safety exception in New Jersey

16 New Jersey opinions name it 2 courts 1947–2026 3 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New Jersey courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (14)

Case	Followed	Cited
Jansen v. Food Circus Supermarkets, Inc.green nj · 1988 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1997–2017 2 sentences 2017When asserting the safety defense, the employer must establish with a reasonable degree of certainty that it reasonably arrived at the opinion that the employee’s handicap presented a materially enhanced risk of substantial harm in the workplace. [Id. at 383, 541 A.2d 682 .] Disability discrimination in employment is different from other forms of unlawful discrimination because, unlike discrimination based on other proscribed characteristics like race or sex, discrimination based on disability is not prohibited if “the nature and extent of the disability reasonably precludes the performance of 2017However, the Court also noted that the employer is in the best position to put forward facts relating to the qualifications for a position with respect to a safety defense, id. at 381 , 541 A.2d 682 , suggesting that, should the nexus between a disability and job qualifications be in dispute, the employer would bear the burden of persuading the factfinder of the necessity of imposing those qualifications.	2	3
United States v. Gregory J. Edwardsgreen ca7 · 1989 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2007–2021 2 sentences 2021Our 19 A-1966-18 Supreme Court also cited to United States v. Edwards, 885 F.2d 377, 384 (7th Cir. 1989), which approved a police officer asking a drug dealer whether he had a weapon without first giving Miranda warnings. 2021The Court in O'Neal concluded that in limited circumstances, "based on an 'objectively reasonable need to protect the police or the public from any immediate danger associated with the weapon[,]' a safety exception to Miranda is appropriate." Id. at 618 (citing Quarles, 467 U.S. at 659 n.8).	2	2
New York v. Quarlesgreen scotus · 1984 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2007–2021 2 sentences 2021That exception is based on the "objectively reasonable need to protect the police or the public from any immediate danger associated with the weapon." New York v. Quarles, 467 U.S. 649 , 659 n.8 (1984). 2021The Court in O'Neal concluded that in limited circumstances, "based on an 'objectively reasonable need to protect the police or the public from any immediate danger associated with the weapon[,]' a safety exception to Miranda is appropriate." Id. at 618 (citing Quarles, 467 U.S. at 659 n.8).	1	2
United States v. Todd Lawrencegreen ca8 · 1992 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026 1 sentence 2026Super. 1, 24 (App. Div. 2011) (citing United States v. Lawrence, 952 F.2d 1034, 1036 (8th Cir. 1992)).	1	1
State v. Melendezgreen njsuperctappdiv · 2011 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026 1 sentence 2026Application of the safety exception is particularly appropriate where there exists a "concern for the protection of the public at large, or an extended group of individuals, such as children." State v. Melendez, 423 N.J.	1	1
United States v. Richard Carrillo, United States of America v. Ernest Benavidezgreen ca9 · 1994 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007 2 sentences 2007Ibid.; see also United States v. Carrillo, 16 F. 3d 1046, 1049-50 (9th Cir.1994) (finding question by police whether defendant had needles on his person was within safety exception); United States v. Edwards, 885 F. 2d 377, 384 (7th Cir.1989) (approving police officer's question whether drug dealer had weapon without first giving Miranda warnings); State v. Stephenson, 350 N.J.Super. 517 , 796 1089 A. 2d 274 (App.Div.2002) (noting that safety exception to Miranda may apply when there is a compelling and exigent need to protect public or police). 2007*Ibid.; see also United States v. Carrillo, 16 F. 3d 1046, 1049-50 (9th Cir.1994) (finding question by police whether defendant had needles on his person was within safety exception); United States v. Edwards, 885 F.2d 377, 384 (7th Cir.1989) (approving police officer’s question whether drug dealer had weapon without first giving Miranda warnings); State v. Stephenson, 350 N.J.Super. 517 , 796 A.2d 274 (App.Div.2002) (noting that safety exception to Miranda may apply when there is a compelling and exigent need to protect public or police).	1	1
Verdun v. STATE THROUGH DHHRgreen lactapp · 1992 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999 1 sentence 1999See Verdun v. State, Through Dep’t of Health and Human Resources, 598 So.2d 1091, 1095 (La.Ct.App.), writ denied, 604 So.2d 1003 (La.1992).	1	1
Shawnya Jones v. Southern Pacific Railroadgreen ca5 · 1992 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999 1 sentence 1999Practice and Procedure Evid. § -5273 (R. 406) n. 53 (citing Jones v. Southern Pacific R.R., 962 F.2d 447, 449 (5th Cir.1992)) (holding that nine diverse safety violations do not show “habit” of negligence).' Thus, for example, we would not find that evidence of one’s repeated failure to follow a doctor’s advice to lose weight, is sufficiently similar in character and quality to establish the likelihood of a similar response to a safety warning concerning boating waters.	1	1
Verdun v. STATE EX REL. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN RESOURCESgreen la · 1992 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999 1 sentence 1999See Verdun v. State, Through Dep’t of Health and Human Resources, 598 So.2d 1091, 1095 (La.Ct.App.), writ denied, 604 So.2d 1003 (La.1992).	1	1
GUTTENBERG TAXPAYERS v. Galaxy Towers Condominium Ass'ngreen nj · 1997 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997 1 sentence 1997See Matter of Jackson, 294 N.J.Super. 233, 236 , 683 A.2d 203 (App.Div.1996), certif. denied, 149 N.J. 141 , 693 A.2d 110 (1997).	1	1
Matter of Jacksongreen njsuperctappdiv · 1996 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997	1	1
Kabella v. Bouschellegreen nmctapp · 1983 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994	1	1
Higgins v. Maine Central Railroadgreen me · 1984 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988	1	1
Lewis v. Remmele Engineering, Inc.green minn · 1981 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New Jersey. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (26)

