of review defendant (Michigan) · Go Syfert
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of review defendant in Michigan

102 Michigan opinions name it 2 courts 2000–2026 49 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Michigan courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (24)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Carinesgreen
mich · 1999 · cited in 14 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2015–2026
2 sentences

2017A. STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant failed to raise this issue in the trial court, it is unpreserved, see People v Cameron, 291 Mich App 599, 617 ; 806 NW2d 371 (2011), and reviewed for plain error affecting his substantial rights, People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 752-753, 763-764 ; 597 NW2d 130 (1999).

2017A. STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant failed to raise this issue in the trial court, it is unpreserved, see People v Cameron, 291 Mich App 599, 617 ; 806 NW2d 371 (2011), and reviewed for plain error affecting his substantial rights, People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 752-753, 763-764 ; 597 NW2d 130 (1999).

314
In re TKgreen
michctapp · 2014 · cited in 3 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2024–2026
2 sentences

2026See In re TK, 306 Mich App 698, 703 ; 859 NW2d 208 (2014).

2026See In re TK, 306 Mich App 698, 703 ; 859 NW2d 208 (2014).

33
People v. Ackah-Essiengreen
michctapp · 2015 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2016–2022
2 sentences

2022A. ISSUE PRESERVATION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant did not argue in the trial court that his multiple convictions violated double-jeopardy protections, this issue is unpreserved on appeal.2 People v Ackah-Essien, 311 Mich App 13, 30 ; 874 NW2d 172 (2015) (“To preserve appellate review of a double jeopardy violation, a defendant must object at the trial court level.”).

2022A. ISSUE PRESERVATION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant did not argue in the trial court that his multiple convictions violated double-jeopardy protections, this issue is unpreserved on appeal.2 People v Ackah-Essien, 311 Mich App 13, 30 ; 874 NW2d 172 (2015) (“To preserve appellate review of a double jeopardy violation, a defendant must object at the trial court level.”).

22
People v. Gainesgreen
michctapp · 2014 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2015–2020
2 sentences

2020See Gaines, 306 Mich App at 306 .

2015People v Kowalski, 489 Mich 488 , 504- 505; 803 NW2d 200 (2011); see also People v Gaines, 306 Mich App 289, 310-311 ; 856 NW2d 222 (2014).

22
Department of Transportation v. Tomkinsgreen
mich · 2008 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015See Dep’t of Transp v Tomkins, 481 Mich 184, 190 ; 749 NW2d 716 (2008). 6 In my view, the constitutionality of the 1999 amendment turns on an examination of Const 1963, art 1, § 2 and the directive to the Legislature contained therein.

2015See Dep’t of Transp v Tomkins, 481 Mich 184, 190 ; 749 NW2d 716 (2008). 6 In my view, the constitutionality of the 1999 amendment turns on an examination of Const 1963, art 1, § 2 and the directive to the Legislature contained therein.

22
People v. Sabingreen
michctapp · 2000 · cited in 7 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2025–2026
2 sentences

2026See People v Abcumby-Blair, 335 Mich App 210 , 227; 966 NW2d 437 (2020); People v Sabin (On Second Remand), 242 Mich App 656, 658 ; 620 NW2d 19 (2000).

2026See People v Abcumby-Blair, 335 Mich App 210 , 227; 966 NW2d 437 (2020); People v Sabin (On Second Remand), 242 Mich App 656, 658 ; 620 NW2d 19 (2000).

17
People v. Metamora Water Service, Incgreen
michctapp · 2007 · cited in 4 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2015–2020
2 sentences

2017STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant Waters’ failed to preserve this issue, see Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich App at 382 ; People v Gentner, Inc, 262 Mich App 363, 368 ; 686 NW2d 752 (2004), our review is limited to plain error affecting his substantial rights, Carines, 460 Mich at 762-765 . 14 Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436 ; 86 S Ct 1602 ; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966). 15 Defendant Waters appears to briefly suggest in his brief on appeal that the district court erred when it bound him over for trial based on Detective Fraser’s testimony, and when it failed to “address” the purported custodial i

2017STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant Waters’ failed to preserve this issue, see Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich App at 382 ; People v Gentner, Inc, 262 Mich App 363, 368 ; 686 NW2d 752 (2004), our review is limited to plain error affecting his substantial rights, Carines, 460 Mich at 762-765 . 14 Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436 ; 86 S Ct 1602 ; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966). 15 Defendant Waters appears to briefly suggest in his brief on appeal that the district court erred when it bound him over for trial based on Detective Fraser’s testimony, and when it failed to “address” the purported custodial i

14
People v. Heftgreen
michctapp · 2012 · cited in 3 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2015–2025
2 sentences

2025See People v Heft, 299 Mich App 69, 78 ; 829 NW2d 266 (2012).

