comparative negligence doctrine (Connecticut) · Go Syfert
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comparative negligence doctrine in Connecticut

33 Connecticut opinions name it 3 courts 1979–2017 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Connecticut courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (11)

CaseFollowedCited
Wendland v. Ridgefield Construction Services, Inc.green
conn · 1983 · cited in 14 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1988–2001
2 sentences

2001The court relied on Wendland v. Ridgefield Construction Service, Inc ., supra, 190 Conn. 791 , and denied the motion to strike the special defense alleging assumption of the risk to the negligence and recklessness counts because "as long as the jury is properly instructed concerning the doctrine of comparative negligence, conduct may be weighed by the trier of fact in determining the propriety and the totality of the plaintiffs conduct in relation to that of the defendant." In addition, the Tarver v. DeVito court denied the motion to strike this special defense as to the recklessness claim.

1996In Wendland v. Ridgefield Construction Services, Inc., 190 Conn. 791 , 798 (1983), our Supreme Court stated: As long as the jury is properly instructed on the doctrine of comparative negligence; General Statutes § 52-572h (b); elements involving the failure of the plaintiff to comprehend a risk may be specially pleaded and weighed by the trier in determining the propriety and totality of the plaintiff's conduct in relation to that of the defendant.

514
Juchniewicz v. Bridgeport Hospitalgreen
conn · 2007 · cited in 3 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2007–2014
2 sentences

2014See, e.g., General Stat- utes §§ 52-114 and 52-572h (b).’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Juchnie- wicz v. Bridgeport Hospital, 281 Conn. 29 , 32 n.4, 914 A.2d 511 (2007). 20 The plaintiffs in the present case alleged in their complaint that the defendants ‘‘invited members of the general public to enter and patronize [Glendale Farms].’’ The defendants admitted this allegation except as to the words ‘‘to enter and patronize [Glendale Farms],’’ which they denied. ‘‘In general, there is an ascending degree of duty owed by the possessor of land to persons on the land based on their entrant s

2014See, e.g., General Stat- utes §§ 52-114 and 52-572h (b).’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Juchnie- wicz v. Bridgeport Hospital, 281 Conn. 29 , 32 n.4, 914 A.2d 511 (2007). 20 The plaintiffs in the present case alleged in their complaint that the defendants ‘‘invited members of the general public to enter and patronize [Glendale Farms].’’ The defendants admitted this allegation except as to the words ‘‘to enter and patronize [Glendale Farms],’’ which they denied. ‘‘In general, there is an ascending degree of duty owed by the possessor of land to persons on the land based on their entrant s

33
Cahill v. Carellagreen
connsuperct · 1994 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998Rev. 207 , 213 (1974); see also Cahill v. Carella, 43 Conn. Sup. 168 , 173 , 648 A.2d 169 (1994); Mirci v. Ford Motor Co., Superior Court, judicial district of Ansonia-Milford at Milford, Docket No. 055555 (August 5, 1997, Corradino, J.) (granting motion to strike assumption of risk defense but indicating that defendant may raise "factors relevant to CT Page 7871 assumption of risk doctrine in any claim or defense asking that issues of comparative negligence be considered by jury").

1998Rev. 207 , 213 (1974); see also Cahill v. Carella, 43 Conn. Sup. 168 , 173 , 648 A.2d 169 (1994); Mirci v. Ford Motor Co., Superior Court, judicial district of Ansonia-Milford at Milford, Docket No. 055555 (August 5, 1997, Corradino, J.) (granting motion to strike assumption of risk defense but indicating that defendant may raise "factors relevant to CT Page 7871 assumption of risk doctrine in any claim or defense asking that issues of comparative negligence be considered by jury").

22
Kraus v. Newtongreen
connappct · 1988 · cited in 4 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1990–1998
2 sentences

1998See Wendland v. Ridgefield Construction Services, Inc., 190 Conn. 791 , 797-98 , 462 A.2d 1043 (1983); Kraus v. Newton, 14 Conn. App. 561 , 569-70 , 542 A.2d 1163 (1988), aff'd. 211 Conn. 191 , 558 A.2d 240 (1989).

