law of the case doctrine (South Dakota) · Go Syfert
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law of the case doctrine in South Dakota

12 South Dakota opinions name it 1 courts 1967–2025 3 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by South Dakota courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (12)

CaseFollowedCited
Shaffer v. Honeywell, Inc.green
sd · 1976 · cited in 2 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1990–2001
2 sentences

2001The doctrine provides that “a question decided on a former appeal [becomes] the law of the case, not to be questioned in a second or any subsequent appeal involving any branch of the case.” Western States Land v. Lexington Ins., 459 N.W.2d 429, 435 (S.D.1990) (quoting Shaffer v. Honeywell, Inc., 249 N.W.2d 251, 260 (S.D.1976)).

2001The doctrine provides that "a question decided on a former appeal [becomes] the law of the case, not to be questioned in a second or any subsequent appeal involving any branch of the case." Western States Land v. Lexington Ins., 459 N.W.2d 429, 435 (S.D.1990) (quoting Shaffer v. Honeywell, Inc., 249 N.W.2d 251, 260 (S.D.1976)).

12
Gamble v. Keyesgreen
sd · 1925 · cited in 2 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1967–1999
2 sentences

1999The utility of the policy is “(1) to protect settled expectations of the parties; (2) to insure uniformity of decisions; (3) to maintain consistency during the course of a single case; (4) to effectuate the proper and streamlined administration of justice; and (5) to bring litigation to an end.” Commonwealth v. Starr; 541 Pa. 564 , 664 A.2d 1326 , 1331 (1995) (citing 21 CJS Courts 149A); American State Bank v. List-Mayer, 350 N.W.2d 44 (S.D.1984). [¶ 21.] The doctrine of the law of the case is not a rigid rule, and will not be invoked on a second appeal if the prior decision is “palpably erron

1999The utility of the policy is “(1) to protect settled expectations of the parties; (2) to insure uniformity of decisions; (3) to maintain consistency during the course of a single case; (4) to effectuate the proper and streamlined administration of justice; and (5) to bring litigation to an end.” Commonwealth v. Starr; 541 Pa. 564 , 664 A.2d 1326 , 1331 (1995) (citing 21 CJS Courts 149A); American State Bank v. List-Mayer, 350 N.W.2d 44 (S.D.1984). [¶ 21.] The doctrine of the law of the case is not a rigid rule, and will not be invoked on a second appeal if the prior decision is “palpably erron

12
Hauck v. Clay County Commissiongreen
sd · 2023 · cited in 1 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025See Hauck v. Clay Co. Comm., 2023 S.D. 43 , ¶ 4 n.4, 994 N.W.2d 707 , 709 n.4 (“Arguments not raised at the trial level are deemed waived on appeal.”). -18- #30557 [¶36.] Here, as noted in our analysis of the law of the case doctrine, the circuit court did not examine whether Smith Masonry’s attorney fees were warranted and necessary under the circumstances of the case that actually occurred—a case in which this Court determined that Smith Masonry’s mechanic’s lien is valid, that WIPI failed to prove damages to offset the amount of the lien, and that Smith Masonry is entitled to recover the fu

2025See Hauck v. Clay Co. Comm., 2023 S.D. 43 , ¶ 4 n.4, 994 N.W.2d 707 , 709 n.4 (“Arguments not raised at the trial level are deemed waived on appeal.”). -18- #30557 [¶36.] Here, as noted in our analysis of the law of the case doctrine, the circuit court did not examine whether Smith Masonry’s attorney fees were warranted and necessary under the circumstances of the case that actually occurred—a case in which this Court determined that Smith Masonry’s mechanic’s lien is valid, that WIPI failed to prove damages to offset the amount of the lien, and that Smith Masonry is entitled to recover the fu

11
Matthews v. South Dakota Department of Social Servicesgreen
sd · 2012 · cited in 1 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024See In re Pooled Advocate Trust, 2012 S.D. 24 , ¶ 24, 813 N.W.2d 130, 139 (noting that the “law of the case rule involves the effect of a previous ruling within one action on a similar issue of law raised subsequently within the same action” whereas “the rules of res judicata apply to previous rulings in an action on a similar determination in a subsequent action”) It is true that the doctrine of res judicata could preclude some ineffective assistance claims raised in a habeas action.

