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60 California opinions name it 2 courts 1880–2025 8 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Crisci v. Security Insurancegreen2 sentences2016(See Crisci, supra, 66 Cal.2d at p. 431 [“The size of the judgment recovered in the personal injury action when it exceeds the policy limits, although not conclusive, furnishes an inference that the value of the claim is the equivalent of the amount of the judgment and that acceptance of an offer within those limits was the most reasonable method of dealing with the claim.”].) But it does not follow that a judgment is the only manner by which an insured or subrogee may prove damages resulting from an unreasonable failure to settle within policy limits. 2007In order to recover, it will also be necessary for them to prove that one or more of such settlement offers were, in the context of the facts of this case, “reasonable” as that term was used by the Supreme Court in Johansen, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 16 . 23 As the Crisci court noted, “[t]he size of the judgment recovered in the personal injury action when it exceeds the policy limits, although not conclusive, furnishes an inference that the value of the claim is the equivalent of the amount of the judgment and that acceptance of an offer within those limits was the most reasonable method of deal | 4 | 8 |
Smith v. Lewisgreen2 sentences2014The plaintiff has to show both that the loss of a valid claim was proximately caused by defendant attorney's negligence, and that such a loss was measurable in damages." (Id. at p. 591.) "[W]hen the attorney's negligence lies in his failure to press a meritorious claim, the measure of damages is the value of the claim lost. [Citation.] . . . '[A]n attorney's "liability, as in other negligence cases, is for all damages directly and proximately caused by his negligence." ' " (Smith v. Lewis (1975) 13 Cal.3d 349, 361-362 .) The "case-within-a-case" method applies only in certain legal malpractice 2003The general rule that "the measure of damages [in a legal malpractice action] is the value of the claim lost" does not preclude us from barring recovery of lost punitive damages for public policy reasons. ( Smith v. Lewis, supra, 13 Cal.3d at p. 361 , 118 Cal.Rptr. 621 , 530 P.2d 589 .) A plaintiff in a legal malpractice action "is entitled only to be made whole." ( Ibid.) But "[i]t should be presumed a plaintiff has been made whole for his injuries by compensatory damages...." ( State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. | 4 | 7 |
Granquist v. Sandberggreen2 sentences2003In Granquist , the Court of Appeal held that the personal representative of a deceased tort victim may recover pain, suffering, or disfigurement damages in a legal malpractice action. ( Granquist, at p. 185, 268 Cal.Rptr. 109 .) Concluding that former Probate Code section 573, subdivision (c)limiting recovery by a personal representative "to the loss or damage the decedent sustained *57 or incurred prior to death"did not the court found no reason to deviate from the general rule that the measure of damages in a legal malpractice action is the value of the claim lost ( Granquist, at pp. 186-1 2003In Granquist , the Court of Appeal held that the personal representative of a deceased tort victim may recover pain, suffering, or disfigurement damages in a legal malpractice action. ( Granquist, at p. 185, 268 Cal.Rptr. 109 .) Concluding that former Probate Code section 573, subdivision (c)limiting recovery by a personal representative "to the loss or damage the decedent sustained *57 or incurred prior to death"did not the court found no reason to deviate from the general rule that the measure of damages in a legal malpractice action is the value of the claim lost ( Granquist, at pp. 186-1 | 4 | 5 |