1998See Wendland v. Ridgefield Construction Services, Inc., 190 Conn. 791 , 797-98 , 462 A.2d 1043 (1983); Kraus v. Newton, 14 Conn. App. 561 , 569-70 , 542 A.2d 1163 (1988), aff'd. 211 Conn. 191 , 558 A.2d 240 (1989).

14
Kraus v. Newtongreen
conn · 1989 · cited in 3 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1990–1998
2 sentences

1998See Wendland v. Ridgefield Construction Services, Inc., 190 Conn. 791 , 797-98 , 462 A.2d 1043 (1983); Kraus v. Newton, 14 Conn. App. 561 , 569-70 , 542 A.2d 1163 (1988), aff'd. 211 Conn. 191 , 558 A.2d 240 (1989).

1998See Wendland v. Ridgefield Construction Services, Inc., 190 Conn. 791 , 797-98 , 462 A.2d 1043 (1983); Kraus v. Newton, 14 Conn. App. 561 , 569-70 , 542 A.2d 1163 (1988), aff'd. 211 Conn. 191 , 558 A.2d 240 (1989).

13
Morin v. Bell Court Condominium Ass'ngreen
conn · 1992 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014See, e.g., General Stat- utes §§ 52-114 and 52-572h (b).’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Juchnie- wicz v. Bridgeport Hospital, 281 Conn. 29 , 32 n.4, 914 A.2d 511 (2007). 20 The plaintiffs in the present case alleged in their complaint that the defendants ‘‘invited members of the general public to enter and patronize [Glendale Farms].’’ The defendants admitted this allegation except as to the words ‘‘to enter and patronize [Glendale Farms],’’ which they denied. ‘‘In general, there is an ascending degree of duty owed by the possessor of land to persons on the land based on their entrant s

2014See, e.g., General Stat- utes §§ 52-114 and 52-572h (b).’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Juchnie- wicz v. Bridgeport Hospital, 281 Conn. 29 , 32 n.4, 914 A.2d 511 (2007). 20 The plaintiffs in the present case alleged in their complaint that the defendants ‘‘invited members of the general public to enter and patronize [Glendale Farms].’’ The defendants admitted this allegation except as to the words ‘‘to enter and patronize [Glendale Farms],’’ which they denied. ‘‘In general, there is an ascending degree of duty owed by the possessor of land to persons on the land based on their entrant s

11
Ciarlelli v. Romeogreen
connappct · 1997 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010State v. Padua, supra, [273 Conn.] 149; see also Ciarlelli v. Romeo, 46 Conn. App. 277, 283 , 699 A.2d 217 (citing cases concluding expert testimony not required to prove: effect *456 of operating gasoline station on traffic safety; injuries sustained on plaintiffs property were caused by defendant’s blasting; negligence in failing to erect porch railing; fence erected around blasting area insufficient to prevent injuries; obscenity of certain materials for minors), cert. denied, 243 Conn. 929 , 701 A.2d 657 (1997).” Allison v. Manetta, 284 Conn. 389, 406 , 933 A.2d 1197 (2007). 10 “Although C

2010State v. Padua, supra, [273 Conn.] 149; see also Ciarlelli v. Romeo, 46 Conn. App. 277, 283 , 699 A.2d 217 (citing cases concluding expert testimony not required to prove: effect *456 of operating gasoline station on traffic safety; injuries sustained on plaintiffs property were caused by defendant’s blasting; negligence in failing to erect porch railing; fence erected around blasting area insufficient to prevent injuries; obscenity of certain materials for minors), cert. denied, 243 Conn. 929 , 701 A.2d 657 (1997).” Allison v. Manetta, 284 Conn. 389, 406 , 933 A.2d 1197 (2007). 10 “Although C

11
Blanchard v. City of Bridgeportgreen
conn · 1983 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
1 sentence

1996See Wendland v. Ridgefield Construction Services, Inc., supra, 190 Conn. 798 .

11
Smith v. Smithgreen
connsuperct · 1937 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
1 sentence

1990See Spencer v. Balfe, 5 CSCR 27 (November 22, 1989, Murray, J.) (motion to strike defendant's special defense on grounds that defenses of assumption of risk and contributory negligence have been abolished is denied) (citing Wendland v. Ridgefield Construction Services, 190 Conn. 791 (1983).

