motions hearing (Maryland) · Go Syfert
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motions hearing in Maryland

73 Maryland opinions name it 2 courts 1990–2026 14 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Maryland courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (33)

CaseFollowedCited
Davis v. Washingtongreen
scotus · 2006 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023App. 147, 166-67 (1998); see also Gray v. State, 368 Md. 529 , 566- 67, 574-75 & n.4 (2002) (Raker, J., concurring) (explaining that “it is important to keep in mind that the standards for admissibility under the Confrontation Clause are stricter than under the hearsay exception, requiring independent corroboration, while the hearsay exception under the rule does not.”). 11 The apparent confusion is demonstrated, for example, by the State’s comments at the motions hearing regarding the interplay between the Confrontation Clause and Rule 5- 804(b)(3)—specifically, the suggestion that “the confr

2023App. 147, 166-67 (1998); see also Gray v. State, 368 Md. 529 , 566- 67, 574-75 & n.4 (2002) (Raker, J., concurring) (explaining that “it is important to keep in mind that the standards for admissibility under the Confrontation Clause are stricter than under the hearsay exception, requiring independent corroboration, while the hearsay exception under the rule does not.”). 11 The apparent confusion is demonstrated, for example, by the State’s comments at the motions hearing regarding the interplay between the Confrontation Clause and Rule 5- 804(b)(3)—specifically, the suggestion that “the confr

22
Michigan v. Bryantgreen
scotus · 2011 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023App. 147, 166-67 (1998); see also Gray v. State, 368 Md. 529 , 566- 67, 574-75 & n.4 (2002) (Raker, J., concurring) (explaining that “it is important to keep in mind that the standards for admissibility under the Confrontation Clause are stricter than under the hearsay exception, requiring independent corroboration, while the hearsay exception under the rule does not.”). 11 The apparent confusion is demonstrated, for example, by the State’s comments at the motions hearing regarding the interplay between the Confrontation Clause and Rule 5- 804(b)(3)—specifically, the suggestion that “the confr

2023App. 147, 166-67 (1998); see also Gray v. State, 368 Md. 529 , 566- 67, 574-75 & n.4 (2002) (Raker, J., concurring) (explaining that “it is important to keep in mind that the standards for admissibility under the Confrontation Clause are stricter than under the hearsay exception, requiring independent corroboration, while the hearsay exception under the rule does not.”). 11 The apparent confusion is demonstrated, for example, by the State’s comments at the motions hearing regarding the interplay between the Confrontation Clause and Rule 5- 804(b)(3)—specifically, the suggestion that “the confr

22
State v. Standifurgreen
md · 1987 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023Additionally, although Mr. Blake’s reference to a purported request by Appellant for Mr. Blake to retrieve something from the “Pemberton” apartment was excised from the recording played at trial, the State explained at the motions hearing that this circumstance supported Mr. Blake’s explanation “throughout the interview . . . that the Pemberton residence was somewhere that the organization utilized to store controlled dangerous 41 substances.”17 Appellant acknowledges that corroboration by reference to other evidence is a proper means of proving trustworthiness, but stresses that the court was

2023Additionally, although Mr. Blake’s reference to a purported request by Appellant for Mr. Blake to retrieve something from the “Pemberton” apartment was excised from the recording played at trial, the State explained at the motions hearing that this circumstance supported Mr. Blake’s explanation “throughout the interview . . . that the Pemberton residence was somewhere that the organization utilized to store controlled dangerous 41 substances.” 17 Appellant acknowledges that corroboration by reference to other evidence is a proper means of proving trustworthiness, but stresses that the court wa

22
Gray v. Stategreen
md · 2002 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023App. 147, 166-67 (1998); see also Gray v. State, 368 Md. 529 , 566- 67, 574-75 & n.4 (2002) (Raker, J., concurring) (explaining that “it is important to keep in mind that the standards for admissibility under the Confrontation Clause are stricter than under the hearsay exception, requiring independent corroboration, while the hearsay exception under the rule does not.”). 11 The apparent confusion is demonstrated, for example, by the State’s comments at the motions hearing regarding the interplay between the Confrontation Clause and Rule 5- 804(b)(3)—specifically, the suggestion that “the confr

2023App. 147, 166-67 (1998); see also Gray v. State, 368 Md. 529 , 566- 67, 574-75 & n.4 (2002) (Raker, J., concurring) (explaining that “it is important to keep in mind that the standards for admissibility under the Confrontation Clause are stricter than under the hearsay exception, requiring independent corroboration, while the hearsay exception under the rule does not.”). 11 The apparent confusion is demonstrated, for example, by the State’s comments at the motions hearing regarding the interplay between the Confrontation Clause and Rule 5- 804(b)(3)—specifically, the suggestion that “the confr