Pete v. Hendersongreen2 sentences2001Code, § 3333.) In Smith , the court explained: “The general rule is that a plaintiff is entitled *980 only to be made whole: i.e., when the attorney’s negligence lies in his failure to press a meritorious claim, the measure of damages is the value of the claim lost. [Citation.] Or, as stated by Justice Peters in Pete v. Henderson (1954) 124 Cal.App.2d 487, 489 [ 269 P.2d 78 , 45 A.L.R.2d 58 ], an attorney’s ‘liability, as in other negligence cases, is for all damages directly and proximately caused by his negligence.’ ” (Smith, supra, 13 Cal.3d at pp. 361-362.) Punitive damages, historically a 2001Code, § 3333.) In Smith , the court explained: “The general rule is that a plaintiff is entitled *980 only to be made whole: i.e., when the attorney’s negligence lies in his failure to press a meritorious claim, the measure of damages is the value of the claim lost. [Citation.] Or, as stated by Justice Peters in Pete v. Henderson (1954) 124 Cal.App.2d 487, 489 [ 269 P.2d 78 , 45 A.L.R.2d 58 ], an attorney’s ‘liability, as in other negligence cases, is for all damages directly and proximately caused by his negligence.’ ” (Smith, supra, 13 Cal.3d at pp. 361-362.) Punitive damages, historically a | 3 | 3 |
In Re Marriage of Browngreen2 sentences2001The measure of damages in a legal malpractice action involving an attorney’s failure to bring a claim is “the value of the claim lost.” {Smith v. Lewis (1975) 13 Cal.3d. 349, 361 [ 118 Cal.Rptr. 621 , 530 P.2d 589 , 78 A.L.R.3d 231 ] (Smith), disapproved on other grounds in In re Marriage of Brown (1976) 15 Cal.3d 838, 851, fn. 14 [ 126 Cal.Rptr. 633 , 544 P.2d 561 , 94 A.L.R.3d 164 ].) This rule is simply in keeping with the general rule of tort damages: an injured party may recover for all detriment proximately caused whether it could have been anticipated or not. 2001The measure of damages in a legal malpractice action involving an attorney’s failure to bring a claim is “the value of the claim lost.” {Smith v. Lewis (1975) 13 Cal.3d. 349, 361 [ 118 Cal.Rptr. 621 , 530 P.2d 589 , 78 A.L.R.3d 231 ] (Smith), disapproved on other grounds in In re Marriage of Brown (1976) 15 Cal.3d 838, 851, fn. 14 [ 126 Cal.Rptr. 633 , 544 P.2d 561 , 94 A.L.R.3d 164 ].) This rule is simply in keeping with the general rule of tort damages: an injured party may recover for all detriment proximately caused whether it could have been anticipated or not. | 2 | 2 |
Gutierrez v. Mofidgreen2 sentences1998Finally, we cannot endorse a rule that determines liability by measuring the amount that a client might have received in connection with a claim, rather than the actual value of the claim, It is well settled that “. . . an attorney is liable for malpractice when his negligent investigation, advice, or conduct of the client’s affairs results in loss of the client’s meritorious claim. [Citation.]” (Gutierrez v. Mofid (1985) 39 Cal.3d 892, 900 [ 218 Cal.Rptr. 313 , 705 P.2d 886 ], italics added.) “[T]he general rule of damages [is] that when an attorney’s negligence ‘lies in his failure to press 1998Finally, we cannot endorse a rule that determines liability by measuring the amount that a client might have received in connection with a claim, rather than the actual value of the claim, It is well settled that “. . . an attorney is liable for malpractice when his negligent investigation, advice, or conduct of the client’s affairs results in loss of the client’s meritorious claim. [Citation.]” (Gutierrez v. Mofid (1985) 39 Cal.3d 892, 900 [ 218 Cal.Rptr. 313 , 705 P.2d 886 ], italics added.) “[T]he general rule of damages [is] that when an attorney’s negligence ‘lies in his failure to press | 2 | 2 |
Johansen v. California State Automobile Ass'n Inter-Insurance Bureaugreen2 sentences2007In order to recover, it will also be necessary for them to prove that one or more of such settlement offers were, in the context of the facts of this case, “reasonable” as that term was used by the Supreme Court in Johansen, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 16 . 23 As the Crisci court noted, “[t]he size of the judgment recovered in the personal injury action when it exceeds the policy limits, although not conclusive, furnishes an inference that the value of the claim is the equivalent of the amount of the judgment and that acceptance of an offer within those limits was the most reasonable method of deal 1980Bureau, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. 17.) The size of the judgment against Miller was twice the value of the claim against him so it would be proper to infer that National’s settlement offer should have been accepted as the most reasonable way to handle the claim. | 1 | 3 |
