timeliness requirement (Ohio) · Go Syfert
← Ohio issues

timeliness requirement in Ohio

58 Ohio opinions name it 3 courts 1984–2026 22 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (24)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Robinson, Unpublished Decision (12-14-2006)green
ohioctapp · 2006 · cited in 4 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007State v. Bivens, Franklin App. No. 05AP-1270, 2006-Ohio-4340 , at ¶ 6 (noting that the timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.21 is jurisdictional, leaving a trial court with no authority to adjudicate an untimely post-conviction relief petition unless the petitioner complies with R.C. 2953.23 [A][1]); see, also, State v. Robinson, Franklin App. No. 06AP-368, 2006-Ohio-6649 , at ¶ 9 . {¶ 9} Even if appellant could show that the United States Supreme Court has retroactively recognized a new federal or state right, R.C. 2953.23 (A)(1), by its express terms, precludes a common pleas court from enter

2007State v. Bivens , Franklin App. No. 05AP-1270, 2006-Ohio-4340 , at ¶ 6 (noting that the timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.21 is jurisdictional, leaving a trial court with no authority to adjudicate an untimely postconviction relief petition unless the petitioner complies with R.C. 2953.23 [A][1]); see, also, State v. Robinson , Franklin App. No. 06AP-368, 2006-Ohio-6649 , at ¶ 9 . {¶ 10} Even if appellant could show that the United States Supreme Court has retroactively recognized a new federal or state right, R.C. 2953.23 (A)(1), by its express terms, precludes a common pleas court from ent

44
State v. Wilson, Unpublished Decision (6-1-2006)green
ohioctapp · 2006 · cited in 5 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2006–2007
2 sentences

2007Thus, appellant's petition was not filed timely in accordance with R.C. 2953.21 , and did not establish grounds for untimely filing pursuant to R.C. 2953.23 . {¶ 11} The timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.21 is jurisdictional and "a trial court has no authority to entertain an untimely post-conviction relief petition unless the petitioner meets the requirements of R.C. 2953.23(A)(1)." State v. Wilson , Franklin App. No. 05AP-939, 2006-Ohio-2750 , at ¶ 16 , citing State v. Raines , Franklin App. No. 03AP-1076, 2004-Ohio-2524 , at ¶ 12.

2006See State v. Graham , Franklin App. No. 05AP-588, 2006-Ohio-914 , at ¶ 10 , and cases cited therein. {¶ 14} The timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.21 is jurisdictional, and "a trial court has no authority to entertain an untimely post-conviction relief petition unless the petitioner meets the requirements of R.C. 2953.23(A)(1)." State v. Wilson , Franklin App. No. 05AP-939, 2006-Ohio-2750 , at ¶ 16 .

25
State ex rel. Myers v. Meyersgreen
ohio · 2022 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2023–2026
2 sentences

2026Myers v. Meyers, 2022-Ohio-1915, ¶ 72-73 (determining that because R.C. 143.43(B)(3) does not contain a timeliness requirement, the public office’s delay in providing the requester with an explanation for the denial of records requests did not by itself entitle requester to a statutory-damages award); State ex rel.

2023See Myers, 169 Ohio St.3d 536 , 2022-Ohio-1915 , 207 N.E.3d 579, at ¶ 73 (determining that because R.C. 149.43(B)(3) does not contain a timeliness requirement, “the city’s delay in providing [the requester] with an explanation for its denial does not by itself entitle [the requester] to an award of statutory damages”). {¶ 42} We deny statutory damages because Broadview Heights’s communications with Fluty’s counsel did not fall below the standard prescribed by the Public Records Act. 3.

22
State v. Kennedygreen
ohioctapp · 2024 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2026
2 sentences

2026See also Kennedy, 2024-Ohio-66, at ¶ 27 (8th Dist.) (“Because the timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.23 is jurisdictional, a trial court does not have jurisdiction to entertain an untimely filed petition for 2 Here, as in Johnson, Jones does not claim that “the United States Supreme Court recognized a new federal or state right that applies retroactively to persons in the petitioner’s situation[.]” R.C. 2953.23(A)(1)(a).