Case	Cited	Years
State v. O'NEAL green nj · 2007 1 sentence 2021The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit concluded that the safety exception to Miranda applied in those circumstances. 190 N.J. at 617 .	1	2021–2021
Guico v. Excel Corp. green neb · 2000 1 sentence 2021Furthermore, the court noted that although Guico knowingly disregarded the safety rule, "there is no contention that [he] injured himself deliberately or as a consequence of intoxication." Id. at 476 .	1	2021–2021
State v. Vargas green nj · 2013 2 sentences 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, 399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, 399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30	1	2018–2018
In re Field green nj · 2016 1 sentence 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, *399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30	1	2018–2018
Kentucky v. King green scotus · 2011 2 sentences 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, 399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, 399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30	1	2018–2018
State v. Carty green nj · 2002 2 sentences 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, 399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, 399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30	1	2018–2018
State v. Cassidy green nj · 2004 2 sentences 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, 399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, 399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30	1	2018–2018
Cady v. Dombrowski green scotus · 1973 2 sentences 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, 399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, 399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30	1	2018–2018
Coolidge v. New Hampshire green scotus · 1971 2 sentences 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, 399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, 399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30	1	2018–2018
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte green scotus · 1973 2 sentences 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, 399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, 399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30	1	2018–2018
State v. Xiomara Gonzales(075911) green nj · 2016 1 sentence 2018In appropriate cases, other well-recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement can justify a warrantless search of a vehicle, including consent, Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412 U.S. 218 , 248-49, 93 S.Ct. 2041 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973) ; State v. Carty , 170 N.J. 632 , 635, 790 A.2d 903 (2002) ; plain view, *399 Coolidge v. New Hampshire , 403 U.S. 443 , 465-66, 91 S.Ct. 2022 , 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971) (plurality opinion); Gonzales , 227 N.J. at 82 , 148 A.3d 407 ; community caretaking, Cady v. Dombrowski , 413 U.S. 433 , 441, 93 S.Ct. 2523 , 37 L.Ed.2d 706 (1973) ; State v. Vargas , 213 N.J. 30	1	2018–2018
O'Shea v. Township of West Milford green njsuperctappdiv · 2009 1 sentence 2017The safety exception “shall be narrowly construed to prevent disclosure of information that would be harmful to a bona fide law enforcement purpose or the public safety.” Ibid.	1	2017–2017
Clowes v. Terminix International, Inc. green nj · 1988 1 sentence 2017Id. at 383 , 541 A.2d 682 .	1	2017–2017
Montgomery v. United States green scotus · 1998 2 sentences 2007In United States v. Shea, 150 F. 3d 44 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1030 , 119 S.Ct. 568 , 142 L.Ed. 2d 473 (1998), the police arrested the defendant for his suspected role in an attempted robbery. 2007In United States v. Shea, 150 F.3d 44 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 525 US. 1030, 119 S.Ct. 568 , 142 L.Ed.2d 473 (1998), the police arrested the defendant for his suspected role in an attempted robbery.	1	2007–2007
Camarillo v. Office of Personnel Management green scotus · 1998 2 sentences 2007In United States v. Shea, 150 F. 3d 44 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1030 , 119 S.Ct. 568 , 142 L.Ed. 2d 473 (1998), the police arrested the defendant for his suspected role in an attempted robbery. 2007In United States v. Shea, 150 F. 3d 44 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1030 , 119 S.Ct. 568 , 142 L.Ed. 2d 473 (1998), the police arrested the defendant for his suspected role in an attempted robbery.	1	2007–2007
United States v. Shea green ca1 · 1998 2 sentences 2007In United States v. Shea, 150 F. 3d 44 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 1030 , 119 S.Ct. 568 , 142 L.Ed. 2d 473 (1998), the police arrested the defendant for his suspected role in an attempted robbery. 2007In United States v. Shea, 150 F.3d 44 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 525 US. 1030, 119 S.Ct. 568 , 142 L.Ed.2d 473 (1998), the police arrested the defendant for his suspected role in an attempted robbery.	1	2007–2007
State v. Boretsky green nj · 2006 2 sentences 2007Although we recently applied the principles of Quarles in finding an emergency-aid exception to Miranda, see State v. Boretsky, 186 N.J. 271, 283 , 894 A. 2d 659 (2006), we have not previously considered the application of a safety exception in a case like the present one. 2007Although we recently applied the principles of Quarles in finding an emergency-aid exception to Miranda, see State v. Boretsky, 186 N.J. 271, 283 , 894 A. 2d 659 (2006), we have not previously considered the application of a safety exception in a case like the present one.	1	2007–2007
State v. Stephenson green njsuperctappdiv · 2002 2 sentences 2007Ibid.; see also United States v. Carrillo, 16 F. 3d 1046, 1049-50 (9th Cir.1994) (finding question by police whether defendant had needles on his person was within safety exception); United States v. Edwards, 885 F. 2d 377, 384 (7th Cir.1989) (approving police officer's question whether drug dealer had weapon without first giving Miranda warnings); State v. Stephenson, 350 N.J.Super. 517 , 796 1089 A. 2d 274 (App.Div.2002) (noting that safety exception to Miranda may apply when there is a compelling and exigent need to protect public or police). 2007*Ibid.; see also United States v. Carrillo, 16 F. 3d 1046, 1049-50 (9th Cir.1994) (finding question by police whether defendant had needles on his person was within safety exception); United States v. Edwards, 885 F.2d 377, 384 (7th Cir.1989) (approving police officer’s question whether drug dealer had weapon without first giving Miranda warnings); State v. Stephenson, 350 N.J.Super. 517 , 796 A.2d 274 (App.Div.2002) (noting that safety exception to Miranda may apply when there is a compelling and exigent need to protect public or police).	1	2007–2007
Sharpe v. Bestop, Inc. green nj · 1999 2 sentences 2003Sharpe v. Bestop, Inc., 314 N.J.Super. 54 , 713 A. 2d 1079 , (App.Div.1998), aff'd 158 N.J. 329, 331-332 , 730 A. 2d 285 , (1999). 2003Sharpe v. Bestop, Inc., 314 N.J.Super. 54 , 713 A. 2d 1079 , (App.Div.1998), aff'd 158 N.J. 329, 331-332 , 730 A. 2d 285 , (1999).	1	2003–2003
Sharpe v. Bestop, Inc. green njsuperctappdiv · 1998 2 sentences 2003Sharpe v. Bestop, Inc., 314 N.J.Super. 54 , 713 A. 2d 1079 , (App.Div.1998), aff'd 158 N.J. 329, 331-332 , 730 A. 2d 285 , (1999). 2003Sharpe v. Bestop, Inc., 314 N.J.Super. 54 , 713 A. 2d 1079 , (App.Div.1998), aff'd 158 N.J. 329, 331-332 , 730 A. 2d 285 , (1999).	1	2003–2003
Butler v. Acme Markets, Inc. green nj · 1982	1	1995–1995
Nabozny v. Barnhill green illappct · 1975	1	1994–1994
Jansen v. Food Circus Supermarkets, Inc. green njsuperctappdiv · 1986	1	1988–1988
8 O.S.H. Cas.(bna) 1010, 1980 O.S.H.D. (Cch) P 24,246 Walter M. Taylor v. Brighton Corporation green ca6 · 1980	1	1988–1988
MAINE HUMAN RIGHTS COM'N, ETC. v. Canadian Pac. green me · 1983	1	1988–1988
Tischler v. W.J. S.R.R. Co. neutral nj · 1933	1	1947–1947

