and not only must the error be demonstrated but it must also be shown to be prejudicial error.” Tovsland v. Reub, 2004 SD 93, ¶ 15 , 686 N.W.2d 392, 398 (citing City of Sioux Falls v. Kelley, 513 N.W.2d 97, 104 (S.D. 1994)). 2004“The party alleging error on appeal must show such error affirmatively by the record and not only must the error be demonstrated but it must also be shown to be prejudicial error.” City of Sioux Falls v. Kelley, 513 N.W.2d 97, 104 (S.D.1994) (citing Shaffer *399 v. Honeywell, Inc., 249 N.W.2d 251 (S.D.1976)).	2	2
Crook v. Papgreen sd · 1981 · cited in 2 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1986–2000 2 sentences 2000See Crook v. Pap, 303 N.W.2d 818, 819 (S.D.1981) per curiam (citing Custer County Bd. of Ed. v. State Commission on Elementary and Secondary Ed., 86 S.D. 215 , 193 N.W.2d 586 (1972) (burden is on the party alleging error to show it affirmatively by the record, thus, error may not be presumed on appeal)). . 2000See Crook v. Pap, 303 N.W.2d 818, 819 (S.D.1981) per curiam (citing Custer County Bd. of Ed. v. State Commission on Elementary and Secondary Ed., 86 S.D. 215 , 193 N.W.2d 586 (1972) (burden is on the party alleging error to show it affirmatively by the record, thus, error may not be presumed on appeal)). [5] The Court declares no unjust enrichment can exist because, "[i]t is true that Western Dakota received a benefit, but Western Dakota paid for it." This begs the question as it does not conclude Western Dakota paid the fair market value for the right to the commissions with no discount for t	2	2
Azcon Construction Co. v. Golden Hills Resort, Inc.green sd · 1993 · cited in 2 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998 2 sentences 1998Azcon, 498 N.W.2d at 635 (citation omitted). 1998Azcon, 498 NW2d at 635 (citation omitted).	2	2
Shamburger v. Behrensgreen sd · 1986 · cited in 2 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1993–1994 2 sentences 1994Further, the party alleging error “must show prejudicial error affirmatively from the record.” Shamburger v. Behrens, 380 N.W.2d 659, 661 (S.D.1986). 1993The party alleging error must show prejudicial error affirmatively from the record.... [On appeal,] we must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion.” Shamburger v. Behrens, 380 N.W.2d 659, 661 (S.D.1986); State v. Holland, 346 N.W.2d 302, 307 (S.D.1984); Drier v. Perfection, Inc., 259 N.W.2d 496, 503 (S.D.1977); Shaffer v. Honeywell, 249 N.W.2d 251, 258 (S.D.1976).	2	2
Tovsland v. Reubgreen sd · 2004 · cited in 3 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 2006–2008 2 sentences 2008“The party alleging error on appeal must show error affirmatively by the record, and not only must the error be demonstrated, but it must also be shown to be prejudicial error.” Tovsland v. Reub, 2004 SD 93, ¶ 15 , 686 N.W.2d 392, 398 ; Morrison v. Mineral Palace Ltd. 2008“The party alleging error on appeal must show error affirmatively by the record, and not only must the error be demonstrated, but it must also be shown to be prejudicial error.” Tovsland v. Reub, 2004 SD 93, ¶ 15 , 686 N.W.2d 392, 398 ; Morrison v. Mineral Palace Ltd.	1	3
Custer Co. Bd. of Ed. v. State Commission on Elementary & Secondary Educationgreen sd · 1972 · cited in 3 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1976–2000 2 sentences 2000See Crook v. Pap, 303 N.W.2d 818, 819 (S.D.1981) per curiam (citing Custer County Bd. of Ed. v. State Commission on Elementary and Secondary Ed., 86 S.D. 215 , 193 N.W.2d 586 (1972) (burden is on the party alleging error to show it affirmatively by the record, thus, error may not be presumed on appeal)). . 2000See Crook v. Pap, 303 N.W.2d 818, 819 (S.D.1981) per curiam (citing Custer County Bd. of Ed. v. State Commission on Elementary and Secondary Ed., 86 S.D. 215 , 193 N.W.2d 586 (1972) (burden is on the party alleging error to show it affirmatively by the record, thus, error may not be presumed on appeal)). .	1	3
