comparative negligence doctrine (Michigan) · Go Syfert
← Michigan issues

comparative negligence doctrine in Michigan

86 Michigan opinions name it 2 courts 1898–2025 11 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Michigan courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (25)

CaseFollowedCited
Placek v. City of Sterling Heightsgreen
mich · 1979 · cited in 33 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1980–2022
2 sentences

2022McMaster argues that the Savage rule is inconsistent with our comparative-fault system. 3 To be sure, the Savage court applied its holding in the context of a contributory- 3 We adopted the doctrine of comparative negligence in Placek, 405 Mich 638 , and the Legislature later codified the state’s modified comparative-negligence scheme, MCL 600.2957.

2022McMaster argues that the Savage rule is inconsistent with our comparative-fault system. 3 To be sure, the Savage court applied its holding in the context of a contributory- 3 We adopted the doctrine of comparative negligence in Placek, 405 Mich 638 , and the Legislature later codified the state’s modified comparative-negligence scheme, MCL 600.2957.

733
Pietrzyk v. City of Detroitgreen
michctapp · 1983 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004See Pietrzyk v Detroit, 123 Mich App 244, 248-249 ; 333 NW2d 236 (1983), and Jalaba v Borovoy, 206 Mich App 17, 23 ; 520 NW2d 349 (1994).

2004See Pietrzyk v Detroit, 123 Mich App 244, 248-249 ; 333 NW2d 236 (1983), and Jalaba v Borovoy, 206 Mich App 17, 23 ; 520 NW2d 349 (1994).

22
Spence v. Three Rivers Builders & Masonry Supply, Inc.green
mich · 1958 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982
2 sentences

1982See Spence v Three Rivers Builders & Masonry Supply, Inc, 353 Mich 120, 134-135 ; 90 NW2d 873 (1958); Piercefield v Remington Arms Co, Inc, 375 Mich 85, 98 ; 133 NW2d 129 (1965).* * 3 He then makes three points.

1982See Spence v Three Rivers Builders & Masonry Supply, Inc, 353 Mich 120, 134-135 ; 90 NW2d 873 (1958); Piercefield v Remington Arms Co, Inc, 375 Mich 85, 98 ; 133 NW2d 129 (1965).* * 3 He then makes three points.

22
Lugo v. Ameritech Corp., Inc.red
mich · 2001 · cited in 6 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2020–2023
2 sentences

2023Plaintiff applied for leave to appeal in the Supreme Court, and the Court scheduled and heard oral argument on the application, directing plaintiff to brief whether Lugo v Ameritech Corp, Inc, 464 Mich 512 (2001), was consistent with Michigan’s comparative-negligence framework and, if not, what approach the Court should adopt for analyzing premises-liability cases under a comparative-negligence framework. 509 Mich 857 (2022).

2023Plaintiff applied for leave to appeal in the Supreme Court, and the Court scheduled and heard oral argument on the application, directing plaintiff to brief whether Lugo v Ameritech Corp, Inc, 464 Mich 512 (2001), was consistent with Michigan’s comparative-negligence framework and, if not, what approach the Court should adopt for analyzing premises-liability cases under a comparative-negligence framework. 509 Mich 857 (2022).

16
Riddle v. McLouth Steel Products Corp.green
mich · 1992 · cited in 3 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2003–2021
2 sentences

2018The concurrence does not appear to disagree that premises possessors, such as defendants here, should have reasonably expected that a licensee, such as plaintiff, would turn on the light, but the concurrence proceeds to reason that the failure to turn on the light "may very well be relevant to apportioning damages under comparative negligence principles." I agree that plaintiff's failure to do so may well be relevant in a comparative-negligence analysis, but the concurrence does not explain why the presence of the light switch and defendants' reasonable expectations of plaintiff's conduct in r

2018The concurrence does not appear to disagree that premises possessors, such as defendants here, should have reasonably expected that a licensee, such as plaintiff, would turn on the light, but the concurrence proceeds to reason that the failure to turn on the light "may very well be relevant to apportioning damages under comparative negligence principles." I agree that plaintiff's failure to do so may well be relevant in a comparative-negligence analysis, but the concurrence does not explain why the presence of the light switch and defendants' reasonable expectations of plaintiff's conduct in r

13
Jalaba v. Borovoygreen
michctapp · 1994 · cited in 3 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2003–2004
2 sentences

2004See Pietrzyk v Detroit, 123 Mich App 244, 248-249 ; 333 NW2d 236 (1983), and Jalaba v Borovoy, 206 Mich App 17, 23 ; 520 NW2d 349 (1994).