Heimlich v. Shivjigreen2 sentences2025“Parties should be encouraged to make offers without fear that they will be treated as an admission of either liability or the minimal value of a claim.” (Heimlich v. Shivji (2019) 7 Cal.5th 350, 360 .) Accordingly, Evidence Code section 1152 generally makes “offers to settle a claim, and negotiations pertaining to such offers” inadmissible to prove liability on the same claim. 2021(C & K Engineering Contractors v. Amber Steel Co. (1978) 23 Cal.3d 1, 13 ; accord, Heimlich v. Shivji (2019) 7 Cal.5th 350, 360 [“Parties should be encouraged to make offers without fear that they will be treated as an admission of either liability or the minimal value of a claim.”].) As the trial court reasoned, the jury’s consideration of the Rotarex settlement to determine Catalina’s liability was precisely the danger the Legislature sought to ameliorate in Evidence Code section 1152, and it “implicated the very policy reason why settlement evidence is explosive and usually excluded.” The t | 1 | 2 |
Lally v. Kustergreen2 sentences1992(Lally v. Kuster (1918) supra, 177 Cal. 783, 791.) Or, as stated by Justice Peters in Pete v. Henderson (1954) 124 Cal.App.2d 487, 489 [ 269 P.2d 78 ], an attorney’s ‘liability, as in other negligence cases, is for all damages directly and proximately caused by his negligence.’ ” (Smith v. Lewis (1975) 13 Cal.3d 349, 361 [ 118 Cal.Rptr. 621 , 530 P.2d 589 , 78 A.L.R.3d 231 ].) In Granquist v. Sandberg (1990) 219 Cal.App.3d 181, 187 [ 268 Cal.Rptr. 109 ], we referred to the discussion in Smith v. Lewis, supra, 13 Cal.3d 349 , and explained, “As noted by two leading commentators in the legal mal 1975The general rule is that a plaintiff is entitled only to be made whole: i.e., when the attorney's negligence lies in his failure to press a meritorious claim, the measure of damages is the value of the claim lost. ( Lally v. Kuster (1918) supra, 177 Cal. 783 , *362 791.) (8) Or, as stated by Justice Peters in Pete v. Henderson (1954) 124 Cal. App.2d 487, 489 [ 269 P.2d 78 ], an attorney's "liability, as in other negligence cases, is for all damages directly and proximately caused by his negligence." Here, it is contended, the court's award of a gross sum permitted plaintiff to receive a windfa | 1 | 2 |
City and County of San Francisco v. County of San Mateogreen1 sentence2023XIII, § 1, subd. (a).) “Proposition 13, an initiative measure enacted in June 1978, added article XIII A to the California Constitution and changed the taxation of real property by replacing ‘the fair market valuation standard with that of acquisition value.’ [Citation.] Article XIII A, section 2 provides that all real property, except for property acquired prior to 1975, shall be assessed and taxed at its value on the date of acquisition, subject to a 2 percent maximum annual inflationary increase. [Citation.] This is sometimes referred to as the indexed or adjusted base year value.” (Western | 1 | 1 |
Western States Petroleum etc. v. State Bd. of Equalizationgreen1 sentence2023XIII, § 1, subd. (a).) “Proposition 13, an initiative measure enacted in June 1978, added article XIII A to the California Constitution and changed the taxation of real property by replacing ‘the fair market valuation standard with that of acquisition value.’ [Citation.] Article XIII A, section 2 provides that all real property, except for property acquired prior to 1975, shall be assessed and taxed at its value on the date of acquisition, subject to a 2 percent maximum annual inflationary increase. [Citation.] This is sometimes referred to as the indexed or adjusted base year value.” (Western | 1 | 1 |