11
In Re: Pooled Advocate Trustgreen
sd · 2012 · cited in 1 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024See In re Pooled Advocate Trust, 2012 S.D. 24 , ¶ 24, 813 N.W.2d 130, 139 (noting that the “law of the case rule involves the effect of a previous ruling within one action on a similar issue of law raised subsequently within the same action” whereas “the rules of res judicata apply to previous rulings in an action on a similar determination in a subsequent action”) It is true that the doctrine of res judicata could preclude some ineffective assistance claims raised in a habeas action.

11
First W. Bank, Sturgis v. Livestock Yardsgreen
sd · 1991 · cited in 1 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001Co., 466 N.W.2d 853, 858 (S.D.1991) (stating that a question decided on a former appeal becomes the law of the case).

2001Co., 466 N.W.2d 853, 858 (S.D.1991) (stating that a question decided on a former appeal becomes the law of the case).

11
Western States Land & Cattle Co. v. Lexington Insurance Co.green
sd · 1990 · cited in 1 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001The doctrine provides that “a question decided on a former appeal [becomes] the law of the case, not to be questioned in a second or any subsequent appeal involving any branch of the case.” Western States Land v. Lexington Ins., 459 N.W.2d 429, 435 (S.D.1990) (quoting Shaffer v. Honeywell, Inc., 249 N.W.2d 251, 260 (S.D.1976)).

2001The doctrine provides that "a question decided on a former appeal [becomes] the law of the case, not to be questioned in a second or any subsequent appeal involving any branch of the case." Western States Land v. Lexington Ins., 459 N.W.2d 429, 435 (S.D.1990) (quoting Shaffer v. Honeywell, Inc., 249 N.W.2d 251, 260 (S.D.1976)).

11
Monica Stoner v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Companygreen
ca8 · 1988 · cited in 1 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
1 sentence

1999Stoner v. State Farm Mutual, 856 F.2d 1195, 1197 (8th Cir.1988).

11
Verzuh v. Rousegreen
coloctapp · 1982 · cited in 1 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999Verzuh v. Rouse, 660 P.2d 1301, 1303 (Colo.App.1982); Topps-Toeller, Inc. v. City of Lansing, 47 Mich.App. 720 , 209 N.W.2d 843, 849 (1973). [¶ 22.] The German heirs contend that the law of the case doctrine should not be applied because 1) they were not notified of, and did not participate in, the first trial or appeal; and 2) they presented new evidence at the second hearing which should change the result of the first appeal.

1999Verzuh v. Rouse, 660 P.2d 1301, 1303 (Colo.App.1982); Topps-Toeller, Inc. v. City of Lansing, 47 Mich.App. 720 , 209 N.W.2d 843, 849 (1973). [¶ 22.] The German heirs contend that the law of the case doctrine should not be applied because 1) they were not notified of, and did not participate in, the first trial or appeal; and 2) they presented new evidence at the second hearing which should change the result of the first appeal.

11
Higgins v. California Prune & Apricot Grower, Inc.green
ca2 · 1924 · cited in 1 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999The utility of the policy is "(1) to protect settled expectations of the parties; (2) to insure uniformity of decisions; (3) to maintain consistency during the course of a single case; (4) to effectuate the proper and streamlined administration of justice; and (5) to bring litigation to an end." Commonwealth v. Starr; 541 Pa. 564 , 664 A.2d 1326 , 1331 (1995) (citing 21 CJS Courts 149A); American State Bank v. List-Mayer, 350 N.W.2d 44 (S.D.1984). *259 [¶ 21.] The doctrine of the law of the case is not a rigid rule, and will not be invoked on a second appeal if the prior decision is "palpably

1999The utility of the policy is “(1) to protect settled expectations of the parties; (2) to insure uniformity of decisions; (3) to maintain consistency during the course of a single case; (4) to effectuate the proper and streamlined administration of justice; and (5) to bring litigation to an end.” Commonwealth v. Starr; 541 Pa. 564 , 664 A.2d 1326 , 1331 (1995) (citing 21 CJS Courts 149A); American State Bank v. List-Mayer, 350 N.W.2d 44 (S.D.1984). [¶ 21.] The doctrine of the law of the case is not a rigid rule, and will not be invoked on a second appeal if the prior decision is “palpably erron

11
Topps-Toeller, Inc v. City of Lansinggreen
michctapp · 1973 · cited in 1 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999Verzuh v. Rouse, 660 P.2d 1301, 1303 (Colo.App.1982); Topps-Toeller, Inc. v. City of Lansing, 47 Mich.App. 720 , 209 N.W.2d 843, 849 (1973). [¶ 22.] The German heirs contend that the law of the case doctrine should not be applied because 1) they were not notified of, and did not participate in, the first trial or appeal; and 2) they presented new evidence at the second hearing which should change the result of the first appeal.