2004See Pietrzyk v Detroit, 123 Mich App 244, 248-249 ; 333 NW2d 236 (1983), and Jalaba v Borovoy, 206 Mich App 17, 23 ; 520 NW2d 349 (1994).

13
Grieb v. Alpine Valley Ski Area, Incgreen
michctapp · 1986 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2000–2006
2 sentences

2006Id. at 520-522.

2000Moreover, we agree that, as stated in Grieb, supra, and Barr, supra, the statute, as amended, suggests a comparative negligence analysis in certain circumstances.

12
Kaatz v. Stategreen
alaska · 1975 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1989–1994
2 sentences

1994There is, therefore, no longer any reason for resort to the doctrine of last clear chance . . . .” [Callesen at 261 (quoting Kaatz v State, 540 P2d 1037, 1050 [Ala, 1975]).] It is clear from the case of Zeni v Anderson, 397 *132 Mich 117, 146-151; 243 NW2d 270 (1976), that Gibbard’s "gross negligence” is merely an alternative label used to describe the doctrine of last clear chance. 4 "Such gross negligence is also sometimes called . . . last clear chance doctrine . . . .” Gibbard at 319 .

1989The Alaska *261 Supreme Court in Kaatz, supra, while also abolishing the doctrine during the course of adopting a system of pure comparative negligence, gave the following explanation: We are, however, prepared to deal with one facet of the comparative negligence rule at this time: the status of the doctrine of "last clear chance”.

12
Kirby v. Larsongreen
mich · 1977 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1986–1992
2 sentences

1992This Court initially accepted the doctrine of comparative negligence in Placek v Sterling Heights, 405 Mich 638 ; 275 NW2d 511 (1979); see also Kirby v Larson, 400 Mich 585 ; 256 NW2d 400 (1977).

1992This Court initially accepted the doctrine of comparative negligence in Placek v Sterling Heights, 405 Mich 638 ; 275 NW2d 511 (1979); see also Kirby v Larson, 400 Mich 585 ; 256 NW2d 400 (1977).

12
Beckie Price v. High Pointe Oil Co Incgreen
mich · 2013 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018The concurrence does not appear to disagree that premises possessors, such as defendants here, should have reasonably expected that a licensee, such as plaintiff, would turn on the light, but the concurrence proceeds to reason that the failure to turn on the light “may very well be relevant to apportioning damages under comparative negligence principles.” I agree that plaintiff’s failure to do so may well be relevant in a comparative- negligence analysis, but the concurrence does not explain why the presence of the light switch and defendants’ reasonable expectations of plaintiff’s conduct in

11
Ferguson v. Delaware International Speedwaygreen
michctapp · 1987 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See Ferguson v Delaware Int’l Speedway, 164 Mich App 283, 293 ; 416 NW2d 415 (1987) (holding that any error as to a comparative negligence instruction was harmless because the jury concluded that the defendant was not negligent).

2016See Ferguson v Delaware Int’l Speedway, 164 Mich App 283, 293 ; 416 NW2d 415 (1987) (holding that any error as to a comparative negligence instruction was harmless because the jury concluded that the defendant was not negligent).

11
Barr v. MT. BRIGHTON INC.green
mich · 1997 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007In such a case, common-law negligence principles of “reasonable under the circumstances” and comparative negligence would be applicable. [Id. at 694-695 (emphasis added).] Likewise, in Kent , a case involving a skier injured while riding on a chair lift, this Court upheld the order granting the ski operator’s motion for summary disposition, but nevertheless noted that, as recognized in Barr , “the statute, as amended, suggests a comparative negligence analysis in certain circumstances.” Kent, supra at 743 ; accord Barr v Mt Brighton Inc, 454 Mich 910, 911 (1997) (BOYLE, J., concurring in the d

11
Singerman v. Municipal Service Bureau, Inc.green
mich · 1997 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
2 sentences

2003As noted in Singerman v Muni Service Bureau, Inc, 455 Mich 135, 145 (Weaver, J.), 146 (Mallett, C.J.); 565 NW2d 383 (1997), quoting 57A Am Jur 2d, Negligence, § 473, p 454, “ ‘An event may be one without which a particular injury would not have occurred, but if it merely provided the condition or occasion affording the opportunity for the other event to produce the injury, it is not the proximate cause thereof.’ ” It could be argued that pretreatment negligence “merely provide [s] the condition . . . affording the opportunity for the [medical malpractice] to produce the injury.” Id. 6 There is