11
Montgomery Elevator Co. v. Gordongreen
colo · 1980 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
1 sentence

1988See, e.g., Montgomery Elevator Co. v. Gordon, 619 P.2d 66, 70 (Colo. 1980); Watzig v. Tobin, 292 Or. 645 , 650 n.4, 642 P.2d 651 (1982); Turtenwald v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 55 Wis. 2d 659, 665 , 201 N.W.2d 1 (1972).

11
Cruz v. Drezekgreen
conn · 1978 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981
2 sentences

1981Practice Book § 321; see, e.g., Cruz v. Drezek 175 Conn. 230, 232, 397 A.2d 1335 (1978). 3 The court charged the jury on the doctrine of comparative negligence. 4 An engineer’s map in evidence indicates that the door through which the plaintiff entered and exited the Brookside is about eleven feet from the edge of the pavement of route 2A. 5 According to a sketch in evidence as a defendant’s exhibit, there were two doors in the front of the Brookside facing route 2A.

1981Practice Book § 321; see, e.g., Cruz v. Drezek 175 Conn. 230, 232, 397 A.2d 1335 (1978). 3 The court charged the jury on the doctrine of comparative negligence. 4 An engineer’s map in evidence indicates that the door through which the plaintiff entered and exited the Brookside is about eleven feet from the edge of the pavement of route 2A. 5 According to a sketch in evidence as a defendant’s exhibit, there were two doors in the front of the Brookside facing route 2A.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Connecticut. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (19)

CaseCitedYears
Watzig v. Tobin green
or · 1982
2 sentences

1993See Malvicini v. Stratfield Motor Hotel, Inc., supra, 444; Watzig v. Tobin, supra, 650 n.4.

1988See, e.g., Montgomery Elevator Co. v. Gordon, 619 P.2d 66, 70 (Colo. 1980); Watzig v. Tobin, 292 Or. 645 , 650 n.4, 642 P.2d 651 (1982); Turtenwald v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 55 Wis. 2d 659, 665 , 201 N.W.2d 1 (1972).

21988–1993
Hall v. Burns green
conn · 1990
2 sentences

2017In reaching our conclusion, in addition to Practice Book §§ 60-5, 16-20, 16-21 and 16-23, we also are guided *823 by our Supreme Court's decision in Hall v. Burns , 213 Conn. 446 , 569 A.2d 10 (1990).

2017In reaching our conclusion, in addition to Practice Book §§ 60-5, 16-20, 16-21 and 16-23, we also are guided *823 by our Supreme Court's decision in Hall v. Burns , 213 Conn. 446 , 569 A.2d 10 (1990).

12017–2017
Ciarlelli v. Romeo green
conn · 1997
1 sentence

2010State v. Padua, supra, [273 Conn.] 149; see also Ciarlelli v. Romeo, 46 Conn. App. 277, 283 , 699 A.2d 217 (citing cases concluding expert testimony not required to prove: effect *456 of operating gasoline station on traffic safety; injuries sustained on plaintiffs property were caused by defendant’s blasting; negligence in failing to erect porch railing; fence erected around blasting area insufficient to prevent injuries; obscenity of certain materials for minors), cert. denied, 243 Conn. 929 , 701 A.2d 657 (1997).” Allison v. Manetta, 284 Conn. 389, 406 , 933 A.2d 1197 (2007). 10 “Although C

12010–2010
Connecticut National Bank v. D'Onofrio green
conn · 1997
1 sentence

2010State v. Padua, supra, [273 Conn.] 149; see also Ciarlelli v. Romeo, 46 Conn. App. 277, 283 , 699 A.2d 217 (citing cases concluding expert testimony not required to prove: effect *456 of operating gasoline station on traffic safety; injuries sustained on plaintiffs property were caused by defendant’s blasting; negligence in failing to erect porch railing; fence erected around blasting area insufficient to prevent injuries; obscenity of certain materials for minors), cert. denied, 243 Conn. 929 , 701 A.2d 657 (1997).” Allison v. Manetta, 284 Conn. 389, 406 , 933 A.2d 1197 (2007). 10 “Although C