Morrison v. Mineral Palace Ltd. Partnershipgreen sd · 1998 · cited in 2 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 2006–2008 2 sentences 2008Partnership, 1998 SD 33, ¶ 10 , 576 N.W.2d 869, 872 . 2008Partnership, 1998 SD 33, ¶ 10 , 576 N.W.2d 869, 872 .	1	2
Bollinger v. Eldredgegreen sd · 1994 · cited in 1 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 1 sentence 2010To prevail on a claim of unjust enrichment against a trust, the party alleging the claim must show that it “conferred a benefit- to the trust, that - the trust acquiesced to that benefit, and that to allow the trust to retain this benefit without compensation would be unjust.” Bollinger v. Eldredge, 524 N.W.2d 118, 122-23 (S.D.1994) (citing Ringgenberg v. Wilmsmeyer, 253 N.W.2d 197 (S.D.1977)).	1	1
Novak v. McEldowneygreen sd · 2002 · cited in 1 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006 2 sentences 2006“Error is prejudicial when, in all probability ... [i]t produced some effect upon the final result and affected rights of the party assigning it.” Novak v. McEldowney, 2002 SD 162 ¶ 7 , 655 N.W.2d 909, 912 (emphasis added) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). [¶ 16.] Here, Wagner failed to demonstrate prejudice because even if the referee erred in the procedural manner by which he obtained the wage information, Wagner agreed that the referee’s substantive wage information was correct. 2006“Error is prejudicial when, in all probability ... [i]t produced some effect upon the final result and affected rights of the party assigning it.” Novak v. McEldowney, 2002 SD 162 ¶ 7 , 655 N.W.2d 909, 912 (emphasis added) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). [¶ 16.] Here, Wagner failed to demonstrate prejudice because even if the referee erred in the procedural manner by which he obtained the wage information, Wagner agreed that the referee’s substantive wage information was correct.	1	1
Drier v. Perfection, Inc.green sd · 1977 · cited in 1 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993 2 sentences 1993The party alleging error must show prejudicial error affirmatively from the record.... [On appeal,] we must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion." Shamburger v. Behrens, 380 N.W.2d 659, 661 (S.D.1986); State v. Holland, 346 N.W.2d 302, 307 (S.D.1984); Drier v. Perfection, Inc., 259 N.W.2d 496, 503 (S.D. 1977); Shaffer v. Honeywell, 249 N.W.2d 251, 258 (S.D.1976). 1993The party alleging error must show prejudicial error affirmatively from the record.... [On appeal,] we must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion.” Shamburger v. Behrens, 380 N.W.2d 659, 661 (S.D.1986); State v. Holland, 346 N.W.2d 302, 307 (S.D.1984); Drier v. Perfection, Inc., 259 N.W.2d 496, 503 (S.D.1977); Shaffer v. Honeywell, 249 N.W.2d 251, 258 (S.D.1976).	1	1
State v. Hollandgreen sd · 1984 · cited in 1 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993 2 sentences 1993The party alleging error must show prejudicial error affirmatively from the record.... [On appeal,] we must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion." Shamburger v. Behrens, 380 N.W.2d 659, 661 (S.D.1986); State v. Holland, 346 N.W.2d 302, 307 (S.D.1984); Drier v. Perfection, Inc., 259 N.W.2d 496, 503 (S.D. 1977); Shaffer v. Honeywell, 249 N.W.2d 251, 258 (S.D.1976). 1993The party alleging error must show prejudicial error affirmatively from the record.... [On appeal,] we must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion.” Shamburger v. Behrens, 380 N.W.2d 659, 661 (S.D.1986); State v. Holland, 346 N.W.2d 302, 307 (S.D.1984); Drier v. Perfection, Inc., 259 N.W.2d 496, 503 (S.D.1977); Shaffer v. Honeywell, 249 N.W.2d 251, 258 (S.D.1976).	1	1