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:39-5 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

OH 174 (1950–2026) TX 110 (1993–2025) NY 91 (1892–2026) VA 52 (1966–2024) CA 49 (1931–2025) IL 39 (1968–2025) AL 30 (1940–2024) WA 28 (1962–2023) CO 22 (1899–2024) LA 19 (1961–2007) OR 19 (1984–2022) MO 18 (1912–2018) UT 16 (1944–2017) NJ 16 (1947–2026) KY 15 (1924–2024) NC 15 (1965–2022) WV 13 (1941–2016) TN 13 (1992–2025) FL 11 (1954–2025) PA 11 (1930–2020) AZ 10 (1956–2020) MA 8 (1975–2026) MI 8 (1949–2023) MN 7 (1936–2014) ME 7 (1983–2004) GA 6 (1929–2020) MD 6 (1974–2019) NM 5 (1984–2025) WI 5 (1934–2003) DC 5 (1992–2012) IN 5 (1980–2005) IA 4 (1905–2026) MS 4 (1992–2003) NE 4 (1990–2004) VT 4 (1990–2018) CT 3 (1995–2001) OK 3 (1980–2000) SC 2 (2005–2022) AR 2 (1998–2014) MT 2 (1986–2004) SD 2 (1988–2020) NH 2 (1958–1995)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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