22
Cruz v. New Yorkgreen
scotus · 1987 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023Additionally, although Mr. Blake’s reference to a purported request by Appellant for Mr. Blake to retrieve something from the “Pemberton” apartment was excised from the recording played at trial, the State explained at the motions hearing that this circumstance supported Mr. Blake’s explanation “throughout the interview . . . that the Pemberton residence was somewhere that the organization utilized to store controlled dangerous 41 substances.”17 Appellant acknowledges that corroboration by reference to other evidence is a proper means of proving trustworthiness, but stresses that the court was

2023Additionally, although Mr. Blake’s reference to a purported request by Appellant for Mr. Blake to retrieve something from the “Pemberton” apartment was excised from the recording played at trial, the State explained at the motions hearing that this circumstance supported Mr. Blake’s explanation “throughout the interview . . . that the Pemberton residence was somewhere that the organization utilized to store controlled dangerous 41 substances.” 17 Appellant acknowledges that corroboration by reference to other evidence is a proper means of proving trustworthiness, but stresses that the court wa

22
Baker v. Stategreen
md · 2002 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
2 sentences

2022See Baker v. State, 367 Md. 648, 688 (2002). 2 During the motions hearing, the motions court stated that the trial court “decided that manslaughter wouldn’t go to the jury . . . and deleted that from the verdict form, [the trial court] then said and explained at least on the record I saw, ‘I’m adding first degree assault.’” 2 unable to determine which modality the jury had accepted, or whether it had unanimously agreed upon either.

2022See Baker v. State, 367 Md. 648, 688 (2002). 2 During the motions hearing, the motions court stated that the trial court “decided that manslaughter wouldn’t go to the jury . . . and deleted that from the verdict form, [the trial court] then said and explained at least on the record I saw, ‘I’m adding first degree assault.’” 2 unable to determine which modality the jury had accepted, or whether it had unanimously agreed upon either.

22
Argyrou v. Stategreen
md · 1998 · cited in 2 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2002–2003
2 sentences

2002See Argyrou v. State, 349 Md. 587, 600 , 709 A.2d 1194, 1200 (1998); Yorke, 315 Md. at 590 , 556 A.2d at 235-36 ; Mack v. State, 300 Md. 583, 600 , 479 A.2d 1344, 1352 (1984). *658 In the case sub judice, the trial court held a motions hearing on April 2, 2001, at which time the motion for a new sentencing based on newly discovered evidence was heard.

2002See Argyrou v. State, 349 Md. 587, 600 , 709 A.2d 1194, 1200 (1998); Yorke, 315 Md. at 590 , 556 A.2d at 235-36 ; Mack v. State, 300 Md. 583, 600 , 479 A.2d 1344, 1352 (1984). *658 In the case sub judice, the trial court held a motions hearing on April 2, 2001, at which time the motion for a new sentencing based on newly discovered evidence was heard.

12
In Re Adoption/Guardianship of Cadence B.green
md · 2010 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Following a motions hearing, on October 29, 2024, the juvenile court denied both of Appellant’s motions because of Appellant’s “[f]ailure to properly serve the biological parent(s) with the Writ of Summons and Complaint” and his “[f]ailure to include both 5 biological parents as parties to the Special Immigrant Juvenile case[.]” Additionally, the juvenile court concluded that “there is no authority to file this matter in a Juvenile CINA case” and that the request for SIJS “must be filed in a separate Family Law case.” On March 5, 2025, Kids in Need of Defense (“KIND”) filed an Emergency Motion

11
Food Marketing Institute v. Argus Leader Mediagreen
scotus · 2019 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024Argus Leader Between the time of the motions hearing and the time when the court issued its decision in 2022, the United States Supreme Court decided Food Marketing Institute v. Argus Leader Media, 588 U.S. 427 (2019).

2024In Argus Leader the Court rejected the National Parks test and its dictate that some information cannot be “confidential,” for purposes of Exemption 4, unless its disclosure is likely to result in “substantial competitive harm.” Id. at 430 ; see id. at 440 (holding that, “[a]t least where commercial or financial information is both customarily and actually treated as private by its owner and provided to the government under an assurance of privacy, the information is ‘confidential’ within the meaning of Exemption 4”).