General Drivers & Helpers Union v. Brown Countygreen sd · 1978 · cited in 1 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991 2 sentences 1991We cited General Drivers and Helpers Union v. Brown County, 269 N.W.2d 795, 798-99, 803 (S.D.1978) and 51A C.J.S. 1991We cited General Drivers and Helpers Union v. Brown County, 269 N.W.2d 795, 798-99, 803 (S.D.1978) and 51A C.J.S.	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in South Dakota. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (13)

Case	Cited	Years
Ringgenberg v. Wilmsmeyer green sd · 1977 1 sentence 2010To prevail on a claim of unjust enrichment against a trust, the party alleging the claim must show that it “conferred a benefit- to the trust, that - the trust acquiesced to that benefit, and that to allow the trust to retain this benefit without compensation would be unjust.” Bollinger v. Eldredge, 524 N.W.2d 118, 122-23 (S.D.1994) (citing Ringgenberg v. Wilmsmeyer, 253 N.W.2d 197 (S.D.1977)).	1	2010–2010
South Dakota Board of Regents v. Heege green sd · 1988 2 sentences 1991In South Dakota Board of Regents v. Heege, 428 N.W.2d 535 , 542 n. 3 (S.D. 1988), we noted that in an unfair labor practice action before the Department of Labor under SDCL ch. 3-18 and ch. 1-26, the burden of proof is on the party alleging the violation. 1991In South Dakota Board of Regents v. Heege, 428 N.W.2d 535 , 542 n. 3 (S.D.1988), we noted that in an unfair labor practice action before the Department of Labor under SDCL ch. 3-18 and ch. 1-26, the burden of proof is on the party alleging the violation.	1	1991–1991
Johnson v. Zerbst green scotus · 1938 2 sentences 1986Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742 , 90 S.Ct. 1463 , 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970); Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 , 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938); Jones, supra. The waiver of a constitutional right must be positively established, and the burden is on the party alleging waiver, State v. Cochrane, 84 S.D. 527 , 173 N.W.2d 495 (1970), as courts closely scrutinize such allegations, indulging every reasonable presumption against waiver. 1986Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742 , 90 S.Ct. 1463 , 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970); Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 , 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938); Jones, supra. The waiver of a constitutional right must be positively established, and the burden is on the party alleging waiver, State v. Cochrane, 84 S.D. 527 , 173 N.W.2d 495 (1970), as courts closely scrutinize such allegations, indulging every reasonable presumption against waiver.	1	1986–1986
State v. Moore green iowa · 1979 2 sentences 1986In re Bryan, 645 F.2d 331 (5th Cir.1981); United States v. Rich, 589 F.2d 1025 (10th Cir.1978); Isbell v. County of Sonoma, 21 Cal.3d 61 , 145 Cal. Rptr. 368 , 577 P.2d 188 (1978); People v. Horton, 73 Ill.App.3d 9 , 29 Ill.Dec. 235 , 391 N.E.2d 498 (1979); State v. Moore, 276 N.W.2d 437 (Iowa 1979); State v. Moore, 203 Neb. 94 , 277 N.W.2d 554 (1979). 1986In re Bryan, 645 F.2d 331 (5th Cir.1981); United States v. Rich, 589 F.2d 1025 (10th Cir.1978); Isbell v. County of Sonoma, 21 Cal.3d 61 , 145 Cal. Rptr. 368 , 577 P.2d 188 (1978); People v. Horton, 73 Ill.App.3d 9 , 29 Ill.Dec. 235 , 391 N.E.2d 498 (1979); State v. Moore, 276 N.W.2d 437 (Iowa 1979); State v. Moore, 203 Neb. 94 , 277 N.W.2d 554 (1979).	1	1986–1986
In Re Bobby L. Bryan green ca5 · 1981 2 sentences 1986In re Bryan, 645 F.2d 331 (5th Cir.1981); United States v. Rich, 589 F.2d 1025 (10th Cir.1978); Isbell v. County of Sonoma, 21 Cal.3d 61 , 145 Cal. Rptr. 368 , 577 P.2d 188 (1978); People v. Horton, 73 Ill.App.3d 9 , 29 Ill.Dec. 235 , 391 N.E.2d 498 (1979); State v. Moore, 276 N.W.2d 437 (Iowa 1979); State v. Moore, 203 Neb. 94 , 277 N.W.2d 554 (1979). 1986In re Bryan, 645 F.2d 331 (5th Cir.1981); United States v. Rich, 589 F.2d 1025 (10th Cir.1978); Isbell v. County of Sonoma, 21 Cal.3d 61 , 145 Cal. Rptr. 368 , 577 P.2d 188 (1978); People v. Horton, 73 Ill.App.3d 9 , 29 Ill.Dec. 235 , 391 N.E.2d 498 (1979); State v. Moore, 276 N.W.2d 437 (Iowa 1979); State v. Moore, 203 Neb. 94 , 277 N.W.2d 554 (1979).	1	1986–1986
