111 New York opinions name it 8 courts 1911–2026 15 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
People v. Wardlawgreen2 sentences2012We conclude that the tainted proceeding had an adverse impact on defendant, warranting reversal of the resentence and remittal of this matter for the court to ascertain that defendant has been afforded the right to counsel and for resentencing (cf. People v Johnson, 94 AD3d 1496, 1497 [2012]; see generally People v Wardlaw, 6 NY3d 556, 559 [2006]). 2012We conclude that the tainted proceeding had an adverse impact on defendant, warranting reversal of the resentence and remittal of this matter for the court to ascertain that defendant has been afforded the right to counsel and for resentencing (cf. People v Johnson, 94 AD3d 1496, 1497 [2012]; see generally People v Wardlaw, 6 NY3d 556, 559 [2006]). | 3 | 3 |
People v. Outleygreen2 sentences2014After defendant challenged the validity of his new arrest, the court conducted a hearing pursuant to People v Outley ( 80 NY2d 702 [1993]), and the court’s findings and determination comported with the standards articulated in Outley (see id. at 712-713). 2014After defendant challenged the validity of his new arrest, the court conducted a hearing pursuant to People v Outley ( 80 NY2d 702 [1993]), and the court’s findings and determination comported with the standards articulated in Outley (see id. at 712-713). | 2 | 6 |
People v. Ventimigliagreen2 sentences2023Contrary to defendant's contention, the record establishes that there was no unfairness to him inasmuch as the prosecutor asked for a ruling out of the presence of the jury and the court conducted a hearing with respect to the admissibility of such evidence before the eyewitness testified to the prior bad act or uncharged crime, during which the prosecutor detailed the testimony to be elicited as an offer of proof, defense counsel made arguments in opposition to the admissibility of the testimony, and the court ruled that the testimony was admissible on the ground that its probative value outw 2023Contrary to defendant's contention, the record establishes that there was no unfairness to him inasmuch as the prosecutor asked for a ruling out of the presence of the jury and the court conducted a hearing with respect to the admissibility of such evidence before the eyewitness testified to the prior bad act or uncharged crime, during which the prosecutor detailed the testimony to be elicited as an offer of proof, defense counsel made arguments in opposition to the admissibility of the testimony, and the court ruled that the testimony was admissible on the ground that its probative value outw | 2 | 3 |
People v. Boyergreen2 sentences2017The exception to the requirement to provide notice pursuant to CPL 710.30 “carries significant consequences” (People v Boyer, 6 NY3d 427, 431 [2006]), and the Court of Appeals has “consistently held that police identifications do not enjoy any exemption from the statutory notice and hearing requirements” (id. at 433). 2017The exception to the requirement to provide notice pursuant to CPL 710.30 “carries significant consequences” (People v Boyer, 6 NY3d 427, 431 [2006]), and the Court of Appeals has “consistently held that police identifications do not enjoy any exemption from the statutory notice and hearing requirements” (id. at 433). | 2 | 3 |
People v. Campbellgreen2 sentences2017Specifically, defense counsel relied on People v Campbell ( 98 AD3d 5, 12-13 [2012], lv denied 20 NY3d 853 [2012]), and argued that the Family Court Act prohibited consideration of a juvenile delinquency adjudication in a SORA determination. 2017Specifically, defense counsel relied on People v Campbell ( 98 AD3d 5, 12-13 [2012], lv denied 20 NY3d 853 [2012]), and argued that the Family Court Act prohibited consideration of a juvenile delinquency adjudication in a SORA determination. | 2 | 3 |
People v. Lopezgreen2 sentences2016Contrary to defendant’s further contention, the sentence is not illegal, and the valid waiver of the right to appeal encompasses the contention that the sentence is unduly harsh and severe (see generally People v Lopez, 6 NY3d 248, 255 [2006]). 2016Contrary to defendant’s further contention, the sentence is not illegal, and the valid waiver of the right to appeal encompasses the contention that the sentence is unduly harsh and severe (see generally People v Lopez, 6 NY3d 248, 255 [2006]). | 2 | 3 |