11
Edmund v. Stategreen
md · 2007 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023See Edmund v. State, 398 Md. 562, 569 (2007) (approving trial court’s decision to address the merits of the petitioner’s Rule 4-252 motion where “there was no sandbagging of the State,” which had an opportunity to respond in advance of the motions hearing); Davis v. State, 100 Md.

11
Davis v. Stategreen
mdctspecapp · 1994 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023See Edmund v. State, 398 Md. 562, 569 (2007) (approving trial court’s decision to address the merits of the petitioner’s Rule 4-252 motion where “there was no sandbagging of the State,” which had an opportunity to respond in advance of the motions hearing); Davis v. State, 100 Md.

11
Sinclair v. Stategreen
md · 2015 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023App. 369, 386 (1994) (finding that good cause existed to excuse late filing where appellant was involuntarily without counsel during the relevant filing period); Sinclair, 444 Md. at 35-36 (finding waiver where counsel attempted to raise grounds for motion to suppress on the first day of trial without any showing of good cause).

11
United States v. Keith A. Va Leriegreen
ca8 · 2005 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022See United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 113 (1984); see also United States v. Va Lerie, 424 F.3d 694, 706 (8th Cir. 2005) (“Because seizure is defined as some meaningful interference with an individual’s possessory interests in his property, not all police interference with an individual’s property constitutes a Fourth Amendment seizure, i.e., the police do not seize property every time they handle private property.”).

11
United States v. Jacobsengreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022See United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 113 (1984); see also United States v. Va Lerie, 424 F.3d 694, 706 (8th Cir. 2005) (“Because seizure is defined as some meaningful interference with an individual’s possessory interests in his property, not all police interference with an individual’s property constitutes a Fourth Amendment seizure, i.e., the police do not seize property every time they handle private property.”).

11
McCracken v. Stategreen
md · 2012 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Claibourne v. Willisgreen
md · 1997 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021Enrolled Judgment > Revisory Power > Opening or Vacating Judgment > Grounds > Mistake It is “well settled that ‘mistake,’ as used in Rule 2-535(b), is limited to a jurisdictional error, such as where the Court lacks the power to enter the judgment.” Claibourne v. Willis, 347 Md. 684, 692 (1997).

11
Greenstreet v. Stategreen
md · 2006 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Brice v. Stategreen
mdctspecapp · 2015 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Patterson v. Stategreen
md · 2007 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021See McCracken v. State, 429 Md. 507 , 516 n.6 (2012) (declining to address a separate argument that evidence was properly seized under the Fourth Amendment where that argument was abandoned by the State at oral argument). 15 supported by probable cause, rather we must determine whether the “issuing judge had a substantial basis for concluding that the [court order] was supported by probable cause.” [Patterson v. State, 401 Md. 76, 89 (2007)] (emphasis added) (citing Greenstreet v. State, 392 Md. 652 , 898 A.2d 961 (2006)).

11
State v. Guidrygreen
lactapp · 1986 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Perry v. Stategreen
md · 1996 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Gloria Sandone v. Stategreen
texapp · 2013 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
120 W. FAYETTE STREET, LLLP v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimoregreen
md · 2009 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Smith v. Danielczykgreen
md · 2007 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Okwa v. Harpergreen
md · 2000 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Attorney Grievance Commission v. Obergreen
md · 1998 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Ward v. Stategreen
md · 1981 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Vinogradova v. Suntrust Bank, Inc.green
mdctspecapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
MacK v. Stategreen
md · 1984 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
11
State v. Mazzonegreen
md · 1994 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Tu v. Stategreen
md · 1994 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Brown v. Stategreen
md · 2000 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Pittman v. Atlantic Realty Co.green
md · 2000 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Maryland. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (47)

CaseCitedYears
Wengert v. State green
md · 2001
2 sentences

2014“Our review of the propriety of the trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress evidence is limited to the record developed at the motions hearing.” Wengert, 364 Md. at 84 .

2006Additionally, “[o]ur review of the propriety of the trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress evidence is limited to the record developed at the motions hearing.” Wengert, supra, 364 Md. at 84 , 771 A.2d 389 .

32005–2014
State v. Taylor green
md · 2002
2 sentences

2020In the second case, Taylor, also during a hearing on a pretrial motion to dismiss, the defendant introduced into evidence, without objection, a memorandum that summarized the State’s evidence, and the parties “proceeded at the motions hearing based on an agreement that [the] memorandum was an accurate and complete summary of the facts underlying the charges in the information.” Id. at 626 .