Aerojet-General Corp. v. Transport Indemnity Co.green1 sentence2022The pro rated amount of $1,644.00 per day allowed [Defendants] to cure any lack of payment and stop any accruing penalties.” In opposition to the motion, Defendants argued the liquidated damages provision was unenforceable under section 1671 because the amount of such damages was not a reasonable estimate of the losses Plaintiffs would suffer due to delayed payment.7 Defendants submitted no evidence of their own. duty to defend are then terminated.” (Aerojet-General Corp. v. Transport Indemnity Co. (1997) 17 Cal.4th 38, 76, fn. 29 .) In other words, any costs Defendants incurred defending the | 1 | 1 |
Santantonio v. Westinghouse Broadcasting Co.green1 sentence2015(See Najah, supra, 230 Cal.App.4th at p, 145 [“[Although potential damages were extensive, given the reasonable possibility that liability did not exist, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that [the defendant’s] offer was reasonable.”]; Santantonio, supra, 25 Cal.App.4th at p. 118 [$100,000 offer not unreasonable despite $900,000 claim in damages because defendants contended they had no liability and the jury agreed].) Abatement Costs Plaintiffs contend that the costs incurred to survey and test the pipes on Melendrez’s property were not necessary and reasonable for tr | 1 | 1 |
| People v. Kellyred | 1 | 1 |
| Colonial Surety Co. v. Uni-Con Floors, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| Copeland v. Baskin Robbins U.S.A.green | 1 | 1 |
| Coleman Engineering Co. v. North American Aviation, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| Pasadena Live, LLC v. City of Pasadenagreen | 1 | 1 |
| Bailey v. FARMERS UNION CO-OP. INS.green | 1 | 1 |
| Taylor v. Hoppergreen | 1 | 1 |
| Brewer v. Second Baptist Churchgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Adams v. Murakamigreen | 1 | 1 |
| Lakin v. Watkins Associated Industriesgreen | 1 | 1 |
| In Re Reedgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Thompson v. Halvonikgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Campbell v. Maganagreen | 1 | 1 |
| AMADOR VALLEY JT. UN. HIGH SCH. v. State Bd. of Equal.green | 1 | 1 |
| Osco Drug, Inc. v. County of Orangegreen | 1 | 1 |
| Shamblin v. Brattaingreen | 1 | 1 |
| Sunseri v. Camperos Del Valle Stables, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| Datta v. Staabgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Dryden v. Continental Baking Co.green | 1 | 1 |
| Taylor v. Polegreen | 1 | 1 |
| Mercantile Tr. Co. of S.F. v. McDougaldgreen | 1 | 1 |
| In Re Estate of Millergreen | 1 | 1 |
| Riley v. Howardgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Estate of Watkinsongreen | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Romo v. Ford Motor Co.red1 sentence2021(Ault, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1261 .) Catalina’s reliance on Romo v. Ford Motor Co. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 1115 (Romo), cert. granted and judgment vacated by Ford Motor Co. v. Romo (2003) 538 U.S. 1028 , disapproved by Ault, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1272 , is misplaced. | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Espericuenta v. Shewry
green
2 sentences2009The court stated: “[W]e are at a loss to understand how a court can make an accurate liability analysis and fairly determine if a settlement is reasonable when the petitioner withholds evidence that a minor’s case may be worth more than eight times *1383 the proposed settlement amount and when the court is not informed that the petitioner believes the lien amount should be reduced by more than $200,000.” (Espericueta, supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 627 .) Given the facts before it, the Espericueta court found Ahlborn inapplicable. 2008Such information would certainly have a bearing on the reasonableness of the compromise.” (Espericueta, supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 627 .) Thus, a litigant, including a minor, cannot play fast and loose with the judicial system, turning it off and on at will. | 2 | 2008–2009 |
Mattco Forge, Inc. v. Arthur Young & Co.