12010–2010
Allison v. Manetta green
conn · 2007
2 sentences

2010State v. Padua, supra, [273 Conn.] 149; see also Ciarlelli v. Romeo, 46 Conn. App. 277, 283 , 699 A.2d 217 (citing cases concluding expert testimony not required to prove: effect *456 of operating gasoline station on traffic safety; injuries sustained on plaintiffs property were caused by defendant’s blasting; negligence in failing to erect porch railing; fence erected around blasting area insufficient to prevent injuries; obscenity of certain materials for minors), cert. denied, 243 Conn. 929 , 701 A.2d 657 (1997).” Allison v. Manetta, 284 Conn. 389, 406 , 933 A.2d 1197 (2007). 10 “Although C

2010State v. Padua, supra, [273 Conn.] 149; see also Ciarlelli v. Romeo, 46 Conn. App. 277, 283 , 699 A.2d 217 (citing cases concluding expert testimony not required to prove: effect *456 of operating gasoline station on traffic safety; injuries sustained on plaintiffs property were caused by defendant’s blasting; negligence in failing to erect porch railing; fence erected around blasting area insufficient to prevent injuries; obscenity of certain materials for minors), cert. denied, 243 Conn. 929 , 701 A.2d 657 (1997).” Allison v. Manetta, 284 Conn. 389, 406 , 933 A.2d 1197 (2007). 10 “Although C

12010–2010
Giles v. City of New Haven green
conn · 1994
2 sentences

2007“However, if you find that the defendant did anything which a reasonably prudent person would have done and didn’t do anything which a reasonably prudent person would not have done under the same or similar circumstances, then the defendant would not be negligent.” With regard to the defendant’s special defenses, the trial court charged the juiy on comparative negligence, which operates to reduce a defendant’s comparative liability, unlike self-defense, which has the potential to negate completely a defendant’s liability. 9 See Giles v. *636 New Haven, 228 Conn. 441, 454 , 636 A.2d 1335 (1994)

2007“However, if you find that the defendant did anything which a reasonably prudent person would have done and didn’t do anything which a reasonably prudent person would not have done under the same or similar circumstances, then the defendant would not be negligent.” With regard to the defendant’s special defenses, the trial court charged the juiy on comparative negligence, which operates to reduce a defendant’s comparative liability, unlike self-defense, which has the potential to negate completely a defendant’s liability. 9 See Giles v. *636 New Haven, 228 Conn. 441, 454 , 636 A.2d 1335 (1994)

12007–2007
Juchniewicz v. Bridgeport Hospital neutral
conn · 2005
1 sentence

2007If the answer to the first question is `no,' was the error harmful?" Juchniewicz v. Bridgeport Hospital, 272 Conn. 917 , 866 A.2d 1287 (2005). [4] Although Connecticut has adopted the doctrine of comparative negligence; see General Statutes § 52-572h(b); our statutes retain the term "contributory negligence." See, e.g., General Statutes §§ 52-114 and 52-572h(b). [5] "The defendant did not plead any special defenses in his answer." Juchniewicz v. Bridgeport Hospital, supra, 86 Conn.App. at 313 n. 2, 860 A.2d 1275 . [6] "The plaintiff submitted the following request to charge: `I instruct you th

12007–2007
Juchniewicz v. Bridgeport Hospital green
connappct · 2004
2 sentences

2007If the answer to the first question is `no,' was the error harmful?" Juchniewicz v. Bridgeport Hospital, 272 Conn. 917 , 866 A.2d 1287 (2005). [4] Although Connecticut has adopted the doctrine of comparative negligence; see General Statutes § 52-572h(b); our statutes retain the term "contributory negligence." See, e.g., General Statutes §§ 52-114 and 52-572h(b). [5] "The defendant did not plead any special defenses in his answer." Juchniewicz v. Bridgeport Hospital, supra, 86 Conn.App. at 313 n. 2, 860 A.2d 1275 . [6] "The plaintiff submitted the following request to charge: `I instruct you th