2015Taylor and the State proceeded at the motions hearing based on an agreement that State’s Exhibit 1 “was an accurate and complete summary of the facts underlying the charges in the information.” Id.

22015–2020
Trusty v. State green
md · 1987
2 sentences

2019Trusty v. State, 308 Md. 658 , 669– 72 (1987).

2015Trusty v. State, 308 Md. 658, 669-72 , 521 A.2d 749 (1987).

22015–2019
Martinez v. State green
md · 2010
2 sentences

2013After observing that its decision in Calloway “inform[ed] the resolution of’ the case before it, id. at 429, 7 A.3d 56 , the Court noted that the State’s nolle prossing of charges against Mejicanos, just six days before he testified at the motions hearing in Martinez’s case, and its incarceration of him pending his testimony were evidence of “bias, motivated by self-interest.” Id. at 431 , 7 A.3d 56 .

2013After observing that its decision in Calloway “inform[ed] the resolution of’ the case before it, id. at 429, 7 A.3d 56 , the Court noted that the State’s nolle prossing of charges against Mejicanos, just six days before he testified at the motions hearing in Martinez’s case, and its incarceration of him pending his testimony were evidence of “bias, motivated by self-interest.” Id. at 431 , 7 A.3d 56 .

22013–2018
Denicolis v. State green
md · 2003
2 sentences

2015Neither the trial court nor the prosecutor should be surprised at the hearing.”). 15 *30 Although Rule 4-252 is unambiguous in setting a time limit and requiring some detail as to the basis for a suppression motion, it also grants trial courts discretion to hear noncompliant motions “for good cause shown.” In Denicolis , this Court observed that some trial courts allow defense counsel to file timely an omnibus motion “seeking a panoply of relief based on bald, eonclusory allegations devoid of any articulated factual or legal underpinning,” and later supplement that motion to flesh out the spec

2015Neither the trial court nor the prosecutor should be surprised at the hearing.”). 15 *30 Although Rule 4-252 is unambiguous in setting a time limit and requiring some detail as to the basis for a suppression motion, it also grants trial courts discretion to hear noncompliant motions “for good cause shown.” In Denicolis , this Court observed that some trial courts allow defense counsel to file timely an omnibus motion “seeking a panoply of relief based on bald, eonclusory allegations devoid of any articulated factual or legal underpinning,” and later supplement that motion to flesh out the spec

22015–2015
State v. Northam green
md · 2011
2 sentences

2012Less than two months after the motions hearing, the defendant filed a motion for a change in venue in the form of a letter captioned “For a Change of Venue,” stating at the end of the letter that his public defender had not contacted him even though trial was three weeks away and requesting “a Court appointed attorney and Change of Venue.” Id. at 202-03 , 26 A.3d 344 .

2012Less than two months after the motions hearing, the defendant filed a motion for a change in venue in the form of a letter captioned “For a Change of Venue,” stating at the end of the letter that his public defender had not contacted him even though trial was three weeks away and requesting “a Court appointed attorney and Change of Venue.” Id. at 202-03 , 26 A.3d 344 .

22012–2012
Yorke v. State green
md · 1989
2 sentences

2003At the motions hearing Yorke presented the newly discovered evidence to establish that the DNA fingerprint from the vaginal washing did not match his DNA fingerprint and therefore he could not have raped the victim. 315 Md. at 588, 556 A.2d at 235 .

2002See Argyrou v. State, 349 Md. 587, 600 , 709 A.2d 1194, 1200 (1998); Yorke, 315 Md. at 590 , 556 A.2d at 235-36 ; Mack v. State, 300 Md. 583, 600 , 479 A.2d 1344, 1352 (1984). *658 In the case sub judice, the trial court held a motions hearing on April 2, 2001, at which time the motion for a new sentencing based on newly discovered evidence was heard.

22002–2003
Campbell v. State green
md · 2003
1 sentence

2026Having “felt the pulse of the trial” and “rely[ing] on his own impressions” of that trial as he was entitled to do, Campbell, 373 Md. at 672 , the judge determined “that the case [against Ms. Gambino] hinged on the assertion that” she rendered her child a CINA by exposing her “to Child Welfare Services Forensic interviews.” At the motions hearing prior to sentencing, the judge characterized Ms. Rodriguez’s testimony as it related to this core issue as “parrot[ing] what can be verified by the video and the audio” recording of her interview with R.

12026–2026
Jackson v. State green
mdctspecapp · 2005
1 sentence

2026Id. at 692–93.