2025See People v Heft, 299 Mich App 69, 78 ; 829 NW2d 266 (2012).

13
People v. Bennettgreen
michctapp · 2010 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2024–2026
2 sentences

2026See People v Bennett, 290 Mich App 465, 475 ; 802 NW2d 627 (2010).

2024Bennett, 290 Mich App at 475 . -7- B.

12
People v. Newtongreen
michctapp · 2003 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2025–2026
2 sentences

2026People v Newton, 257 Mich App 61, 68 ; 665 NW2d 504 (2003).

2026People v Newton, 257 Mich App 61, 68 ; 665 NW2d 504 (2003).

12
People v. Ginthergreen
mich · 1973 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2024–2025
2 sentences

2024A. PRESERVATION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW The issue of ineffective assistance of counsel may be preserved by moving in “the trial court for a new trial or a Ginther hearing,” People v Jackson, 313 Mich App 409, 431 ; 884 NW2d 297 (2015), citing People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436, 442-443 , 212 NW2d 922 (1973), or “by filing in this Court a motion for remand to the trial court for a Ginther hearing.” People v Abcumby- Blair, 335 Mich App 210 , 227; 966 NW2d 437 (2020) (footnote omitted).

2024A. PRESERVATION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW The issue of ineffective assistance of counsel may be preserved by moving in “the trial court for a new trial or a Ginther hearing,” People v Jackson, 313 Mich App 409, 431 ; 884 NW2d 297 (2015), citing People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436, 442-443 , 212 NW2d 922 (1973), or “by filing in this Court a motion for remand to the trial court for a Ginther hearing.” People v Abcumby- Blair, 335 Mich App 210 , 227; 966 NW2d 437 (2020) (footnote omitted).

12
People v. Jacksongreen
michctapp · 2011 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2016–2021
2 sentences

2021See People v Jackson, 292 Mich App 583, 597 ; 808 NW2d 541 (2011).

2021See People v Jackson, 292 Mich App 583, 597 ; 808 NW2d 541 (2011).

12
People v. Dardengreen
michctapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Walters v. Nadellgreen
mich · 2008 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
People of Michigan v. Eddie Browngreen
michctapp · 2018 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
People v. Reynoldsgreen
michctapp · 2000 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
People v. Lockettgreen
michctapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
2000 Baum Family Trust v. Babelgreen
mich · 2010 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
People v. Johnsongreen
michctapp · 2016 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
People v. Meshellgreen
michctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
People v. Boscagreen
michctapp · 2015 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughtongreen
scotus · 1989 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
New York Times Co. v. Sullivangreen
scotus · 1964 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.green
scotus · 1984 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Michigan. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (56)

CaseCitedYears
Peterman v. Department of Natural Resources green
mich · 1994
2 sentences

2023Peterman v State Dep’t of Natural Resources, 446 Mich 177, 183 ; 521 NW2d 499 (1994).

2023Peterman v State Dep’t of Natural Resources, 446 Mich 177, 183 ; 521 NW2d 499 (1994).

62021–2023
People v. McCray green
michctapp · 2001
2 sentences

2017People v McCray, 245 Mich App 631, 638 ; 630 NW2d 633 (2001).

2017People v McCray, 245 Mich App 631, 638 ; 630 NW2d 633 (2001).

52015–2017
People v. Jackson (On Reconsideration) green
michctapp · 2015
2 sentences

2024A. PRESERVATION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW The issue of ineffective assistance of counsel may be preserved by moving in “the trial court for a new trial or a Ginther hearing,” People v Jackson, 313 Mich App 409, 431 ; 884 NW2d 297 (2015), citing People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436, 442-443 , 212 NW2d 922 (1973), or “by filing in this Court a motion for remand to the trial court for a Ginther hearing.” People v Abcumby- Blair, 335 Mich App 210 , 227; 966 NW2d 437 (2020) (footnote omitted).