2007If the answer to the first question is `no,' was the error harmful?" Juchniewicz v. Bridgeport Hospital, 272 Conn. 917 , 866 A.2d 1287 (2005). [4] Although Connecticut has adopted the doctrine of comparative negligence; see General Statutes § 52-572h(b); our statutes retain the term "contributory negligence." See, e.g., General Statutes §§ 52-114 and 52-572h(b). [5] "The defendant did not plead any special defenses in his answer." Juchniewicz v. Bridgeport Hospital, supra, 86 Conn.App. at 313 n. 2, 860 A.2d 1275 . [6] "The plaintiff submitted the following request to charge: `I instruct you th

12007–2007
Miskimen v. Biber green
conn · 2005
1 sentence

2007If the answer to the first question is `no,' was the error harmful?" Juchniewicz v. Bridgeport Hospital, 272 Conn. 917 , 866 A.2d 1287 (2005). [4] Although Connecticut has adopted the doctrine of comparative negligence; see General Statutes § 52-572h(b); our statutes retain the term "contributory negligence." See, e.g., General Statutes §§ 52-114 and 52-572h(b). [5] "The defendant did not plead any special defenses in his answer." Juchniewicz v. Bridgeport Hospital, supra, 86 Conn.App. at 313 n. 2, 860 A.2d 1275 . [6] "The plaintiff submitted the following request to charge: `I instruct you th

12007–2007
Williams Ford, Inc. v. Hartford Courant Co. green
conn · 1995
2 sentences

2003Public Acts 1973, No. 73-622, § 1.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Williams Ford, Inc. v. Hartford Courant Co., 232 Conn. 559, 583 , 657 A.2d 212 (1995).

2003Public Acts 1973, No. 73-622, § 1.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Williams Ford, Inc. v. Hartford Courant Co., 232 Conn. 559, 583 , 657 A.2d 212 (1995).

12003–2003
Champagne v. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc. green
conn · 1989
1 sentence

1996Accordingly, comparative negligence cannot be specially pled in a product liability CT Page 4034-QQ action because this special defense does not demonstrate that the plaintiff has no cause of action." Citing Champagne v. Raybestos-Manhattan, Inc., 212 Conn. 509 , 542 (1989), the defendant notes that General Statutes § 52-5721 "does permit a jury to diminish a plaintiff's dollar verdict by that percentage of his own responsibility in such actions even where it may be found to exceed that percentage of negligence which would, under the doctrine of comparative negligence, operate as a bar to a pl

11996–1996
Labatt v. Grunewald green
conn · 1980
2 sentences

1996In Labatt v. Grunewald, 182 Conn. 236, 241-42 , 438 A.2d 85 (1980), it was held that the trial court should have granted a motion to set aside a verdict for a defendant because the circumstances showed that the jury was hopelessly confused over the doctrine of comparative negligence.

1996In Labatt v. Grunewald, 182 Conn. 236, 241-42 , 438 A.2d 85 (1980), it was held that the trial court should have granted a motion to set aside a verdict for a defendant because the circumstances showed that the jury was hopelessly confused over the doctrine of comparative negligence.

11996–1996
Turtenwald v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. green
wis · 1972
2 sentences

1988See, e.g., Montgomery Elevator Co. v. Gordon, 619 P.2d 66, 70 (Colo. 1980); Watzig v. Tobin, 292 Or. 645 , 650 n.4, 642 P.2d 651 (1982); Turtenwald v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 55 Wis. 2d 659, 665 , 201 N.W.2d 1 (1972).

1988See, e.g., Montgomery Elevator Co. v. Gordon, 619 P.2d 66, 70 (Colo. 1980); Watzig v. Tobin, 292 Or. 645 , 650 n.4, 642 P.2d 651 (1982); Turtenwald v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 55 Wis. 2d 659, 665 , 201 N.W.2d 1 (1972).

11988–1988
Ryder Truck Rental, Inc. v. Korte green
fladistctapp · 1978
1 sentence

1986Ryder Truck Rental, Inc. v. Korte, [supra].

11986–1986
Cords v. Anderson green
wis · 1977
2 sentences

1986In Cords v. Anderson, 80 Wis. 2d 525, 548 , 259 N.W. 2d 672 (1977), two would-be rescuers were injured attempting to rescue a companion who had fallen into a gorge.