12026–2026
Nelson v. State green
md · 1989
1 sentence

2026He recognized that Ms. Rodriguez gave details about unrecorded conversations with Ms. Gambino, but ultimately found it “immaterial” to the jury’s decision “whether or not [Ms. Gambino] was told not to discuss [the case] with [R]” because “she clearly had the background to understand how the operation worked because of her line of work.” We cannot say that this conclusion was in any way “arbitrary or capricious, or without the letter or beyond the reason of the law.” Nelson, 315 Md. at 70 .

12026–2026
Brady v. Maryland green
scotus · 1963
1 sentence

2025The motion did not mention the victim’s CAC interview, the DNA report, or any other missing discovery. 1 Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) (establishing a criminal defendant’s federal constitutional right to the pretrial disclosure of exculpatory information). 3 At a motions hearing on February 16, 2024, the State informed the defense that the investigation did not occur and, thus, that there was no evidence to produce.

12025–2025
State v. Lattisaw green
mdctspecapp · 1981
1 sentence

2023This was just the earliest available date I could get for both of them.” Id. at 23 .

12023–2023
United States v. Throckmorton green
scotus · 1878
2 sentences

2021First, the fraudulent and forged Power of Attorney did not prevent Roberto “from exhibiting fully his case,” or “keep[] him away from court.” Throckmorton, 98 U.S. at 65 .

2021Accordingly, like the fraudulent grant in Throckmorton, 98 U.S. at 65 , the contractual misrepresentations in Mueller, 30 Md.

12021–2021
Mueller v. Payn green
mdctspecapp · 1976
1 sentence

2021Accordingly, like the fraudulent grant in Throckmorton, 98 U.S. at 65 , the contractual misrepresentations in Mueller, 30 Md.

12021–2021
Leroy Neal Barksdale,ska Leroy Neil Barksdale v. CW green
vactapp · 1999
12020–2020
Wisconsin v. Mitchell green
scotus · 1993
12020–2020
Sizer v. State green
md · 2017
12018–2018
Piemonte v. United States green
scotus · 1961
12018–2018
Nathan v. State green
md · 2002
12018–2018
Belote v. State green
md · 2009
12018–2018
Vandegrift v. State green
md · 1965
12016–2016
Critical Mass Energy Project v. Nuclear Regulatory Commission green
cadc · 1992
12016–2016
Stevenson v. State green
mdctspecapp · 1979
12016–2016
Fato v. United States green
scotus · 1993
12016–2016
Chronicle Publishing Co. v. Rison green
scotus · 1993
12016–2016
I. T. O. Corp. v. Sellman green
scotus · 1993
12016–2016
Gambrill v. State green
md · 2014
12016–2016
United States v. Murphy green
ca4 · 2009
12015–2015
McDonald v. State green
md · 1997
12015–2015
Towson University v. Conte green
md · 2004
12013–2013
Maddox v. Cohn green
md · 2012
12013–2013
Donigan v. Donigan green
md · 1956
12013–2013
Rite Aid Corp. v. Hagley green
md · 2003
12013–2013
Bryniarski v. Montgomery County Board of Appeals red
md · 1967
12012–2012
Joseph v. State green
mdctspecapp · 2010
12012–2012
White v. State green
mdctspecapp · 1974
12011–2011
Miranda v. Arizona green
scotus · 1966
12010–2010
Bedford v. State green
md · 1982
12010–2010
District of Columbia v. Heller green
scotus · 2008
12009–2009
Rohrbeck v. Rohrbeck green
md · 1989
12008–2008

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MD § Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 12-302 (4) USC § 5u.s.c.552 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

MD 73 (1990–2026) GA 37 (1983–2026) CO 28 (1981–2026) SD 27 (1935–2024) DC 23 (1973–2024) TX 14 (1989–2025) KS 13 (2005–2026) OH 11 (1999–2024) NY 9 (1947–2014) MS 8 (1994–2024) MA 7 (1942–2019) IL 7 (1943–2026) LA 6 (1961–2023) WY 6 (1974–2021) SC 6 (2009–2023) VA 6 (2008–2024) AL 5 (1972–2017) NC 5 (1987–2017) CA 4 (1948–1985) VT 4 (1996–2018) UT 4 (1930–2021) AZ 3 (2012–2017) MT 3 (2011–2021) NM 3 (1984–1990) PA 3 (2017–2023) OR 3 (2006–2025) IA 2 (1935–2016) NH 2 (1970–2017) WA 2 (2009–2009) CT 2 (1979–2024) ID 2 (2013–2018)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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