2025“Because the timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.23 is jurisdictional, a trial court does not have jurisdiction to entertain an untimely filed petition for postconviction relief that does not meet the exceptions set forth above.” Kennedy, 2024-Ohio-66, at ¶ 27 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Barrow, 2020-Ohio-3719, ¶ 7 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Kleyman, 2010-Ohio-3612 , ¶ 35 (8th Dist.).

22
State v. Barrowgreen
ohioctapp · 2020 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025“Because the timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.23 is jurisdictional, a trial court does not have jurisdiction to entertain an untimely filed petition for postconviction relief that does not meet the exceptions set forth in R.C. 2953.23(A)(1).” Kennedy at ¶ 27 , citing State v. Barrow, 2020-Ohio-3719, ¶ 7 (8th Dist.); State v. Bethel, 2022-Ohio-783, ¶ 20 . {¶ 13} We review de novo whether the trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction to entertain Scott’s petition for postconviction relief.

2025“Because the timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.23 is jurisdictional, a trial court does not have jurisdiction to entertain an untimely filed petition for postconviction relief that does not meet the exceptions set forth above.” Kennedy, 2024-Ohio-66, at ¶ 27 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Barrow, 2020-Ohio-3719, ¶ 7 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Kleyman, 2010-Ohio-3612 , ¶ 35 (8th Dist.).

22
State v. Murnahanred
ohio · 1992 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024See State v. Murnahan, 63 Ohio St.3d 60, 65 (1992), superseded by rule as stated in State v. Davis, 2008-Ohio-4608 .

2024See State v. Murnahan, 63 Ohio St.3d 60 , 65 (1992), superseded by rule as stated in State v. Davis, 2008-Ohio-4608 .

22
State v. Graham, Unpublished Decision (2-28-2006)green
ohioctapp · 2006 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006See State v. Graham , Franklin App. No. 05AP-588, 2006-Ohio-914 , at ¶ 10 , and cases cited therein. {¶ 14} The timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.21 is jurisdictional, and "a trial court has no authority to entertain an untimely post-conviction relief petition unless the petitioner meets the requirements of R.C. 2953.23(A)(1)." State v. Wilson , Franklin App. No. 05AP-939, 2006-Ohio-2750 , at ¶ 16 .

2006See State v. Graham , Franklin App. No. 05AP-588, 2006-Ohio-914 , at ¶ 10 , and cases cited therein. {¶ 14} The timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.21 is jurisdictional, and "a trial court has no authority to entertain an untimely post-conviction relief petition unless the petitioner meets the requirements of R.C. 2953.23(A)(1)." State v. Wilson , Franklin App. No. 05AP-939, 2006-Ohio-2750 , at ¶ 16 .

22
State v. Banks, Unpublished Decision (8-15-2006)green
ohioctapp · 2006 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006See, also, State v. Banks, Franklin App. No. 05AP-1062, 2006-Ohio-4225 , at ¶ 8 ; State v. Bivens , Franklin App. No. 05AP-1270, 2006-Ohio-4340 , at ¶ 6 .

2006See, also, State v. Banks , Franklin App. No. 05AP-1062, 2006-Ohio-4225 , at ¶ 8 ; State v. Bivens , Franklin App. No. 05AP-1270, 2006-Ohio-4340 , at ¶ 6 .

22
State v. Apanovitch (Slip Opinion)green
ohio · 2018 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2022–2025
2 sentences

2025Bethel at ¶ 20 , citing State v. Apanovitch, 2018-Ohio-4744, ¶ 36 .

2022See Apanovitch, 155 Ohio St.3d 358 , 2018-Ohio-4744 , 121 N.E.3d 351, at ¶ 24 .