People v. Burgosgreen2 sentences2016This case does not fall within the narrow exception to the preservation requirement articulated in Lopez (see id. at 666; People v Brinson, 130 AD3d 1493, 1493 [2015], lv denied 26 NY3d 965 [2015]), but we in any event note that, although not required to do so, the court conducted an inquiry into the validity of the plea based on the statements made by defendant during his presentence interview and at sentencing (see generally People v Garcia-Cruz, 138 AD3d 1414, 1415 [2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 929 [2016]). 2016This case does not fall within the narrow exception to the preservation requirement articulated in Lopez (see id. at 666; People v Brinson, 130 AD3d 1493, 1493 [2015], lv denied 26 NY3d 965 [2015]), but we in any event note that, although not required to do so, the court conducted an inquiry into the validity of the plea based on the statements made by defendant during his presentence interview and at sentencing (see generally People v Garcia-Cruz, 138 AD3d 1414, 1415 [2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 929 [2016]). | 2 | 3 |
People v. Garcia-Cruzgreen2 sentences2016This case does not fall within the narrow exception to the preservation requirement articulated in Lopez (see id. at 666; People v Brinson, 130 AD3d 1493, 1493 [2015], lv denied 26 NY3d 965 [2015]), but we in any event note that, although not required to do so, the court conducted an inquiry into the validity of the plea based on the statements made by defendant during his presentence interview and at sentencing (see generally People v Garcia-Cruz, 138 AD3d 1414, 1415 [2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 929 [2016]). 2016This case does not fall within the narrow exception to the preservation requirement articulated in Lopez (see id. at 666; People v Brinson, 130 AD3d 1493, 1493 [2015], lv denied 26 NY3d 965 [2015]), but we in any event note that, although not required to do so, the court conducted an inquiry into the validity of the plea based on the statements made by defendant during his presentence interview and at sentencing (see generally People v Garcia-Cruz, 138 AD3d 1414, 1415 [2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 929 [2016]). | 2 | 3 |
People v. Lopezgreen2 sentences2016This case does not fall within the narrow exception to the preservation requirement articulated in Lopez (see id. at 666; People v Brinson, 130 AD3d 1493, 1493 [2015], lv denied 26 NY3d 965 [2015]), but we in any event note that, although not required to do so, the court conducted an inquiry into the validity of the plea based on the statements made by defendant during his presentence interview and at sentencing (see generally People v Garcia-Cruz, 138 AD3d 1414, 1415 [2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 929 [2016]). 2016This case does not fall within the narrow exception to the preservation requirement articulated in Lopez (see id. at 666; People v Brinson, 130 AD3d 1493, 1493 [2015], lv denied 26 NY3d 965 [2015]), but we in any event note that, although not required to do so, the court conducted an inquiry into the validity of the plea based on the statements made by defendant during his presentence interview and at sentencing (see generally People v Garcia-Cruz, 138 AD3d 1414, 1415 [2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 929 [2016]). | 2 | 3 |
People v. Hidalgogreen2 sentences2015Finally, defendant’s valid waiver of the right to appeal encompasses his challenge to the severity of the sentence (see People v Lococo, 92 NY2d 825, 827 [1998]; People v Hidalgo, 91 NY2d 733, 737 [1998]). 2015Finally, defendant’s valid waiver of the right to appeal encompasses his challenge to the severity of the sentence (see People v Lococo, 92 NY2d 825, 827 [1998]; People v Hidalgo, 91 NY2d 733, 737 [1998]). | 2 | 3 |