2024A. PRESERVATION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW The issue of ineffective assistance of counsel may be preserved by moving in “the trial court for a new trial or a Ginther hearing,” People v Jackson, 313 Mich App 409, 431 ; 884 NW2d 297 (2015), citing People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436, 442-443 , 212 NW2d 922 (1973), or “by filing in this Court a motion for remand to the trial court for a Ginther hearing.” People v Abcumby- Blair, 335 Mich App 210 , 227; 966 NW2d 437 (2020) (footnote omitted).

32020–2024
People v. McGee green
michctapp · 2008
2 sentences

2022Although “a double jeopardy issue presents a significant constitutional question that will be considered on appeal regardless of whether the defendant raised it before the trial court,” this Court nevertheless reviews “an unpreserved claim that a defendant’s double jeopardy rights have been violated for plain error that affected the defendant’s substantial rights . . . .” People v McGee, 280 Mich App 680, 682 ; 761 NW2d 743 (2008).

2022Although “a double jeopardy issue presents a significant constitutional question that will be considered on appeal regardless of whether the defendant raised it before the trial court,” this Court nevertheless reviews “an unpreserved claim that a defendant’s double jeopardy rights have been violated for plain error that affected the defendant’s substantial rights . . . .” People v McGee, 280 Mich App 680, 682 ; 761 NW2d 743 (2008).

32020–2022
People v. LeBlanc green
mich · 2002
2 sentences

2021People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich 575, 579 ; 640 NW2d 246 (2002).

2021People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich 575, 579 ; 640 NW2d 246 (2002).

32016–2021
Maiden v. Rozwood green
mich · 1999
2 sentences

2026STANDARD OF REVIEW The challenge to Zezula’s MISS DIG Act claim was considered under MCR 2.116(C)(7), which allows the trial court to grant summary disposition where “dismissal of the action . . . is appropriate because of . . . immunity granted by law[.]” “A party may support a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(7) by affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other documentary evidence.” Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 119 ; 597 NW2d 817 (1999).

2026STANDARD OF REVIEW The challenge to Zezula’s MISS DIG Act claim was considered under MCR 2.116(C)(7), which allows the trial court to grant summary disposition where “dismissal of the action . . . is appropriate because of . . . immunity granted by law[.]” “A party may support a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(7) by affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other documentary evidence.” Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 119 ; 597 NW2d 817 (1999).

22023–2026
People v. Wilson green
michctapp · 2000
2 sentences

2021A. STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant failed to raise his ineffective-assistance claim in the trial court in connection with a motion for a new trial or to request an evidentiary hearing, “our review is limited to the facts on the record.” People v Wilson, 242 Mich App 350, 352 ; 619 NW2d 413 (2000).

2021A. STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant failed to raise his ineffective-assistance claim in the trial court in connection with a motion for a new trial or to request an evidentiary hearing, “our review is limited to the facts on the record.” People v Wilson, 242 Mich App 350, 352 ; 619 NW2d 413 (2000).

22021–2021
in Re Application of Consumers Energy to Increase Electric Rates green
michctapp · 2016
2 sentences

2018In re Application of Consumers Energy Co to Increase Rates (On Remand, 316 Mich App 231, 236 ; 891 NW2d 871 (2016).

2018In re Application of Consumers Energy Co to Increase Rates (On Remand, 316 Mich App 231, 236 ; 891 NW2d 871 (2016).

22018–2018
Young v. Independent Bank green
michctapp · 2011
2 sentences

2018Young v Indep Bank, 294 Mich App 141, 143 ; 818 NW2d 406 (2011).

2018Young v Indep Bank, 294 Mich App 141, 143 ; 818 NW2d 406 (2011).

22018–2018
People v. Konopka (On Remand) green
michctapp · 2015
2 sentences

2018People v Konopka (On Remand), 309 Mich App 345, 356 ; 869 NW2d 651 (2015).

2018People v Konopka (On Remand), 309 Mich App 345, 356 ; 869 NW2d 651 (2015).