1999Verzuh v. Rouse, 660 P.2d 1301, 1303 (Colo.App.1982); Topps-Toeller, Inc. v. City of Lansing, 47 Mich.App. 720 , 209 N.W.2d 843, 849 (1973). [¶ 22.] The German heirs contend that the law of the case doctrine should not be applied because 1) they were not notified of, and did not participate in, the first trial or appeal; and 2) they presented new evidence at the second hearing which should change the result of the first appeal.

11
Miller v. Hernandezgreen
sd · 1994 · cited in 1 South Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
1 sentence

1997See Miller v. Hernandez, 520 N.W.2d 266, 272 (S.D.1994) (Sabers, J. dissenting); Stormo v. Strong, 469 N.W.2d 816, 825 , (S.D.1991) (encouraging the submission of special interrogatories to jury regarding the amount awarded for each element of damages as a method for eliminating confusion over calculation of the types of damages awarded and aiding in meaningful appellate review). [5] We note that the plaintiffs did not need to prove this fifth element under the law of the case doctrine raised by Issue 2, infra, ¶ 28. [6] Instruction Number 20 provided, in relevant part, as follows: In this act

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in South Dakota. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (15)

CaseCitedYears
In the Matter of Estate of Siebrasse green
sd · 2006
2 sentences

2012“The ‘law of the case’ doctrine is the weaker corollary of the doctrines of res judicata, collateral estoppel[,] and stare decisis and is intended to prove some degree of certainty where those doctrines could not yet apply.” Id. [¶24.] As we previously noted: Although the principles of the law of the case doctrine and res judicata are similar, their application differs.

2012“The ‘law of the case’ doctrine is the weaker corollary of the doctrines of res judicata, collateral estoppel[,] and stare decisis and is intended to prove some degree of certainty where those doctrines could not yet apply.” Id. [¶ 24.] As we previously noted: Although the principles of the law of the case doctrine and res judicata are similar, their application differs.

22012–2012
In Re the Estate of Geier green
sd · 2012
2 sentences

2024However, unlike res judicata, most authorities hold that the law of the case doctrine implicates only issue (continued . . .) -9- #30194 [¶25.] In Geier, “we adopted a ‘more expansive determination of the finality of probate orders than’ our earlier decisions had suggested.” Petrik, 2021 S.D. 49, ¶ 16 , 963 N.W.2d at 770 (quoting Geier, 2012 S.D. 2, ¶ 10 , 809 N.W.2d at 358 ).

2024However, unlike res judicata, most authorities hold that the law of the case doctrine implicates only issue (continued . . .) -9- #30194 [¶25.] In Geier, “we adopted a ‘more expansive determination of the finality of probate orders than’ our earlier decisions had suggested.” Petrik, 2021 S.D. 49, ¶ 16 , 963 N.W.2d at 770 (quoting Geier, 2012 S.D. 2, ¶ 10 , 809 N.W.2d at 358 ).

12024–2024
Estate of Petrik green
sd · 2021
2 sentences

2024However, unlike res judicata, most authorities hold that the law of the case doctrine implicates only issue (continued . . .) -9- #30194 [¶25.] In Geier, “we adopted a ‘more expansive determination of the finality of probate orders than’ our earlier decisions had suggested.” Petrik, 2021 S.D. 49, ¶ 16 , 963 N.W.2d at 770 (quoting Geier, 2012 S.D. 2, ¶ 10 , 809 N.W.2d at 358 ).

2024However, unlike res judicata, most authorities hold that the law of the case doctrine implicates only issue (continued . . .) -9- #30194 [¶25.] In Geier, “we adopted a ‘more expansive determination of the finality of probate orders than’ our earlier decisions had suggested.” Petrik, 2021 S.D. 49, ¶ 16 , 963 N.W.2d at 770 (quoting Geier, 2012 S.D. 2, ¶ 10 , 809 N.W.2d at 358 ).