People v. Lococogreen2 sentences2015Finally, defendant’s valid waiver of the right to appeal encompasses his challenge to the severity of the sentence (see People v Lococo, 92 NY2d 825, 827 [1998]; People v Hidalgo, 91 NY2d 733, 737 [1998]). 2015Finally, defendant’s valid waiver of the right to appeal encompasses his challenge to the severity of the sentence (see People v Lococo, 92 NY2d 825, 827 [1998]; People v Hidalgo, 91 NY2d 733, 737 [1998]). | 2 | 3 |
People v. Lucheygreen2 sentences2013Respondent had no right to be present while the court conducted an inquiry of juror No. 7 to determine whether that juror should be discharged pursuant to CPL 270.35 (see People v Luchey, 221 AD2d 936, 936 [1995], lv denied 87 NY2d 1021 , reconsideration denied 88 NY2d 988 [1996]). 2013Respondent had no right to be present while the court conducted an inquiry of juror No. 7 to determine whether that juror should be discharged pursuant to CPL 270.35 (see People v Luchey, 221 AD2d 936, 936 [1995], lv denied 87 NY2d 1021 , reconsideration denied 88 NY2d 988 [1996]). | 2 | 3 |
People v. Johnsongreen2 sentences2012We conclude that the tainted proceeding had an adverse impact on defendant, warranting reversal of the resentence and remittal of this matter for the court to ascertain that defendant has been afforded the right to counsel and for resentencing (cf. People v Johnson, 94 AD3d 1496, 1497 [2012]; see generally People v Wardlaw, 6 NY3d 556, 559 [2006]). 2012We conclude that the tainted proceeding had an adverse impact on defendant, warranting reversal of the resentence and remittal of this matter for the court to ascertain that defendant has been afforded the right to counsel and for resentencing (cf. People v Johnson, 94 AD3d 1496, 1497 [2012]; see generally People v Wardlaw, 6 NY3d 556, 559 [2006]). | 2 | 3 |
People v. Adamsgreen2 sentences2012The court conducted no such inquiry in this case, and “[t]he sentencing court erred by permitting defendant to represent himself at his ultimate sentencing proceeding” (People v Adams, 52 AD3d 243, 243 [2008], lv denied 11 NY3d 829 [2008]). 2012The court conducted no such inquiry in this case, and “[t]he sentencing court erred by permitting defendant to represent himself at his ultimate sentencing proceeding” (People v Adams, 52 AD3d 243, 243 [2008], lv denied 11 NY3d 829 [2008]). | 2 | 3 |
People v. Hildrethgreen2 sentences2023Defendant failed to preserve for our review his related contention that the court erred in failing to provide an immediate limiting instruction with respect to the foregoing Molineux evidence ( see CPL 470.05 [2]; People v Hildreth , 199 AD3d 1366, 1368 [4th Dept 2021], lv denied 37 NY3d 1161 [2022]), and we decline to exercise our power to review defendant's contention as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( see CPL 470.15 [6] [a]; Hildreth , 199 AD3d at 1368 ). 2023Defendant failed to preserve for our review his related contention that the court erred in failing to provide an immediate limiting instruction with respect to the foregoing Molineux evidence ( see CPL 470.05 [2]; People v Hildreth , 199 AD3d 1366, 1368 [4th Dept 2021], lv denied 37 NY3d 1161 [2022]), and we decline to exercise our power to review defendant's contention as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( see CPL 470.15 [6] [a]; Hildreth , 199 AD3d at 1368 ). | 2 | 2 |
People v. Smallgreen2 sentences2023Contrary to defendant's contention, the record establishes that there was no unfairness to him inasmuch as the prosecutor asked for a ruling out of the presence of the jury and the court conducted a hearing with respect to the admissibility of such evidence before the eyewitness testified to the prior bad act or uncharged crime, during which the prosecutor detailed the testimony to be elicited as an offer of proof, defense counsel made arguments in opposition to the admissibility of the testimony, and the court ruled that the testimony was admissible on the ground that its probative value outw 2023Contrary to defendant's contention, the record establishes that there was no unfairness to him inasmuch as the prosecutor asked for a ruling out of the presence of the jury and the court conducted a hearing with respect to the admissibility of such evidence before the eyewitness testified to the prior bad act or uncharged crime, during which the prosecutor detailed the testimony to be elicited as an offer of proof, defense counsel made arguments in opposition to the admissibility of the testimony, and the court ruled that the testimony was admissible on the ground that its probative value outw | 2 | 2 |