22016–2018
People v. Strickland green
michctapp · 2011
2 sentences

2017A. STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant also failed to preserve his double jeopardy challenge, see People v Strickland, 293 Mich App 393, 401 ; 810 NW2d 660 (2011), our review of this unpreserved constitutional challenge is limited to plain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights, Carines, 460 Mich at 752-753, 763-764 .

2017A. STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant also failed to preserve his double jeopardy challenge, see People v Strickland, 293 Mich App 393, 401 ; 810 NW2d 660 (2011), our review of this unpreserved constitutional challenge is limited to plain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights, Carines, 460 Mich at 752-753, 763-764 .

22017–2017
People v. Cameron green
michctapp · 2011
2 sentences

2017A. STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant failed to raise this issue in the trial court, it is unpreserved, see People v Cameron, 291 Mich App 599, 617 ; 806 NW2d 371 (2011), and reviewed for plain error affecting his substantial rights, People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 752-753, 763-764 ; 597 NW2d 130 (1999).

2017A. STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant failed to raise this issue in the trial court, it is unpreserved, see People v Cameron, 291 Mich App 599, 617 ; 806 NW2d 371 (2011), and reviewed for plain error affecting his substantial rights, People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 752-753, 763-764 ; 597 NW2d 130 (1999).

22017–2017
People v. Gentner, Inc. neutral
michctapp · 2004
2 sentences

2017STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant Waters’ failed to preserve this issue, see Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich App at 382 ; People v Gentner, Inc, 262 Mich App 363, 368 ; 686 NW2d 752 (2004), our review is limited to plain error affecting his substantial rights, Carines, 460 Mich at 762-765 . 14 Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436 ; 86 S Ct 1602 ; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966). 15 Defendant Waters appears to briefly suggest in his brief on appeal that the district court erred when it bound him over for trial based on Detective Fraser’s testimony, and when it failed to “address” the purported custodial i

2017STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant Waters’ failed to preserve this issue, see Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich App at 382 ; People v Gentner, Inc, 262 Mich App 363, 368 ; 686 NW2d 752 (2004), our review is limited to plain error affecting his substantial rights, Carines, 460 Mich at 762-765 . 14 Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436 ; 86 S Ct 1602 ; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966). 15 Defendant Waters appears to briefly suggest in his brief on appeal that the district court erred when it bound him over for trial based on Detective Fraser’s testimony, and when it failed to “address” the purported custodial i

22017–2017
Miranda v. Arizona green
scotus · 1966
2 sentences

2017STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant Waters’ failed to preserve this issue, see Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich App at 382 ; People v Gentner, Inc, 262 Mich App 363, 368 ; 686 NW2d 752 (2004), our review is limited to plain error affecting his substantial rights, Carines, 460 Mich at 762-765 . 14 Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436 ; 86 S Ct 1602 ; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966). 15 Defendant Waters appears to briefly suggest in his brief on appeal that the district court erred when it bound him over for trial based on Detective Fraser’s testimony, and when it failed to “address” the purported custodial i

2017STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant Waters’ failed to preserve this issue, see Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich App at 382 ; People v Gentner, Inc, 262 Mich App 363, 368 ; 686 NW2d 752 (2004), our review is limited to plain error affecting his substantial rights, Carines, 460 Mich at 762-765 . 14 Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436 ; 86 S Ct 1602 ; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966). 15 Defendant Waters appears to briefly suggest in his brief on appeal that the district court erred when it bound him over for trial based on Detective Fraser’s testimony, and when it failed to “address” the purported custodial i

22017–2017
People v. Gentner, Inc. green
michctapp · 2004
2 sentences

2017STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant Waters’ failed to preserve this issue, see Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich App at 382 ; People v Gentner, Inc, 262 Mich App 363, 368 ; 686 NW2d 752 (2004), our review is limited to plain error affecting his substantial rights, Carines, 460 Mich at 762-765 . 14 Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436 ; 86 S Ct 1602 ; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966). 15 Defendant Waters appears to briefly suggest in his brief on appeal that the district court erred when it bound him over for trial based on Detective Fraser’s testimony, and when it failed to “address” the purported custodial i

2017STANDARD OF REVIEW Because defendant Waters’ failed to preserve this issue, see Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich App at 382 ; People v Gentner, Inc, 262 Mich App 363, 368 ; 686 NW2d 752 (2004), our review is limited to plain error affecting his substantial rights, Carines, 460 Mich at 762-765 . 14 Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436 ; 86 S Ct 1602 ; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966). 15 Defendant Waters appears to briefly suggest in his brief on appeal that the district court erred when it bound him over for trial based on Detective Fraser’s testimony, and when it failed to “address” the purported custodial i

22017–2017
People v. Petri green
michctapp · 2008
2 sentences

2016People v Petri, 279 Mich App 407, 410 ; 760 NW2d 882 (2008).