12
The Triax Company v. Trw, Inc.green
ca6 · 1984 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2017–2018
2 sentences

2018First New Shiloh Baptist Church v. Meagher , 82 Ohio St.3d 501 , [ 1998-Ohio-192 ], 696 N.E.2d 1058 (1998), this court laid out five factors for determining whether a motion to intervene is timely: "(1) the point to which the suit had progressed; (2) the purpose for which intervention is sought; (3) the length of time preceding the application during which the proposed intervenor knew or reasonably should have known of his interest in the case; (4) the prejudice to the original parties due to the proposed intervenor's failure after he knew or reasonably should have known of his interest in the

2018N.G. , 147 Ohio St.3d 432 , 2016-Ohio-1519 , 67 N.E.3d 728 , at ¶ 23, quoting Triax Co. , 724 F.2d 1224 . {¶ 43} When looking at the timeliness factors in this case, we agree with the *1017 appellants that their motion was not as untimely as the trial court indicated.

12
State ex rel. Fluty v. Raiffgreen
ohio · 2023 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Fluty v. Raiff, 2023-Ohio-3285, ¶ 41 (citing Myers in denying a statutory-damages award based on the requester’s claim that the public office took too long to inform her of its denial of records requests).

11
State v. Blackgreen
ohioctapp · 2022 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026State v. Black, 2022-Ohio-3119, ¶ 16 (10th Dist.) (“Because Black’s petition was untimely and he failed to satisfy the requirements of R.C. 2953.23(A)(1), the trial court lacked jurisdiction to consider the merits of the petition and did not err by denying it without an evidentiary hearing.”).

11
State v. Johnsongreen
ohio · 2024 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026See Johnson at ¶ 10, fn. 2 .

11
State v. Atahiyagreen
ohioctapp · 2021 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025“Because the timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.23 is jurisdictional, a trial court does not have jurisdiction to entertain an untimely petition for postconviction relief unless the exceptions set forth under R.C. 2953.23 are satisfied.” State v. Atahiya, 2021-Ohio-1488, ¶ 21 (8th Dist.).

11
PDK Laboratories Inc. v. United States Drug Enforcement Administrationgreen
cadc · 2004 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
State v. Mortongreen
ohioctapp · 2022 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023Cuyahoga No. 110946, 2022-Ohio-2358, ¶ 14 (”The timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.21 is jurisdictional.”); State v. Robinson, 8th Dist.

11
Meyer v. United Parcel Service, Inc.green
ohio · 2009 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023Meyer v. UPS, 122 Ohio St.3d 104 , 2009-Ohio- 2463, 909 N.E.2d 106, ¶ 53 (quoting PDK Laboratories Inc. v. United States DEA, 362 F.3d 786, 799 (2004) (Roberts J. concurring)).

2023Meyer v. UPS, 122 Ohio St.3d 104 , 2009-Ohio- 2463, 909 N.E.2d 106, ¶ 53 (quoting PDK Laboratories Inc. v. United States DEA, 362 F.3d 786, 799 (2004) (Roberts J. concurring)).

11
Ostanek v. Ostanekgreen
ohioctapp · 2020 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
State v. Jones, Unpublished Decision (5-12-2006)green
ohioctapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
State v. Perrygreen
ohio · 1967 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
State v. Williamitis, Unpublished Decision (6-9-2006)green
ohioctapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
In Re M.H., Unpublished Decision (6-9-2005)green
ohioctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
State v. Potts, Unpublished Decision (4-26-2006)green
ohioctapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Cecilia R. v. Eddie M., Unpublished Decision (4-8-2005)green
ohioctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Ohio. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (36)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Bivens, Unpublished Decision (8-22-2006) neutral
ohioctapp · 2006
2 sentences

2007State v. Bivens, Franklin App. No. 05AP-1270, 2006-Ohio-4340 , at ¶ 6 (noting that the timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.21 is jurisdictional, leaving a trial court with no authority to adjudicate an untimely post-conviction relief petition unless the petitioner complies with R.C. 2953.23 [A][1]); see, also, State v. Robinson, Franklin App. No. 06AP-368, 2006-Ohio-6649 , at ¶ 9 . {¶ 9} Even if appellant could show that the United States Supreme Court has retroactively recognized a new federal or state right, R.C. 2953.23 (A)(1), by its express terms, precludes a common pleas court from enter