| People v. Kirklandgreen | 1 | 2 |
| People v. Bufordgreen | 1 | 2 |
| People v. Tinsleygreen | 1 | 2 |
| People v. Parkergreen | 1 | 2 |
| People v. McCulloughgreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Corinesgreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Ruiz-Solanogreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Prunestigreen | 1 | 1 |
| The People v. Kevin Fishergreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Tuckergreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Wallgreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Marnellgreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Di Fondigreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Colbertgreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Zirpolagreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Cruzgreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Bonnergreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Cruzgreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Linaresgreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Bouyeagreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Harrisgreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Portogreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Ajin-Michicojgreen | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Parkergreen | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Hinton v. New York
green
2 sentences2001The court conducted a hearing pursuant to People v Hinton ( 31 NY2d 71 , cert denied 410 US 911 ) to determine the propriety of closure. 1996The court conducted a hearing pursuant to People v Hinton ( 31 NY2d 71 , cert denied 410 US 911 ) during which the undercover officer disclosed that he had about 80 open undercover cases from the area where the sale occurred and that he was still working in an undercover capacity there. | 8 | 1989–2001 |
People v. Hinton
green
2 sentences2001The court conducted a hearing pursuant to People v Hinton ( 31 NY2d 71 , cert denied 410 US 911 ) to determine the propriety of closure. 1996The court conducted a hearing pursuant to People v Hinton ( 31 NY2d 71 , cert denied 410 US 911 ) during which the undercover officer disclosed that he had about 80 open undercover cases from the area where the sale occurred and that he was still working in an undercover capacity there. | 8 | 1989–2001 |
Robinson v. United States
green
2 sentences1993Prior to closing the courtroom, the court conducted an inquiry which established that each undercover officer was involved in a number of pending narcotics investigations, and that these pending cases as well as the officers’ personal safety could be compromised if their identities were revealed (see, People v Jones, 47 NY2d 409 , cert denied 444 US 946 ; People v Saunders, 174 AD2d 700 ; People v Jackson, 171 AD2d 756 ; cf., People v Clemons, 78 NY2d 48 ; People v Kin Kan, 78 NY2d 54 ). 1991Prior to closing the courtroom, the court conducted a hearing at which it was established that the undercover officer was still engaged in undercover investigations in Brooklyn and that closure was necessary to protect his safety and the integrity of the ongoing operations (see, People v Jones, 47 NY2d 409 , cert denied 444 US 946 ; People v Hinton, 31 NY2d 71 , cert denied 410 US 911 ; People v Richards, 157 AD2d 753 ; People v Flores, 152 AD2d 704 ). | 6 | 1989–1993 |
People v. Jones
green
2 sentences1993Prior to closing the courtroom, the court conducted an inquiry which established that each undercover officer was involved in a number of pending narcotics investigations, and that these pending cases as well as the officers’ personal safety could be compromised if their identities were revealed (see, People v Jones, 47 NY2d 409 , cert denied 444 US 946 ; People v Saunders, 174 AD2d 700 ; People v Jackson, 171 AD2d 756 ; cf., People v Clemons, 78 NY2d 48 ; People v Kin Kan, 78 NY2d 54 ). 1991Prior to closing the courtroom, the court conducted a hearing at which it was established that the undercover officer was still engaged in undercover investigations in Brooklyn and that closure was necessary to protect his safety and the integrity of the ongoing operations (see, People v Jones, 47 NY2d 409 , cert denied 444 US 946 ; People v Hinton, 31 NY2d 71 , cert denied 410 US 911 ; People v Richards, 157 AD2d 753 ; People v Flores, 152 AD2d 704 ). | 6 | 1989–1993 |