12024–2024
Jenkins v. Haworth, Inc. green
miwd · 1983
2 sentences

2001Donahue v. Rodd Electrotype Co. of New England, Inc., 367 Mass. 578 , 328 N.E.2d 505 (1975); Evangelista v. Holland, 27 Mass.App.Ct. 244 , 537 N.E.2d 589 (1989); Jenkins v. Haworth, 572 F.Supp. 591 (1983); Blank v. Chelmsford Ob/Gyn, P.C., 420 Mass. 404 , 649 N.E.2d 1102 (1995). [¶ 29.] We decline to address the question of whether, and, if so, to what extent, the scope of a fiduciary duty can be limited by a contractual provision, because we conclude that the doctrine of the law of the case should control here.

2001Donahue v. Rodd Electrotype Co. of New England, Inc., 367 Mass. 578 , 328 N.E.2d 505 (1975); Evangelista v. Holland, 27 Mass.App.Ct. 244 , 537 N.E.2d 589 (1989); Jenkins v. Haworth, 572 F.Supp. 591 (1983); Blank v. Chelmsford Ob/Gyn, P.C., 420 Mass. 404 , 649 N.E.2d 1102 (1995). [¶ 29.] We decline to address the question of whether, and, if so, to what extent, the scope of a fiduciary duty can be limited by a contractual provision, because we conclude that the doctrine of the law of the case should control here.

12001–2001
Manuel v. Wilka green
sd · 2000
2 sentences

2001STANDARD OF REVIEW [¶ 6.] Our standard of review for summary judgment is well established and briefly is “whether a genuine issue of material fact exists and whether the law was correctly applied.” Manuel v. Wilka, 2000 SD 61, ¶ 17 , 610 N.W.2d 458, 462 .

2001STANDARD OF REVIEW [¶ 6.] Our standard of review for summary judgment is well established and briefly is “whether a genuine issue of material fact exists and whether the law was correctly applied.” Manuel v. Wilka, 2000 SD 61, ¶ 17 , 610 N.W.2d 458, 462 .

12001–2001
Donahue v. Rodd Electrotype Co. of New England, Inc. green
mass · 1975
2 sentences

2001Donahue v. Rodd Electrotype Co. of New England, Inc., 367 Mass. 578 , 328 N.E.2d 505 (1975); Evangelista v. Holland, 27 Mass.App.Ct. 244 , 537 N.E.2d 589 (1989); Jenkins v. Haworth, 572 F.Supp. 591 (1983); Blank v. Chelmsford Ob/Gyn, P.C., 420 Mass. 404 , 649 N.E.2d 1102 (1995). [¶ 29.] We decline to address the question of whether, and, if so, to what extent, the scope of a fiduciary duty can be limited by a contractual provision, because we conclude that the doctrine of the law of the case should control here.

2001Donahue v. Rodd Electrotype Co. of New England, Inc., 367 Mass. 578 , 328 N.E.2d 505 (1975); Evangelista v. Holland, 27 Mass.App.Ct. 244 , 537 N.E.2d 589 (1989); Jenkins v. Haworth, 572 F.Supp. 591 (1983); Blank v. Chelmsford Ob/Gyn, P.C., 420 Mass. 404 , 649 N.E.2d 1102 (1995). [¶ 29.] We decline to address the question of whether, and, if so, to what extent, the scope of a fiduciary duty can be limited by a contractual provision, because we conclude that the doctrine of the law of the case should control here.

12001–2001
Evangelista v. Holland green
massappct · 1989
2 sentences

2001Donahue v. Rodd Electrotype Co. of New England, Inc., 367 Mass. 578 , 328 N.E.2d 505 (1975); Evangelista v. Holland, 27 Mass.App.Ct. 244 , 537 N.E.2d 589 (1989); Jenkins v. Haworth, 572 F.Supp. 591 (1983); Blank v. Chelmsford Ob/Gyn, P.C., 420 Mass. 404 , 649 N.E.2d 1102 (1995). [¶ 29.] We decline to address the question of whether, and, if so, to what extent, the scope of a fiduciary duty can be limited by a contractual provision, because we conclude that the doctrine of the law of the case should control here.

2001Donahue v. Rodd Electrotype Co. of New England, Inc., 367 Mass. 578 , 328 N.E.2d 505 (1975); Evangelista v. Holland, 27 Mass.App.Ct. 244 , 537 N.E.2d 589 (1989); Jenkins v. Haworth, 572 F.Supp. 591 (1983); Blank v. Chelmsford Ob/Gyn, P.C., 420 Mass. 404 , 649 N.E.2d 1102 (1995). [¶ 29.] We decline to address the question of whether, and, if so, to what extent, the scope of a fiduciary duty can be limited by a contractual provision, because we conclude that the doctrine of the law of the case should control here.