2016People v Petri, 279 Mich App 407, 410 ; 760 NW2d 882 (2008).

22015–2016
Mcna Ins. Co. v. Dep't of Tech. green
michctapp · 2019
1 sentence

2026MCNA Ins Co, 326 Mich App at 743 .

12026–2026
People v. Hanks green
michctapp · 2007
12026–2026
People of Michigan v. Lonnie James Arnold green
mich · 2018
2 sentences

2026A. STANDARDS OF REVIEW Because defendant failed to raise this issue below, we review it for “plain error affecting substantial rights.” People v Campbell, 316 Mich App 279, 283 ; 894 NW2d 72 (2016), overruled in part on other grounds by People v Arnold, 502 Mich 438 ; 918 NW2d 164 (2018).

2026A. STANDARDS OF REVIEW Because defendant failed to raise this issue below, we review it for “plain error affecting substantial rights.” People v Campbell, 316 Mich App 279, 283 ; 894 NW2d 72 (2016), overruled in part on other grounds by People v Arnold, 502 Mich 438 ; 918 NW2d 164 (2018).

12026–2026
People v. Campbell green
michctapp · 2016
12026–2026
People v. Danto green
michctapp · 2011
12025–2025
People v. Williams green
mich · 2006
12025–2025
People v. Knight green
mich · 2005
12025–2025
People v. Wilder green
mich · 2010
12024–2024
People v. Clark green
michctapp · 2016
12024–2024
People of Michigan v. Kelvin Willis green
michctapp · 2018
12023–2023
In Re Utrera green
michctapp · 2008
12023–2023
Cochrane v. Brown green
michctapp · 1999
12022–2022
People v. Bowling green
michctapp · 2013
12021–2021
People of Michigan v. Henry Anderson green
michctapp · 2018
12021–2021
Hines v. Volkswagen of America, Inc green
michctapp · 2005
12021–2021
People v. Petrella green
mich · 1986
12020–2020
Tuscany Grove Association v. Peraino green
michctapp · 2015
12020–2020
People v. Connor green
michctapp · 1995
12019–2019
People v. Callon green
michctapp · 2003
12019–2019
People v. Trakhtenberg green
mich · 2012
12019–2019
People v. Coutu green
mich · 1999
12019–2019
In Re Petition of Atty. Gen. for Investigative Subpoenas green
michctapp · 2007
12016–2016
People v. Musser green
michctapp · 2004
12016–2016
People v. Noble green
michctapp · 2000
12016–2016

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.227b (25) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 769.12 (18) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.224f (13) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.7401 (10) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.316 (10) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 769.34 (10) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 257.625 (8) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.110a (8) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.81 (8) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.529 (7) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.84 (7) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.82 (6)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 108 (1989–2025) MI 102 (2000–2026) KY 90 (2004–2026) LA 68 (1993–2026) ID 57 (1990–2026) WV 54 (1996–2026) TN 52 (1996–2024) NE 40 (1989–2023) DE 31 (2015–2025) MD 31 (1991–2026) FL 31 (2004–2025) MT 30 (1993–2021) CA 28 (1986–2025) SC 21 (2001–2026) MO 21 (1993–2022) VI 19 (2005–2016) UT 16 (1987–2011) WY 15 (1992–2016) WA 14 (2002–2026) IL 12 (1991–2009) PA 9 (1989–2021) SD 9 (1987–1999) CT 8 (1991–2002) IN 8 (1994–2013) KS 6 (1991–2010) HI 5 (1995–2018) AK 5 (1991–2025) NC 4 (2009–2010) WI 3 (1988–1993) VA 3 (2020–2023) MS 3 (1996–2005) IA 2 (2015–2023) DC 2 (1998–2000) NM 2 (1995–1995) OH 2 (1999–1999) RI 2 (2002–2005)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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