People v. Sides
green
2 sentences2016Indeed, the court “erred by failing to ask even a single question about the nature of the disagreement or its potential for resolution” (Sides, 75 NY2d at 825 ). “[H]ad the court conducted that inquiry, it might well have determined that, despite the defendant’s allegedly having filed a grievance, the grievance was merely a delaying tactic or that the defense counsel was, despite the grievance, fully capable of providing the defendant with effective representation” (Smith, 25 AD3d at 575-576 ). 2016Indeed, the court “erred by failing to ask even a single question about the nature of the disagreement or its potential for resolution” (Sides, 75 NY2d at 825 ). “[H]ad the court conducted that inquiry, it might well have determined that, despite the defendant’s allegedly having filed a grievance, the grievance was merely a delaying tactic or that the defense counsel was, despite the grievance, fully capable of providing the defendant with effective representation” (Smith, 25 AD3d at 575-576 ). | 4 | 2016–2025 |
Matter of Minor v. Birkenmeyer
green
2 sentences2024See Woldeselassie v. Colon , 227 AD3d 725 (2d Dept. 2024); Minor v. Birkenmeyer , 200 AD3d 1044 (2d Dept. 2021). 2024See Woldeselassie v. Colon , 227 AD3d 725 (2d Dept. 2024); Minor v. Birkenmeyer , 200 AD3d 1044 (2d Dept. 2021). | 3 | 2024–2024 |
People v. Beard
green
2 sentences2016The court could not, however, summarily dismiss the request (see Sides, 75 NY2d at 825 ; Beard, 100 AD3d at 1512 ). 2016The court could not, however, summarily dismiss the request (see Sides, 75 NY2d at 825 ; Beard, 100 AD3d at 1512 ). | 3 | 2016–2016 |
People v. Pilgrim
green
2 sentences2016Indeed, the court “erred by failing to ask even a single question about the nature of the disagreement or its potential for resolution” (Sides, 75 NY2d at 825 ). “[H]ad the court conducted that inquiry, it might well have determined that, despite the defendant’s allegedly having filed a grievance, the grievance was merely a delaying tactic or that the defense counsel was, despite the grievance, fully capable of providing the defendant with effective representation” (Smith, 25 AD3d at 575-576 ). 2016Indeed, the court “erred by failing to ask even a single question about the nature of the disagreement or its potential for resolution” (Sides, 75 NY2d at 825 ). “[H]ad the court conducted that inquiry, it might well have determined that, despite the defendant’s allegedly having filed a grievance, the grievance was merely a delaying tactic or that the defense counsel was, despite the grievance, fully capable of providing the defendant with effective representation” (Smith, 25 AD3d at 575-576 ). | 3 | 2016–2016 |
People v. Dixon
green
2 sentences2016This case does not fall within the narrow exception to the preservation requirement articulated in Lopez (see id. at 666; People v Brinson, 130 AD3d 1493, 1493 [2015], lv denied 26 NY3d 965 [2015]), but we in any event note that, although not required to do so, the court conducted an inquiry into the validity of the plea based on the statements made by defendant during his presentence interview and at sentencing (see generally People v Garcia-Cruz, 138 AD3d 1414, 1415 [2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 929 [2016]). 2016This case does not fall within the narrow exception to the preservation requirement articulated in Lopez (see id. at 666; People v Brinson, 130 AD3d 1493, 1493 [2015], lv denied 26 NY3d 965 [2015]), but we in any event note that, although not required to do so, the court conducted an inquiry into the validity of the plea based on the statements made by defendant during his presentence interview and at sentencing (see generally People v Garcia-Cruz, 138 AD3d 1414, 1415 [2016], lv denied 28 NY3d 929 [2016]). | 3 | 2016–2016 |
People v. Khammonivang
green