Isbell v. County of Sonoma green cal · 1978 2 sentences 1986In re Bryan, 645 F.2d 331 (5th Cir.1981); United States v. Rich, 589 F.2d 1025 (10th Cir.1978); Isbell v. County of Sonoma, 21 Cal.3d 61 , 145 Cal. Rptr. 368 , 577 P.2d 188 (1978); People v. Horton, 73 Ill.App.3d 9 , 29 Ill.Dec. 235 , 391 N.E.2d 498 (1979); State v. Moore, 276 N.W.2d 437 (Iowa 1979); State v. Moore, 203 Neb. 94 , 277 N.W.2d 554 (1979). 1986In re Bryan, 645 F.2d 331 (5th Cir.1981); United States v. Rich, 589 F.2d 1025 (10th Cir.1978); Isbell v. County of Sonoma, 21 Cal.3d 61 , 145 Cal. Rptr. 368 , 577 P.2d 188 (1978); People v. Horton, 73 Ill.App.3d 9 , 29 Ill.Dec. 235 , 391 N.E.2d 498 (1979); State v. Moore, 276 N.W.2d 437 (Iowa 1979); State v. Moore, 203 Neb. 94 , 277 N.W.2d 554 (1979).	1	1986–1986
State v. Cochrane green sd · 1970 2 sentences 1986Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742 , 90 S.Ct. 1463 , 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970); Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 , 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938); Jones, supra. The waiver of a constitutional right must be positively established, and the burden is on the party alleging waiver, State v. Cochrane, 84 S.D. 527 , 173 N.W.2d 495 (1970), as courts closely scrutinize such allegations, indulging every reasonable presumption against waiver. 1986Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742 , 90 S.Ct. 1463 , 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970); Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 , 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938); Jones, supra. The waiver of a constitutional right must be positively established, and the burden is on the party alleging waiver, State v. Cochrane, 84 S.D. 527 , 173 N.W.2d 495 (1970), as courts closely scrutinize such allegations, indulging every reasonable presumption against waiver.	1	1986–1986
Brady v. United States green scotus · 1970 2 sentences 1986Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742 , 90 S.Ct. 1463 , 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970); Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 , 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938); Jones, supra. The waiver of a constitutional right must be positively established, and the burden is on the party alleging waiver, State v. Cochrane, 84 S.D. 527 , 173 N.W.2d 495 (1970), as courts closely scrutinize such allegations, indulging every reasonable presumption against waiver. 1986Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742 , 90 S.Ct. 1463 , 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970); Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 , 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938); Jones, supra. The waiver of a constitutional right must be positively established, and the burden is on the party alleging waiver, State v. Cochrane, 84 S.D. 527 , 173 N.W.2d 495 (1970), as courts closely scrutinize such allegations, indulging every reasonable presumption against waiver.	1	1986–1986
United States v. J. Milton Rich green ca10 · 1978 2 sentences 1986In re Bryan, 645 F.2d 331 (5th Cir.1981); United States v. Rich, 589 F.2d 1025 (10th Cir.1978); Isbell v. County of Sonoma, 21 Cal.3d 61 , 145 Cal. Rptr. 368 , 577 P.2d 188 (1978); People v. Horton, 73 Ill.App.3d 9 , 29 Ill.Dec. 235 , 391 N.E.2d 498 (1979); State v. Moore, 276 N.W.2d 437 (Iowa 1979); State v. Moore, 203 Neb. 94 , 277 N.W.2d 554 (1979). 1986In re Bryan, 645 F.2d 331 (5th Cir.1981); United States v. Rich, 589 F.2d 1025 (10th Cir.1978); Isbell v. County of Sonoma, 21 Cal.3d 61 , 145 Cal. Rptr. 368 , 577 P.2d 188 (1978); People v. Horton, 73 Ill.App.3d 9 , 29 Ill.Dec. 235 , 391 N.E.2d 498 (1979); State v. Moore, 276 N.W.2d 437 (Iowa 1979); State v. Moore, 203 Neb. 94 , 277 N.W.2d 554 (1979).	1	1986–1986