12001–2001
Blank v. Chelmsford Ob/Gyn, P.C. green
mass · 1995
2 sentences

2001Donahue v. Rodd Electrotype Co. of New England, Inc., 367 Mass. 578 , 328 N.E.2d 505 (1975); Evangelista v. Holland, 27 Mass.App.Ct. 244 , 537 N.E.2d 589 (1989); Jenkins v. Haworth, 572 F.Supp. 591 (1983); Blank v. Chelmsford Ob/Gyn, P.C., 420 Mass. 404 , 649 N.E.2d 1102 (1995). [¶ 29.] We decline to address the question of whether, and, if so, to what extent, the scope of a fiduciary duty can be limited by a contractual provision, because we conclude that the doctrine of the law of the case should control here.

2001Donahue v. Rodd Electrotype Co. of New England, Inc., 367 Mass. 578 , 328 N.E.2d 505 (1975); Evangelista v. Holland, 27 Mass.App.Ct. 244 , 537 N.E.2d 589 (1989); Jenkins v. Haworth, 572 F.Supp. 591 (1983); Blank v. Chelmsford Ob/Gyn, P.C., 420 Mass. 404 , 649 N.E.2d 1102 (1995). [¶ 29.] We decline to address the question of whether, and, if so, to what extent, the scope of a fiduciary duty can be limited by a contractual provision, because we conclude that the doctrine of the law of the case should control here.

12001–2001
Olga Zdanok v. The Glidden Company, Durkee Famous Foods Division, Frank T. Alexander v. The Glidden Company, Durkee Famous Foods Division green
ca2 · 1964
2 sentences

1999Id. 327 F.2d at 953 . [¶ 25.] This situation is atypical in that the German heirs joined the proceedings after the case was remanded for the purposes of determining who the intestate heirs were.

1999Id., 121 F.3d at 1267 . [¶ 24.] In Zdanok v. Glidden Company, Durkee Famous Foods Division, 327 F.2d 944 (1964), two consolidated cases raised the issue of construction of a contract.

11999–1999
American State Bank v. List-Mayer green
sd · 1984
2 sentences

1999The utility of the policy is "(1) to protect settled expectations of the parties; (2) to insure uniformity of decisions; (3) to maintain consistency during the course of a single case; (4) to effectuate the proper and streamlined administration of justice; and (5) to bring litigation to an end." Commonwealth v. Starr; 541 Pa. 564 , 664 A.2d 1326 , 1331 (1995) (citing 21 CJS Courts 149A); American State Bank v. List-Mayer, 350 N.W.2d 44 (S.D.1984). *259 [¶ 21.] The doctrine of the law of the case is not a rigid rule, and will not be invoked on a second appeal if the prior decision is "palpably

1999The utility of the policy is “(1) to protect settled expectations of the parties; (2) to insure uniformity of decisions; (3) to maintain consistency during the course of a single case; (4) to effectuate the proper and streamlined administration of justice; and (5) to bring litigation to an end.” Commonwealth v. Starr; 541 Pa. 564 , 664 A.2d 1326 , 1331 (1995) (citing 21 CJS Courts 149A); American State Bank v. List-Mayer, 350 N.W.2d 44 (S.D.1984). [¶ 21.] The doctrine of the law of the case is not a rigid rule, and will not be invoked on a second appeal if the prior decision is “palpably erron

11999–1999
Commonwealth v. Starr green
pa · 1995
2 sentences

1999The utility of the policy is “(1) to protect settled expectations of the parties; (2) to insure uniformity of decisions; (3) to maintain consistency during the course of a single case; (4) to effectuate the proper and streamlined administration of justice; and (5) to bring litigation to an end.” Commonwealth v. Starr; 541 Pa. 564 , 664 A.2d 1326 , 1331 (1995) (citing 21 CJS Courts 149A); American State Bank v. List-Mayer, 350 N.W.2d 44 (S.D.1984). [¶ 21.] The doctrine of the law of the case is not a rigid rule, and will not be invoked on a second appeal if the prior decision is “palpably erron

1999The utility of the policy is “(1) to protect settled expectations of the parties; (2) to insure uniformity of decisions; (3) to maintain consistency during the course of a single case; (4) to effectuate the proper and streamlined administration of justice; and (5) to bring litigation to an end.” Commonwealth v. Starr; 541 Pa. 564 , 664 A.2d 1326 , 1331 (1995) (citing 21 CJS Courts 149A); American State Bank v. List-Mayer, 350 N.W.2d 44 (S.D.1984). [¶ 21.] The doctrine of the law of the case is not a rigid rule, and will not be invoked on a second appeal if the prior decision is “palpably erron

11999–1999
Agostini v. Felton green
scotus · 1997
2 sentences

1999Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203 , 117 S.Ct. 1997 , 138 L.Ed.2d 391 (1997).