2003As noted in Singerman v Muni Service Bureau, Inc, 455 Mich 135, 145 (Weaver, J.), 146 (Mallett, C.J.); 565 NW2d 383 (1997), quoting 57A Am Jur 2d, Negligence, § 473, p 454, “ ‘An event may be one without which a particular injury would not have occurred, but if it merely provided the condition or occasion affording the opportunity for the other event to produce the injury, it is not the proximate cause thereof.’ ” It could be argued that pretreatment negligence “merely provide [s] the condition . . . affording the opportunity for the [medical malpractice] to produce the injury.” Id. 6 There is

11
Mansfield v. Circle K. Corp.green
okla · 1994 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
Kellerman v. Zenogreen
arkctapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002See, e.g., Kellerman v Zeno, 64 Ark App 79, 88-89; 983 SW2d 136 (1998) (intentional conduct); Mansfield v Circle K Corp, 877 P2d 1130, 1136, n 16 (Okla, 1994) (wilful, wanton, or intentional conduct); Krivijanski v Union R Co, 357 Pa Super 196, 203; 515 A2d 933 (1986) (wilful or wanton misconduct); Davies v Butler, 95 Nev 763, 772; 602 P2d 605 (1979) (wilful or wanton misconduct).

2002See, e.g., Kellerman v Zeno, 64 Ark App 79, 88-89; 983 SW2d 136 (1998) (intentional conduct); Mansfield v Circle K Corp, 877 P2d 1130, 1136, n 16 (Okla, 1994) (wilful, wanton, or intentional conduct); Krivijanski v Union R Co, 357 Pa Super 196, 203; 515 A2d 933 (1986) (wilful or wanton misconduct); Davies v Butler, 95 Nev 763, 772; 602 P2d 605 (1979) (wilful or wanton misconduct).

11
Wilkinson v. Leegreen
mich · 2000 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Barr v. Mt. Brighton Inc.green
michctapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
Bowen v. Arnoldgreen
minnctapp · 1986 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Callesen v. GRAND TRUNK WESTERN RAILROAD CO.green
michctapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11
Howell Electric Light & Power Co. v. Village of Howellgreen
· 1903 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11
Bushland v. Corner Pocket Billiard Lounge of Moorhead, Inc.green
minnctapp · 1990 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
11
Dinger v. Department of Natural Resourcesgreen
michctapp · 1985 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
11
Melendres v. Soalesgreen
michctapp · 1981 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
11
Karcesky v. Lariagreen
pa · 1955 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
11
Union Trust Co. v. Detroit, Grand Haven & Milwaukee Railway Co.green
mich · 1927 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1974–1974
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Michigan. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (54)

CaseCitedYears
Funk v. General Motors Corp. green
mich · 1974
2 sentences

1982In this case we are required to determine the effect of the doctrine of comparative negligence 1 on our decisions in Funk v General Motors Corp, 392 Mich 91 ; 220 NW2d 641 (1974), and Tulkku v Mackworth Rees Division of Avis Industries, Inc, 406 Mich 615 ; 281 NW2d 291 (1979). 2 Since the defense of comparative negligence serves not to undermine but to enhance safety in the workplace, we are of the view that comparative negligence is available as a defense in those cases where Funk and Tulkku formerly prohibited the application of the contributory negligence defense.

1982In this case we are required to determine the effect of the doctrine of comparative negligence 1 on our decisions in Funk v General Motors Corp, 392 Mich 91 ; 220 NW2d 641 (1974), and Tulkku v Mackworth Rees Division of Avis Industries, Inc, 406 Mich 615 ; 281 NW2d 291 (1979). 2 Since the defense of comparative negligence serves not to undermine but to enhance safety in the workplace, we are of the view that comparative negligence is available as a defense in those cases where Funk and Tulkku formerly prohibited the application of the contributory negligence defense.

41982–1987
Laier v. Kitchen green
michctapp · 2005
2 sentences

2025See MCL 600.2959; Laier, 266 Mich App at 496 .

2023See MCL 600.2959; Laier v Kitchen, 266 Mich App 482, 496 ; 702 NW2d 199 (2005).