2 sentences2015Thus, “the court conducted an inquiry that ‘was sufficient to ensure that the plea was voluntary’ ” (People v Zulian, 68 AD3d 1731 , 1732 [2009], lv denied 14 NY3d 894 [2010]). 2015Thus, “the court conducted an inquiry that ‘was sufficient to ensure that the plea was voluntary’ ” (People v Zulian, 68 AD3d 1731 , 1732 [2009], lv denied 14 NY3d 894 [2010]). | 3 | 2015–2015 |
People v. Vega
green
2 sentences2015Thus, “the court conducted an inquiry that ‘was sufficient to ensure that the plea was voluntary’ ” (People v Zulian, 68 AD3d 1731 , 1732 [2009], lv denied 14 NY3d 894 [2010]). 2015Thus, “the court conducted an inquiry that ‘was sufficient to ensure that the plea was voluntary’ ” (People v Zulian, 68 AD3d 1731 , 1732 [2009], lv denied 14 NY3d 894 [2010]). | 3 | 2015–2015 |
People v. Adams
green
2 sentences2012The court conducted no such inquiry in this case, and “[t]he sentencing court erred by permitting defendant to represent himself at his ultimate sentencing proceeding” (People v Adams, 52 AD3d 243, 243 [2008], lv denied 11 NY3d 829 [2008]). 2012The court conducted no such inquiry in this case, and “[t]he sentencing court erred by permitting defendant to represent himself at his ultimate sentencing proceeding” (People v Adams, 52 AD3d 243, 243 [2008], lv denied 11 NY3d 829 [2008]). | 3 | 2012–2012 |
People v. Duffy
neutral
2 sentences1991Prior to closing the courtroom, the court conducted a hearing at which it was established that the undercover officer was still engaged in undercover investigations in Brooklyn and that closure was necessary to protect his safety and the integrity of the ongoing operations (see, People v Jones, 47 NY2d 409 , cert denied 444 US 946 ; People v Hinton, 31 NY2d 71 , cert denied 410 US 911 ; People v Richards, 157 AD2d 753 ; People v Flores, 152 AD2d 704 ). 1990The court conducted a hearing during which it was shown that the undercover officer was still engaged in several pending investigations in Brooklyn at the time of the trial and that closure was necessary to protect his safety arid the integrity of his ongoing operations (see, People v Jones, 47 NY2d 409, 413 , cert denied 444 US 946 ; People v Hinton, 31 NY2d 71, 73 , cert denied 410 US 911 ; People v Flores, 152 AD2d 704 ). | 3 | 1989–1991 |
People v. Gonzalez
neutral
2 sentences1989As to the second officer, the court conducted a hearing during which it was shown that the undercover officer was still engaged in several pending investigations in Brooklyn at the time of the trial and that closure was necessary to protect his safety and the integrity of his ongoing operations (see, People v Jones, 47 NY2d 409 , cert denied 444 US 946 ; People v Hinton, 31 NY2d 71 , cert denied 410 US 911 ; People v Gonzalez, supra). 1989In any event, the closure of the courtroom was proper since the trial court conducted a hearing during which it was established that the undercover officer was still engaged in pending investigations, and closure was necessary to protect his safety as well as the integrity of the ongoing operations (see, People v Hinton, 31 NY2d 71 , cert denied 410 US 911 ; People v Gonzalez, 135 AD2d 829 ; People v Flores, supra; People v Legette, 153 AD2d 760 ). | 3 | 1989–1989 |
| People v. Larkins green | 2 | 2021–2021 |
| People v. Martinez green | 2 | 1994–1995 |
| People v. Planes neutral | 2 | 1991–1992 |
| People v. Rivera neutral | 2 | 1991–1991 |
| People v. O'Rama green | 1 | 2026–2026 |
| The People v.Kenneth Nealon green | 1 | 2026–2026 |
| People v. Owens neutral | 1 | 2026–2026 |
| The People v. Benny Garay green | 1 | 2026–2026 |
| People v. Marti green | 1 | 2025–2025 |
| People v. Darwish green | 1 | 2025–2025 |
| People v. Brooks green | 1 | 2024–2024 |
| People v. Newman neutral | 1 | 2023–2023 |
| People v. Box green | 1 | 2021–2021 |
| People v. Empie green | 1 | 2020–2020 |
| People v. Ebert green | 1 | 2020–2020 |
| People v. Dargan green | 1 | 2019–2019 |
| People v. Tullock green | 1 | 2019–2019 |
| People v. Fiammegta green | 1 | 2018–2018 |
| Williams v. Buss green | 1 | 2018–2018 |
| People v. Williams neutral | 1 | 2018–2018 |
| People v. Montgomery green | 1 | 2018–2018 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.