2007State v. Bivens , Franklin App. No. 05AP-1270, 2006-Ohio-4340 , at ¶ 6 (noting that the timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.21 is jurisdictional, leaving a trial court with no authority to adjudicate an untimely postconviction relief petition unless the petitioner complies with R.C. 2953.23 [A][1]); see, also, State v. Robinson , Franklin App. No. 06AP-368, 2006-Ohio-6649 , at ¶ 9 . {¶ 10} Even if appellant could show that the United States Supreme Court has retroactively recognized a new federal or state right, R.C. 2953.23 (A)(1), by its express terms, precludes a common pleas court from ent

82006–2007
State v. Connors, Unpublished Decision (5-27-2005) green
ohioctapp · 2005
2 sentences

2007Searcy , at ¶ 8, citing State v. Connors, Hamilton App. No. C-040677, 2005-Ohio-2644 , at ¶ 4 .

2007Searcy , at ¶ 8 , citing State v. Connors , Hamilton App. No. C-040677, 2005-Ohio-2644 , at ¶ 4 .

52006–2007
State v. Bush green
ohio · 2002
2 sentences

2003The following question is certified: “In considering a case involving delay in filing a motion to withdraw a guilty plea pursuant to R.C. 2943.031, does the court have discretion to deny the motion by reading a timeliness requirement into R.C. 2943.031 (as the Ohio Supreme Court did in State v. Bush, 96 Ohio St.3d 235 , 2002-Ohio-3993 , regarding a Crim.R. 32.1 motion), or, is the trial court without discretion and therefore required to set aside the guilty plea and conviction as the court held in State v. Yuen?" F.E.

2003The Supreme Court of Ohio enunciated a timeliness standard in State v. Bush, 96 Ohio St.3d 235 , *360 2002-Ohio-3993 , 773 N.E.2d 522 , in motions pursuant to Crim.R. 32.1, because the rule specifies “manifest injustice” as the basis for granting a motion to withdraw a plea of guilty.

32003–2004
State v. Bush green
ohio · 2002
2 sentences

2003The following question is certified: “In considering a case involving delay in filing a motion to withdraw a guilty plea pursuant to R.C. 2943.031, does the court have discretion to deny the motion by reading a timeliness requirement into R.C. 2943.031 (as the Ohio Supreme Court did in State v. Bush, 96 Ohio St.3d 235 , 2002-Ohio-3993 , regarding a Crim.R. 32.1 motion), or, is the trial court without discretion and therefore required to set aside the guilty plea and conviction as the court held in State v. Yuen?" F.E.

2003The Supreme Court of Ohio enunciated a timeliness standard in State v. Bush, 96 Ohio St.3d 235 , *360 2002-Ohio-3993 , 773 N.E.2d 522 , in motions pursuant to Crim.R. 32.1, because the rule specifies “manifest injustice” as the basis for granting a motion to withdraw a plea of guilty.

32003–2004
State ex rel. Ware v. Giavasis (Slip Opinion) green
ohio · 2020
2 sentences

2023Ware v. Giavasis, 160 Ohio St.3d 383 , 2020-Ohio-3700, ¶ 12 .

2023Ware v. Giavasis, 160 Ohio St.3d 383 , 2020-Ohio-3700, ¶ 12 .

22023–2023
State v. Searcy, Unpublished Decision (12-29-2006) green
ohioctapp · 2006
2 sentences

2008Williams , supra, citing State v. Searcy , Franklin App. No. 06AP-572, 2006-Ohio-6993 , at ¶ 7 (noting that the timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.21 is jurisdictional, leaving a trial court with no authority to adjudicate an untimely petition for postconviction relief unless the petitioner complies with the exceptions in R.C. 2953.23 ).

2008Williams , supra, citing State v. Searcy , Franklin App. No. 06AP-572, 2006-Ohio-6993 , ¶ 7 (noting that the timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.21 is jurisdictional, leaving a trial court with no authority to adjudicate an untimely petition for postconviction relief unless the petitioner complies with the exceptions in R.C. 2953.23 ).