Jones v. State green sd · 1984 2 sentences 1986Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742 , 90 S.Ct. 1463 , 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970); Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 , 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938); Jones, supra. The waiver of a constitutional right must be positively established, and the burden is on the party alleging waiver, State v. Cochrane, 84 S.D. 527 , 173 N.W.2d 495 (1970), as courts closely scrutinize such allegations, indulging every reasonable presumption against waiver. 1986Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742 , 90 S.Ct. 1463 , 25 L.Ed.2d 747 (1970); Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 , 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938); Jones, supra . *124 The waiver of a constitutional right must be positively established, and the burden is on the party alleging waiver, State v. Cochrane, 84 S.D. 527 , 173 N.W.2d 495 (1970), as courts closely scrutinize such allegations, indulging every reasonable presumption against waiver.	1	1986–1986
People v. Horton neutral illappct · 1979 2 sentences 1986In re Bryan, 645 F.2d 331 (5th Cir.1981); United States v. Rich, 589 F.2d 1025 (10th Cir.1978); Isbell v. County of Sonoma, 21 Cal.3d 61 , 145 Cal. Rptr. 368 , 577 P.2d 188 (1978); People v. Horton, 73 Ill.App.3d 9 , 29 Ill.Dec. 235 , 391 N.E.2d 498 (1979); State v. Moore, 276 N.W.2d 437 (Iowa 1979); State v. Moore, 203 Neb. 94 , 277 N.W.2d 554 (1979). 1986In re Bryan, 645 F.2d 331 (5th Cir.1981); United States v. Rich, 589 F.2d 1025 (10th Cir.1978); Isbell v. County of Sonoma, 21 Cal.3d 61 , 145 Cal. Rptr. 368 , 577 P.2d 188 (1978); People v. Horton, 73 Ill.App.3d 9 , 29 Ill.Dec. 235 , 391 N.E.2d 498 (1979); State v. Moore, 276 N.W.2d 437 (Iowa 1979); State v. Moore, 203 Neb. 94 , 277 N.W.2d 554 (1979).	1	1986–1986
State v. Moore green neb · 1979 2 sentences 1986In re Bryan, 645 F.2d 331 (5th Cir.1981); United States v. Rich, 589 F.2d 1025 (10th Cir.1978); Isbell v. County of Sonoma, 21 Cal.3d 61 , 145 Cal. Rptr. 368 , 577 P.2d 188 (1978); People v. Horton, 73 Ill.App.3d 9 , 29 Ill.Dec. 235 , 391 N.E.2d 498 (1979); State v. Moore, 276 N.W.2d 437 (Iowa 1979); State v. Moore, 203 Neb. 94 , 277 N.W.2d 554 (1979). 1986In re Bryan, 645 F.2d 331 (5th Cir.1981); United States v. Rich, 589 F.2d 1025 (10th Cir.1978); Isbell v. County of Sonoma, 21 Cal.3d 61 , 145 Cal. Rptr. 368 , 577 P.2d 188 (1978); People v. Horton, 73 Ill.App.3d 9 , 29 Ill.Dec. 235 , 391 N.E.2d 498 (1979); State v. Moore, 276 N.W.2d 437 (Iowa 1979); State v. Moore, 203 Neb. 94 , 277 N.W.2d 554 (1979).	1	1986–1986
Kent v. Dakota Fire & Marine Insurance neutral sd · 1891 1 sentence 1896Kent v. Insurance Co., 2 S. D. 300, 50 N. W. 85 .	1	1896–1896

Statutes the citing opinions construe

SD § S.D. Codified Laws § 19-12-3 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

GA 259 (1950–2026) ID 34 (2004–2026) LA 26 (1984–2015) KS 26 (1952–2026) MN 21 (1889–2017) NY 19 (1852–2024) SD 19 (1896–2010) WI 16 (1962–2026) OH 16 (1999–2026) MO 15 (1894–2023) MI 15 (1899–2025) IL 14 (1902–2026) TX 13 (1891–2024) AL 13 (1893–2007) ND 12 (1904–2001) CA 11 (1867–2019) NC 10 (1876–2013) MT 10 (1907–2011) WA 8 (2014–2025) IN 7 (1979–2012) MD 7 (2011–2023) WY 7 (1996–2020) NJ 6 (1955–2026) NE 6 (1892–2026) TN 5 (1993–2002) ME 5 (1997–2008) RI 5 (1996–2023) UT 4 (1989–2005) NM 4 (1913–1966) IA 4 (1943–2023) VT 4 (1981–2010) AK 4 (1991–2023) AR 4 (1982–1989) OK 3 (1911–2011) CO 3 (1926–2017) KY 2 (1995–2019) HI 2 (1980–1999) PA 2 (1983–1984) MS 2 (2004–2005) MA 2 (2014–2016)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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