1986In Cords v. Anderson, 80 Wis. 2d 525, 548 , 259 N.W. 2d 672 (1977), two would-be rescuers were injured attempting to rescue a companion who had fallen into a gorge.

11986–1986
Gomeau v. Forrest green
conn · 1979
1 sentence

1984Gomeau v. Forrest, 176 Conn. 523, 526-27 , 409 A.2d *216 1006 (1979).

11984–1984
Angelillo v. City of Meriden green
conn · 1950
2 sentences

1981Angelillo v. Meriden, 136 Conn. 553, 556 , 72 A.2d 654 (1950). 2 During oral argument, the plaintiff raised for the first time the question of what effect the doctrine of comparative negligence would have on the defendant’s defense of contributory negligence.

1981Angelillo v. Meriden, 136 Conn. 553, 556 , 72 A.2d 654 (1950). 2 During oral argument, the plaintiff raised for the first time the question of what effect the doctrine of comparative negligence would have on the defendant’s defense of contributory negligence.

11981–1981
Stoni v. Wasicki green
conn · 1979
2 sentences

1980In Stoni v. Wasicki, 179 Conn. 372 , 426 A.2d 774 (1979), we recognized that the language of Public Act No. 273 (1972) did not indicate whether the doctrine of comparative negligence would apply to a negligence action arising out of a collision in which both a private passenger motor vehicle and a vehicle not so classified were involved. 6 We concluded that the legislature did not intend the bizarre result of having both the doctrine of comparative negligence and the doctrine of con- tributary negligence apply to a single accident, and held that Public Act No. 273 (1972) applied to “cause [s]

1980In Stoni v. Wasicki, 179 Conn. 372 , 426 A.2d 774 (1979), we recognized that the language of Public Act No. 273 (1972) did not indicate whether the doctrine of comparative negligence would apply to a negligence action arising out of a collision in which both a private passenger motor vehicle and a vehicle not so classified were involved. 6 We concluded that the legislature did not intend the bizarre result of having both the doctrine of comparative negligence and the doctrine of con- tributary negligence apply to a single accident, and held that Public Act No. 273 (1972) applied to “cause [s]

11980–1980
Campbell v. Rockefeller green
conn · 1948
2 sentences

1979See Practice Book, 1978, § 3063; Campbell v. Rockefeller, 134 Conn. 585, 588 , 59 A.2d 524 (1948).

1979See Practice Book, 1978, § 3063; Campbell v. Rockefeller, 134 Conn. 585, 588 , 59 A.2d 524 (1948).

11979–1979

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-572h (10) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-114 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

FL 116 (1918–2024) IL 100 (1869–2021) MI 86 (1898–2025) CA 74 (1917–2026) GA 67 (1907–2024) MS 44 (1939–2024) LA 43 (1932–2022) NY 40 (1908–2026) NM 37 (1952–2012) OH 37 (1931–2025) WV 35 (1931–2024) CT 33 (1979–2017) NJ 28 (1960–2020) PA 24 (1947–2025) CO 22 (1973–2017) NE 21 (1934–1998) KY 21 (1938–2022) SC 17 (1991–2023) TX 17 (1946–2023) IA 16 (1980–2016) AK 16 (1975–2008) KS 13 (1883–1995) MO 12 (1888–2007) WI 11 (1957–2011) NV 9 (1992–2022) WA 9 (1904–2018) TN 9 (1971–2001) ME 9 (1968–2017) AL 9 (1989–2017) ND 8 (1974–2012) MT 8 (1948–2025) MD 7 (1982–2016) AZ 7 (1956–2010) VA 7 (1930–2003) WY 6 (1979–2002) MN 6 (1959–1989) DE 6 (1991–2021) DC 5 (1982–2011) HI 5 (1968–2006) ID 5 (1990–2017) OK 5 (1989–2012) AR 4 (1925–1988) MA 4 (1998–2010) NC 4 (1968–2012) VT 3 (1977–2006) OR 3 (1970–2006) IN 3 (1974–1999) SD 2 (1934–1983) VI 2 (2014–2017) UT 2 (1983–1995) NH 2 (1997–2001)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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