22008–2008
State v. Reynolds green
ohio · 1997
2 sentences

2002Citing our decision in State v. Reynolds (1997), 79 Ohio St.3d 158 , 679 N.E.2d 1131 , the court of appeals majority reasoned that Reynolds’s “general syllabus language requires us to conclude that if a motion to withdraw a guilty plea is filed outside the time for a direct appeal and it alleges a constitutional violation as the basis for the request to vacate a conviction and sentence, the motion must be treated as one for post-conviction relief under R.C. 2953.21.” The appellate court concluded that because Bush had failed to satisfy either the timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.21 or the R

2002Citing our decision in State v. Reynolds (1997), 79 Ohio St.3d 158 , 679 N.E.2d 1131 , the court of appeals majority reasoned that Reynolds’s “general syllabus language requires us to conclude that if a motion to withdraw a guilty plea is filed outside the time for a direct appeal and it alleges a constitutional violation as the basis for the request to vacate a conviction and sentence, the motion must be treated as one for post-conviction relief under R.C. 2953.21.” The appellate court concluded that because Bush had failed to satisfy either the timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.21 or the R

22002–2002
Isreal v. Franklin Cty. Commrs. green
ohioctapp · 2021
1 sentence

2025While that period “may stretch the outer limits of the ‘reasonable period of time’ in which to produce copies of reasonably identified records, . . . under the facts and circumstances in this case . . . [this requester] has not shown by clear and convincing evidence that [SOCF] violated the timeliness requirement of R.C. 149.43(B)(1) with respect to these records.” Isreal, 2021-Ohio-3824, ¶ 14 . {¶27} That is not changed by requester’s assertion that he did not actually receive the second installment of records until October because requester has not proven the factual basis for that assertion

12025–2025
State v. Bethel (Slip Opinion) green
ohio · 2022
1 sentence

2025“Because the timeliness requirement of R.C. 2953.23 is jurisdictional, a trial court does not have jurisdiction to entertain an untimely filed petition for postconviction relief that does not meet the exceptions set forth in R.C. 2953.23(A)(1).” Kennedy at ¶ 27 , citing State v. Barrow, 2020-Ohio-3719, ¶ 7 (8th Dist.); State v. Bethel, 2022-Ohio-783, ¶ 20 . {¶ 13} We review de novo whether the trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction to entertain Scott’s petition for postconviction relief.

12025–2025
State v. Jackson green
ohioctapp · 2020
1 sentence

2024Id. {¶14} Having found the arguments raised herein to be without merit, the first and third assignments of error are overruled.

12024–2024
Isreal v. Franklin Cty. Commrs. neutral
ohioctcl · 2019
1 sentence

2023No. 2019-00548PQ, 2019-Ohio-4603, ¶ 10 , adopted 2019-Ohio-5497 (McGrath, J.). {¶10} Multiple factors are relevant to a timeliness analysis.

12023–2023
State ex rel. Ellis v. Cleveland Police Forensic Laboratory (Slip Opinion) green
ohio · 2021
1 sentence

2023The court found that, “[u]nlike R.C. 149.43(B)(1), which requires public records to be ‘promptly prepared’ and made available ‘within a reasonable period of time’ upon request, R.C. 149.43(B)(3) does not impose a timeliness requirement.” Id. quoting State ex rel.

12023–2023
State ex rel. Ware v. Kurt green
ohio · 2022
1 sentence

2023Ware v. Kurt, __ Ohio St.3d ___, 2022-Ohio-1627, ¶ 24-26 . {¶56} In Ware, the Court found that Ware, who was seeking public records, was not entitled to receive the documents under R.C. 149.43(B)(3), which does not impose a timeliness requirement.