green
2 sentences1998This distinction was addressed by the court in Mattco Forge, Inc. v. Arthur Young & Co. (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 820 [ 60 Cal.Rptr.2d 780 ]. 1998This distinction was addressed by the court in Mattco Forge, Inc. v. Arthur Young & Co. (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 820 [ 60 Cal.Rptr.2d 780 ]. | 2 | 1998–1998 |
Caira v. Offner
green
1 sentence2025(Caira, supra, 126 Cal.App.4th at p. 30 .) Settlement communications may be admitted to prove a claim that is “wholly distinct” from the claim discussed therein. | 1 | 2025–2025 |
People v. Salmorin
green
1 sentence2025DISPOSITION The July 19, 2024 order denying appellant’s application for relief under Penal Code section 1170.18 is affirmed. 6 Because the value of the claim has no bearing on the punishment under Insurance Code section 1871.1, the appellate court’s holding in Salmorin¸supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at page 745 , that the trial court erred in aggregating the value of individual checks forged by the defendant therein, does not create an arguable issue in this appeal. 7 | 1 | 2025–2025 |
Gutierrez v. Girardi
green
1 sentence2024“The trial-within-a-trial method has been expanded to breach of fiduciary duty cases.” (Gutierrez v. Girardi (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 925, 934 .) The Loube court appears to have accepted as much, and neither Wang nor respondents argue to the contrary. 44 refused to “endorse a rule that determines liability by measuring the amount that a client might have received in connection with a claim, rather than the actual value of the claim.” (Id. at p. 426.) The court explained, “It is well settled that ‘an attorney is liable for malpractice when his negligent investigation, advice, or conduct of the cl | 1 | 2024–2024 |
Franklin Mint Co. v. Superior Court
green
1 sentence2022Given the gaps in Sisca’s evidence, the trial court “may not [have been] able to more than make its best estimate.” (Franklin Mint, supra, 130 Cal.App.4th at p. 1561 .) Considering the significant latitude the trial court had in the offset valuation, we will not second guess the court’s finding that the value of the cross-complaint was at most negligible and that no offset needed to be awarded. 13 DISPOSITION The judgment is affirmed. | 1 | 2022–2022 |
Aguilera v. Loma Linda University Medical Center
green
1 sentence2022(Reimbursement Due = [Total Settlement ÷ Full Value of Claim] × Value of Benefits Provided.)” (Aguilera, supra, 235 Cal.App.4th at p. 828 .) 24 would be paying the plaintiff’s future medical and attendant care expenses, and thus those expenses should be excluded from the calculation. | 1 | 2022–2022 |
Ford Motor Co. v. Estate of Smith
green
1 sentence2021(Ault, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1261 .) Catalina’s reliance on Romo v. Ford Motor Co. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 1115 (Romo), cert. granted and judgment vacated by Ford Motor Co. v. Romo (2003) 538 U.S. 1028 , disapproved by Ault, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1272 , is misplaced. | 1 | 2021–2021 |
C & K ENGINEERING CONTRACTORS v. Amber Steel Co.
green
1 sentence2021(C & K Engineering Contractors v. Amber Steel Co. (1978) 23 Cal.3d 1, 13 ; accord, Heimlich v. Shivji (2019) 7 Cal.5th 350, 360 [“Parties should be encouraged to make offers without fear that they will be treated as an admission of either liability or the minimal value of a claim.”].) As the trial court reasoned, the jury’s consideration of the Rotarex settlement to determine Catalina’s liability was precisely the danger the Legislature sought to ameliorate in Evidence Code section 1152, and it “implicated the very policy reason why settlement evidence is explosive and usually excluded.” The t | 1 | 2021–2021 |
People v. Ault
green
2 sentences2021(Ault, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1261 .) Catalina’s reliance on Romo v. Ford Motor Co. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 1115 (Romo), cert. granted and judgment vacated by Ford Motor Co. v. Romo (2003) 538 U.S. 1028 , disapproved by Ault, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1272 , is misplaced. 2021(Ault, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1261 .) Catalina’s reliance on Romo v. Ford Motor Co. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 1115 (Romo), cert. granted and judgment vacated by Ford Motor Co. v. Romo (2003) 538 U.S. 1028 , disapproved by Ault, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1272 , is misplaced. | 1 | 2021–2021 |