1999Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203 , 117 S.Ct. 1997 , 138 L.Ed.2d 391 (1997).

11999–1999
Disimone v. Browner green
ca9 · 1997
2 sentences

1999For instance, in Disimone v. Browner, 121 F.3d 1262 (9th Cir.1997), the court invoked the doctrine even though the petitioners in the case at bar were different from the petitioners in the prior case, holding: Similarly, the fact that different citizen petitioners brought the present suit need not preclude application of the law of the case doctrine because both suits were brought against the same agency, about the same issue, and on behalf of the same citizen population.

1999For instance, in Disimone v. Browner, 121 F.3d 1262 (9th Cir.1997), the court invoked the doctrine even though the petitioners in the case at bar were different from the petitioners in the prior case, holding: Similarly, the fact that different citizen petitioners brought the present suit need not preclude application of the law of the case doctrine because both suits were brought against the same agency, about the same issue, and on behalf of the same citizen population.

11999–1999
Stormo v. Strong green
sd · 1991
1 sentence

1997See Miller v. Hernandez, 520 N.W.2d 266, 272 (S.D.1994) (Sabers, J. dissenting); Stormo v. Strong, 469 N.W.2d 816, 825 , (S.D.1991) (encouraging the submission of special interrogatories to jury regarding the amount awarded for each element of damages as a method for eliminating confusion over calculation of the types of damages awarded and aiding in meaningful appellate review). [5] We note that the plaintiffs did not need to prove this fifth element under the law of the case doctrine raised by Issue 2, infra, ¶ 28. [6] Instruction Number 20 provided, in relevant part, as follows: In this act

11997–1997
Dwyer v. Christensen green
sd · 1958
2 sentences

1967Gamble v. Keyes, 49 S.D. 39 , 206 N.W. 477 , Dwyer v. Christensen, 77 S.D. 381 , 92 N.W.2d 199 , and see Anno. 87 A.L.R.2d 271 .

1967Gamble v. Keyes, 49 S.D. 39 , 206 N.W. 477 , Dwyer v. Christensen, 77 S.D. 381 , 92 N.W.2d 199 , and see Anno. 87 A.L.R.2d 271 .

11967–1967

Where else courts name it

NY 856 (1923–2026) OH 708 (1924–2026) CA 585 (1889–2026) TX 454 (1970–2026) PA 421 (1938–2026) MI 420 (1972–2026) IL 394 (1939–2026) FL 313 (1947–2026) WA 310 (1946–2026) LA 295 (1961–2026) GA 191 (1921–2026) IN 170 (1967–2025) NV 159 (1895–2024) NJ 151 (1985–2026) TN 142 (1996–2026) AR 123 (1938–2025) CT 118 (1985–2026) KY 111 (1929–2026) MO 111 (1967–2025) CO 110 (1897–2026) UT 106 (1895–2025) AL 90 (1987–2026) NM 86 (1946–2025) VA 82 (1918–2026) NC 81 (1969–2026) KS 78 (1991–2026) AZ 78 (1956–2026) RI 72 (1951–2026) MD 70 (1985–2025) NE 66 (1910–2026) ND 65 (1987–2024) IA 64 (1945–2026) ID 62 (1978–2026) DE 61 (2000–2026) MT 61 (1972–2026) OR 59 (1924–2026) DC 57 (1963–2026) SC 53 (1995–2025) WI 52 (1986–2026) MS 46 (1917–2025) WV 44 (1934–2026) MN 40 (1933–2026) AK 33 (1966–2024) HI 32 (1914–2026) WY 28 (1986–2026) ME 19 (1979–2026) VT 19 (1977–2026) MA 17 (1994–2026) OK 17 (1947–2022) NH 15 (1990–2025) VI 13 (2009–2017) SD 12 (1967–2025)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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