32015–2025
Hardy v. Monsanto Enviro-Chem Systems, Inc green
mich · 1982
2 sentences

2017Instead, Hardy adopted a comparative negligence rule on the grounds that such a rule retains a strong incentive for general contractors to maintain workplace safety. [Id. at 27, quoting Hardy, 414 Mich at 41 .] Similarly, if the relevant “danger” for the purpose of the “common work area” doctrine encompasses a plaintiff’s negligent conduct other than his or her failure to use available safety equipment, “we would effectively return to a contributory negligence regime.” Id.

2017Instead, Hardy adopted a comparative negligence rule on the grounds that such a rule retains a strong incentive for general contractors to maintain workplace safety. [Id. at 27, quoting Hardy, 414 Mich at 41 .] Similarly, if the relevant “danger” for the purpose of the “common work area” doctrine encompasses a plaintiff’s negligent conduct other than his or her failure to use available safety equipment, “we would effectively return to a contributory negligence regime.” Id.

31987–2017
Weeks v. Feltner green
michctapp · 1980
2 sentences

1982The rationale behind preserving the doctrine of joint and several liability for the negligent common action of joint tortfeasors even when comparative negligence is adopted was set forth in Caldwell v Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co, 111 Mich App 721, 725-726 ; 315 NW2d 186 (1981), quoting from Weeks v Feltner, 99 Mich App 392 ; 297 NW2d 678 (1980): "This argument ignores the fact that the comparative negligence doctrine also seeks to assure fair and adequate compensation for injured plaintiffs.

1982The rationale behind preserving the doctrine of joint and several liability for the negligent common action of joint tortfeasors even when comparative negligence is adopted was set forth in Caldwell v Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co, 111 Mich App 721, 725-726 ; 315 NW2d 186 (1981), quoting from Weeks v Feltner, 99 Mich App 392 ; 297 NW2d 678 (1980): "This argument ignores the fact that the comparative negligence doctrine also seeks to assure fair and adequate compensation for injured plaintiffs.

31981–1982
Schmitz v. Cannonsburg Skiing Corp. green
michctapp · 1988
2 sentences

2000Similarly, in Schmitz, supra at 696 , where a skier hit a tree, this Court found that that danger was enumerated in the statute as one for which the skier accepted the risk of danger “as a matter of law.” Significantly, this Court agreed with the plaintiff that certain sections of the SASA, particularly MCL 408.342(1); MSA 18.483(22)(1), which requires a skier to “[m]aintain reasonable control of his or her speed and course at all times,” and MCL 408.344; MSA 18.483(24), which states that a skier or operator who violates the act is hable for the portion of loss or damage resulting from that vi

2000Similarly, in Schmitz, supra at 696 , where a skier hit a tree, this Court found that that danger was enumerated in the statute as one for which the skier accepted the risk of danger “as a matter of law.” Significantly, this Court agreed with the plaintiff that certain sections of the SASA, particularly MCL 408.342(1); MSA 18.483(22)(1), which requires a skier to “[m]aintain reasonable control of his or her speed and course at all times,” and MCL 408.344; MSA 18.483(24), which states that a skier or operator who violates the act is hable for the portion of loss or damage resulting from that vi

21996–2000
Placek v. City of Sterling Heights neutral
mich · 1979
2 sentences

1988This contention is supported by the language of MCL 408.342(1); MSA 18.483(22)(1) which states that a skier must "[m]aintain reasonable control of his or her speed and course at all times.” Plaintiffs contention is further supported by MCL 408.344; MSA 18.483(24), which states that a skier or ski area operator who violates the act is "liable for the portion of loss or damage resulting from that violation,” and which suggests a comparative negligence principle such as that articulated in Placek v Sterling Heights, 405 Mich 638 ; 275 NW2d 511 (1979), reh den 406 Mich 1119 (1979).

1987In Placek v Sterling Heights, 405 Mich 638 ; 275 NW2d 511 (1979), reh den 406 Mich 1119 (1979), our Supreme Court replaced the doctrine of contributory negligence, as a total bar to recovery, with the doctrine of comparative negligence.