12023–2023
GTE Automatic Electric, Inc. v. ARC Industries, Inc. green
ohio · 1976
12023–2023
State ex rel. Kesterson v. Kent State Univ. green
· 2018
2 sentences

2023Kesterson v. Kent State Univ., 156 Ohio St.3d 13 , 2018-Ohio-5108 , 123 N.E.3d 887, ¶ 16 . {¶9} Multiple factors are relevant to a timeliness analysis.

2023Kesterson v. Kent State Univ., 156 Ohio St.3d 13 , 2018-Ohio-5108 , 123 N.E.3d 887, ¶ 16 . {¶9} Multiple factors are relevant to a timeliness analysis.

12023–2023
State ex rel. Ware v. Kurt neutral
ohioctapp · 2021
12022–2022
Ostanek v. Ostanek (Slip Opinion) green
ohio · 2021
12022–2022
Wilson v. Wilson green
ohio · 2007
12020–2020
Patterson v. V & M Auto Body green
ohio · 1992
12019–2019
State ex rel. First New Shiloh Baptist Church v. Meagher neutral
ohio · 1998
12018–2018
State ex rel. N.G. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Div. (Slip Opinion) neutral
ohio · 2016
12018–2018
State v. Elersic, 2006-G-2740 (6-29-2007) green
ohioctapp · 2007
12018–2018
State ex rel. First New Shiloh Baptist Church v. Meagher green
ohio · 1998
12018–2018
State v. Beaver green
ohioctapp · 1998
12017–2017
State v. Boston green
ohio · 1989
12016–2016
State v. Taylor green
ohio · 1993
12016–2016
Hambleton v. R.G. Barry Corp. green
ohio · 1984
12009–2009
State v. Williams, Unpublished Decision (3-8-2007) green
ohioctapp · 2007
12008–2008
Rose Chevrolet, Inc. v. Adams green
ohio · 1988
12006–2006
State v. Crowder green
ohio · 1991
12006–2006
State v. Gibson, Unpublished Decision (9-28-2005) green
ohioctapp · 2005
12006–2006
Lewis v. Trimble green
ohio · 1997
11998–1998
Gregory v. Flowers green
ohio · 1972
11997–1997
State, Ex Rel. v. Indus. Comm. neutral
ohio · 1935
11997–1997
East Ohio Gas Co. v. Walker green
ohioctapp · 1978
11986–1986
Mount Olive Baptist Church v. Pipkins Paints & Home Improvement Center, Inc. green
ohioctapp · 1979
11984–1984

Statutes the citing opinions construe

OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2953.23 (17) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2953.21 (14) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 149.43 (10) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2743.75 (4) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.01 (4) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.02 (3) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2923.24 (3) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2943.031 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

PA 1486 (1977–2026) CA 110 (1974–2026) NY 71 (1972–2026) OH 58 (1984–2026) IL 49 (1975–2026) TX 32 (1972–2025) AZ 27 (1979–2022) CT 22 (1982–2016) NM 19 (1988–2024) MO 19 (1992–2023) FL 16 (1985–2025) UT 13 (1937–2017) MD 13 (1992–2011) WA 13 (1984–2024) IA 12 (1979–2026) AL 12 (1983–2024) TN 12 (2010–2026) CO 10 (1984–2026) AR 10 (1994–2024) MA 9 (1985–2022) IN 9 (2013–2025) DE 9 (1997–2026) GA 9 (1973–2026) NJ 8 (1979–2021) MN 8 (1975–2015) OR 7 (1977–2018) MT 6 (2001–2015) ID 6 (1993–2015) LA 6 (1991–2016) MI 5 (1992–2006) KS 5 (1980–2021) WI 5 (1980–2019) NC 4 (2006–2025) VA 4 (2007–2026) MS 4 (2006–2017) WV 4 (2012–2024) NH 4 (1992–2003) HI 3 (2015–2021) VT 3 (2005–2025) WY 3 (2001–2021) NV 3 (2016–2023) SC 3 (2009–2019) VI 3 (2012–2014) RI 3 (2003–2014) ME 2 (2009–2025) DC 2 (1996–2022) AK 2 (1974–1987) SD 2 (1990–2009)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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