Strickland v. Washington
green
1 sentence2015(See Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 688 .) First, any added harm to appellant from drawing additional attention to the packing slips, when compared with the value to the defense case of even possibly keeping out this extremely harmful evidence pursuant to a successful hearsay objection, would have been de minimis. | 1 | 2015–2015 |
McMillian v. Stroud
green
1 sentence2015(McMillian, supra, 166 Cal.App.4th at p. 701 .) Here, Ashlynn moved to reduce the Department’s lien, arguing that the Ahlborn formula applied and presenting evidence regarding the full value of her claim, *831 including the approximately $11.5 million for future attendant care. | 1 | 2015–2015 |
Bolanos v. Superior Court
green
1 sentence2015(Bolanos, supra, 169 Cal.App.4th at p. 753 .) Expressed mathematically, the Ahlborn formula calculates the reimbursement due as the total settlement divided by the full value of the claim, which is then multiplied by the value of benefits provided. | 1 | 2015–2015 |
Truong v. Glasser
green
1 sentence2014The injury necessarily is more qualitative than quantitative because the fact of damage, rather than the amount, is the critical factor." (Ibid.) Subsequently we have held, "the Jordache court concluded the attorney's negligence, by allowing the insurers to interpose an objectively viable defense to coverage, caused immediate injury to the clients in the form of additional litigation costs in the coverage litigation, as well as reducing the value of the claim against the insurers and other lost opportunity costs. [Citation.] Because these injuries were immediate, and the outcome of the litigat | 1 | 2014–2014 |
Jordache Enterprises, Inc. v. Brobeck
green
2 sentences2014The court applied Jordache, supra, 18 Cal.4th 739 to conclude once the bankruptcy trustee raised an objectively viable argument the mechanic liens were not perfected because of the attorney's error in not giving proper notice in the bankruptcy, the client sustained actual injury. 2014The court applied Jordache, supra, 18 Cal.4th 739 to conclude once the bankruptcy trustee raised an objectively viable argument the mechanic liens were not perfected because of the attorney's error in not giving proper notice in the bankruptcy, the client sustained actual injury. | 1 | 2014–2014 |
Village Nurseries v. Greenbaum
green
1 sentence2014The injury necessarily is more qualitative than quantitative because the fact of damage, rather than the amount, is the critical factor." (Ibid.) Subsequently we have held, "the Jordache court concluded the attorney's negligence, by allowing the insurers to interpose an objectively viable defense to coverage, caused immediate injury to the clients in the form of additional litigation costs in the coverage litigation, as well as reducing the value of the claim against the insurers and other lost opportunity costs. [Citation.] Because these injuries were immediate, and the outcome of the litigat | 1 | 2014–2014 |
| Van Meter v. Bent Construction Co. green | 1 | 2013–2013 |
| Brehm v. 21st Century Insurance green | 1 | 2013–2013 |
| Mendoza v. ADP Screening & Selection Services, Inc. green | 1 | 2013–2013 |
| Motley v. Equity Title Co. (In Re Motley) green | 1 | 2010–2010 |
| Brown v. Superior Court green | 1 | 2008–2008 |
| Urtz v. . N.Y.C. H.R.R.R. Co. green | 1 | 2007–2007 |
| Comunale v. Traders & General Insurance green | 1 | 2007–2007 |
| State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance v. Campbell green | 1 | 2003–2003 |
| Davis v. Hearst green | 1 | 2003–2003 |
| Brown v. Brown green | 1 | 2001–2001 |
| Arciniega v. Bank of San Bernardino green | 1 | 2000–2000 |
| McClelland v. Board of Supervisors green | 1 | 1997–1997 |
| Rizzo v. Haines green | 1 | 1996–1996 |
| Ralph W. Moores, Jr. v. Nathan Greenberg, Ralph W. Moores, Jr. v. Nathan Greenberg green | 1 | 1996–1996 |
| Jackson v. Johnson green | 1 | 1996–1996 |
| Woodcock v. Fontana Scaffolding & Equipment Co. green | 1 | 1992–1992 |
| Williams v. Superior Court green | 1 | 1991–1991 |
| Campbell v. Superior Court green | 1 | 1991–1991 |
| Rodriguez v. Fireman's Fund Insurance green | 1 | 1988–1988 |
| Lucas v. County of Monterey green | 1 | 1986–1986 |
| Stevens v. Watson green | 1 | 1985–1985 |
| Pace v. Welsh green | 1 | 1985–1985 |
| Stevens v. Watson green | 1 | 1985–1985 |
| Cain v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance green | 1 | 1980–1980 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.