21987–1988
Tulkku v. MacKworth Rees Division of Avis Industries, Inc green
mich · 1979
2 sentences

1982In this case we are required to determine the effect of the doctrine of comparative negligence 1 on our decisions in Funk v General Motors Corp, 392 Mich 91 ; 220 NW2d 641 (1974), and Tulkku v Mackworth Rees Division of Avis Industries, Inc, 406 Mich 615 ; 281 NW2d 291 (1979). 2 Since the defense of comparative negligence serves not to undermine but to enhance safety in the workplace, we are of the view that comparative negligence is available as a defense in those cases where Funk and Tulkku formerly prohibited the application of the contributory negligence defense.

1982In this case we are required to determine the effect of the doctrine of comparative negligence 1 on our decisions in Funk v General Motors Corp, 392 Mich 91 ; 220 NW2d 641 (1974), and Tulkku v Mackworth Rees Division of Avis Industries, Inc, 406 Mich 615 ; 281 NW2d 291 (1979). 2 Since the defense of comparative negligence serves not to undermine but to enhance safety in the workplace, we are of the view that comparative negligence is available as a defense in those cases where Funk and Tulkku formerly prohibited the application of the contributory negligence defense.

21982–1982
Piercefield v. Remington Arms Co. green
mich · 1965
2 sentences

1982See Spence v Three Rivers Builders & Masonry Supply, Inc, 353 Mich 120, 134-135 ; 90 NW2d 873 (1958); Piercefield v Remington Arms Co, Inc, 375 Mich 85, 98 ; 133 NW2d 129 (1965).* * 3 He then makes three points.

1982See Spence v Three Rivers Builders & Masonry Supply, Inc, 353 Mich 120, 134-135 ; 90 NW2d 873 (1958); Piercefield v Remington Arms Co, Inc, 375 Mich 85, 98 ; 133 NW2d 129 (1965).* * 3 He then makes three points.

21982–1982
Gibbard v. Cursan red
mich · 1923
2 sentences

1968It is well settled in Michigan since Gibbard v. Cursan (1923), 225 Mich 311 , that this jurisdiction does not recognize different degrees of negligence nor the doctrine of comparative negligence.

1944Gibbard v. Cursan, 225 Mich. 311 ; Finkler v. Zimmer, 258 Mich. 336 .

21944–1968
Zaremba Equipment, Inc. v. Harco National Insurance green
michctapp · 2008
1 sentence

2013Id. at 35 .

12013–2013
Holton v. A+ Insurance Associates, Inc green
michctapp · 2003
1 sentence

2012Id.

12012–2012
Meridian Mutual Insurance v. Mason-Dixon Lines, Inc. green
michctapp · 2000
2 sentences

2008Meridian Mut Ins Co v Mason-Dixon Lines, Inc (On Remand), 242 Mich App 645, 648 ; 620 NW2d 310 (2000).

2008Meridian Mut Ins Co v Mason-Dixon Lines, Inc (On Remand), 242 Mich App 645, 648 ; 620 NW2d 310 (2000).

12008–2008
Kent v. Alpine Valley Ski Area, Inc green
michctapp · 2000
1 sentence

2007In such a case, common-law negligence principles of “reasonable under the circumstances” and comparative negligence would be applicable. [Id. at 694-695 (emphasis added).] Likewise, in Kent , a case involving a skier injured while riding on a chair lift, this Court upheld the order granting the ski operator’s motion for summary disposition, but nevertheless noted that, as recognized in Barr , “the statute, as amended, suggests a comparative negligence analysis in certain circumstances.” Kent, supra at 743 ; accord Barr v Mt Brighton Inc, 454 Mich 910, 911 (1997) (BOYLE, J., concurring in the d

12007–2007
Charleston v. Meijer, Inc green
michctapp · 1983
2 sentences

2007The doctrine of contributory negligence has been abrogated since our Supreme Court’s decision in Jaworski , see Placek v Sterling Hts, 405 Mich 638 ; 275 NW2d 511 (1979), and this Court has suggested that the reasoning of Jaworski — holding that the plaintiff was not contributorily negligent for failing to observe and avoid the spilled cottage cheese — is no longer relevant under the doctrine of comparative negligence, Charleston, supra at 419 .

2007The Charleston Court observed that with the advent of comparative negligence in Michigan, “[t]he trend is towards allowing all issues [concerning the plaintiffs alleged negligence], when supported by the facts, to go to the jury....” Id.

12007–2007
Jones v. Enertel, Inc green
michctapp · 2003
1 sentence

2003As the trial court noted, defendants’ argument poses the classic “but for” argument of causation, which in this context simply extends to further remote causes, i.e., but for someone building the home, plaintiffs would not have suffered a loss. “[T]he adoption of a comparative negligence doctrine does not act to create negligence where none existed before.” Jones, supra at 437 .

12003–2003
Ward v. K Mart Corp. green
ill · 1990
1 sentence

2003It is fundamental tort law that before a defendant can be found to have been negligent, it must first be determined that the defendant owed a legal duty to the plaintiff.” [Riddle, supra at 99 , quoting Ward v Kmart Corp, 136 Ill 2d 132, 145; 554 NE2d 223 (1990).] The Court in Riddle farther noted that the adoption of a comparative negligence doctrine does not act to create negligence where none existed before.

12003–2003
Krivijanski v. Union Railroad green
pa · 1986
12002–2002
Davies v. Butler green
nev · 1979
12002–2002
Bordeaux v. Celotex Corp. green
michctapp · 1993
12001–2001
McCormick v. Go Forward Operating Ltd. Partnership green
michctapp · 1999
12000–2000
Hickey v. Zezulka green
mich · 1992
12000–2000
Barrett v. Campbell green
michctapp · 1983
11996–1996
Petrove v. Grand Trunk Western Railroad green
mich · 1991
11995–1995
Smith v. O'Harrow Construction Co. neutral
michctapp · 1980
11994–1994
Zeni v. Anderson green
mich · 1976
11994–1994
Sharp Ex Rel. Sharp v. Fairbanks North Star Borough green
alaska · 1977
11992–1992
Duke v. American Olean Tile Co. green
michctapp · 1986
11989–1989
Schmitzer v. Misener-Bennett Ford, Inc. green
michctapp · 1984
11987–1987
Reda Pump Co., a Div. of TRW, Inc. v. Finck green
ky · 1986
11987–1987
Wilson v. Stilwill green
mich · 1981
11987–1987
Nga Li v. Yellow Cab Co. green
cal · 1975
11986–1986
Larabell v. Schuknecht green
mich · 1944
11986–1986
Moning v. Alfono green
mich · 1977
11986–1986
Rittenhouse v. Erhart green
michctapp · 1983
11986–1986
Landry v. City of Detroit green
michctapp · 1985
11986–1986
In re PBB Litigation neutral
mich · 1977
11986–1986
Ferdig v. Melitta, Inc. neutral
michctapp · 1982
11984–1984
Placek v. City of Sterling Heights green
michctapp · 1974
11984–1984
George v. Eaton Corp. neutral
michctapp · 1982
11984–1984
Caldwell v. Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co. neutral
michctapp · 1981
11982–1982

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2959 (14) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2957 (13) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.6304 (10) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2949 (8) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 500.3135 (7) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 691.1407 (7) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2945 (6) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 408.321 (5) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 408.342 (5) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 408.344 (5) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2958 (5) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.6306 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

FL 116 (1918–2024) IL 100 (1869–2021) MI 86 (1898–2025) CA 74 (1917–2026) GA 67 (1907–2024) MS 44 (1939–2024) LA 43 (1932–2022) NY 40 (1908–2026) NM 37 (1952–2012) OH 37 (1931–2025) WV 35 (1931–2024) CT 33 (1979–2017) NJ 28 (1960–2020) PA 24 (1947–2025) CO 22 (1973–2017) NE 21 (1934–1998) KY 21 (1938–2022) SC 17 (1991–2023) TX 17 (1946–2023) IA 16 (1980–2016) AK 16 (1975–2008) KS 13 (1883–1995) MO 12 (1888–2007) WI 11 (1957–2011) NV 9 (1992–2022) WA 9 (1904–2018) TN 9 (1971–2001) ME 9 (1968–2017) AL 9 (1989–2017) ND 8 (1974–2012) MT 8 (1948–2025) MD 7 (1982–2016) AZ 7 (1956–2010) VA 7 (1930–2003) WY 6 (1979–2002) MN 6 (1959–1989) DE 6 (1991–2021) DC 5 (1982–2011) HI 5 (1968–2006) ID 5 (1990–2017) OK 5 (1989–2012) AR 4 (1925–1988) MA 4 (1998–2010) NC 4 (1968–2012) VT 3 (1977–2006) OR 3 (1970–2006) IN 3 (1974–1999) SD 2 (1934–1983) VI 2 (2014–2017) UT 2 (1983–1995) NH 2 (1997–2001)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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