legal sufficiency claim (Michigan) · Go Syfert
← Michigan issues

legal sufficiency claim in Michigan

316 Michigan opinions name it 2 courts 1955–2026 78 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Michigan courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (16)

CaseFollowedCited
Maiden v. Rozwoodgreen
mich · 1999 · cited in 26 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2000–2026
2 sentences

2024A party moving for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) “may support the motion with affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other admissible documentary evidence, which the reviewing court must consider.” Allstate Ins Co, 321 Mich App at 551 ; citing Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 119 ; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). -2- “A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim based on the factual allegations in the complaint.” El-Khalil, 504 Mich at 159, citing Feyz v Mercy Mem Hosp, 475 Mich 663, 672 ; 719 NW2d 1 (2006).

2024A party moving for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) “may support the motion with affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other admissible documentary evidence, which the reviewing court must consider.” Allstate Ins Co, 321 Mich App at 551 ; citing Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 119 ; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). -2- “A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim based on the factual allegations in the complaint.” El-Khalil, 504 Mich at 159, citing Feyz v Mercy Mem Hosp, 475 Mich 663, 672 ; 719 NW2d 1 (2006).

226
Simko v. Blakegreen
mich · 1995 · cited in 9 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1998–2018
2 sentences

1999MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim on the pleadings alone to determine whether the plaintiff has stated a claim on which relief may be granted, Spiek, supra, and factual allegations contained within the plaintiffs complaint must be accepted as true, Simko v Blake, 448 Mich 648, 654 ; 532 NW2d 842 (1995).

1999MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim on the pleadings alone to determine whether the plaintiff has stated a claim on which relief may be granted, Spiek, supra, and factual allegations contained within the plaintiffs complaint must be accepted as true, Simko v Blake, 448 Mich 648, 654 ; 532 NW2d 842 (1995).

29
Maple Grove Township v. Misteguay Creek Intercounty Drain Boardgreen
michctapp · 2012 · cited in 7 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2014–2016
2 sentences

2016“A motion under ‘MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim on the pleadings alone to determine whether the plaintiff has stated a claim on which relief may be granted.’ ” Maple Grove Twp, 298 Mich App at 206 (citation omitted).

2016“A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim on the pleadings alone to determine whether the plaintiff has stated a claim on which relief may be granted.” Maple Grove Twp v Misteguay Creek Intercounty Drain Bd, 298 Mich App 200, 206 ; 828 NW2d 459 (2012) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

27
Kyocera Corp. v. Hemlock Semiconductor, LLCgreen
michctapp · 2015 · cited in 3 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017Accordingly, summary disposition was properly considered under MCR 2.116(C)(8). “ ‘MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim on the pleadings alone to determine whether the plaintiff has stated a claim on which relief may be granted.’ ” Kyocera Corp, 313 Mich App at 445 (citation omitted). “ ‘A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) may be granted only where the claims alleged are so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify recovery.’ ” Id. (citation omitted). “ ‘All well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true and construed in a

2017Accordingly, summary disposition was properly considered under MCR 2.116(C)(8). “ ‘MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim on the pleadings alone to determine whether the plaintiff has stated a claim on which relief may be granted.’ ” Kyocera Corp, 313 Mich App at 445 (citation omitted). “ ‘A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) may be granted only where the claims alleged are so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify recovery.’ ” Id. (citation omitted). “ ‘All well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true and construed in a

23
McLean v. City of Dearborngreen
michctapp · 2013 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
22
Titan Insurance Company v. Hytengreen
mich · 2012 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
22
Bailey v. Schaafgreen
mich · 2013 · cited in 47 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2013–2026
2 sentences

2026A. STANDARD OF REVIEW “A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim on the basis of the pleadings alone and the ruling is reviewed de novo.” Bailey v Schaaf, 494 Mich 595, 603 ; 835 NW2d 413 (2013).

2026A. STANDARD OF REVIEW “A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim on the basis of the pleadings alone and the ruling is reviewed de novo.” Bailey v Schaaf, 494 Mich 595, 603 ; 835 NW2d 413 (2013).

147
Spiek v. Department of Transportationgreen
mich · 1998 · cited in 31 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1998–2019
2 sentences

2017“MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim on the pleadings alone to determine whether the plaintiff has stated a claim on which relief may be granted.” Spiek, 456 Mich at 337 ; MCR 2.116(G)(5).

2017“MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim on the pleadings alone to determine whether the plaintiff has stated a claim on which relief may be granted.” Spiek, 456 Mich at 337 ; MCR 2.116(G)(5).

131
Feyz v. Mercy Memorial Hospitalgreen
mich · 2006 · cited in 10 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2009–2024
2 sentences

2024A party moving for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) “may support the motion with affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other admissible documentary evidence, which the reviewing court must consider.” Allstate Ins Co, 321 Mich App at 551 ; citing Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 119 ; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). -2- “A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim based on the factual allegations in the complaint.” El-Khalil, 504 Mich at 159, citing Feyz v Mercy Mem Hosp, 475 Mich 663, 672 ; 719 NW2d 1 (2006).

2024A party moving for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) “may support the motion with affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other admissible documentary evidence, which the reviewing court must consider.” Allstate Ins Co, 321 Mich App at 551 ; citing Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 119 ; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). -2- “A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim based on the factual allegations in the complaint.” El-Khalil, 504 Mich at 159, citing Feyz v Mercy Mem Hosp, 475 Mich 663, 672 ; 719 NW2d 1 (2006).

110
PARKHURST HOMES, INC v. McLAUGHLINgreen
michctapp · 1991 · cited in 4 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1991–1993
2 sentences

1993Parkhurst Homes, Inc v McLaughlin, 187 Mich App 357, 360 ; 466 NW2d 404 (1991).

1993Parkhurst Homes, Inc v McLaughlin, 187 Mich App 357, 360 ; 466 NW2d 404 (1991).

14
Slater v. Ann Arbor Public Schools Board of Educationgreen
michctapp · 2002 · cited in 3 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2009–2023
2 sentences

2023See El-Khalil, 504 Mich at 159 (“A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim based on the factual allegations in the complaint.”); Slater v Ann Arbor Pub Sch Bd of Ed, 250 Mich App 419, 425-426 ; 648 NW2d 205 (2002) (“Summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(9) is proper when the defendant’s pleadings are so clearly untenable that as a matter of law no factual development could possibly deny the plaintiff’s right to recovery.”).

2023See El-Khalil, 504 Mich at 159 (“A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim based on the factual allegations in the complaint.”); Slater v Ann Arbor Pub Sch Bd of Ed, 250 Mich App 419, 425-426 ; 648 NW2d 205 (2002) (“Summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(9) is proper when the defendant’s pleadings are so clearly untenable that as a matter of law no factual development could possibly deny the plaintiff’s right to recovery.”).

13
Rataj v. City of Romulusgreen
michctapp · 2014 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2024–2025
12
PT Today, Inc. v. Commissioner of the Office of Financial & Insurance Servicesgreen
michctapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
Krass v. Tri-County Security, Incgreen
michctapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Lansing Schools Education Ass'n v. Lansing Board of Educationgreen
michctapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Landin v. Healthsource Saginaw, Inc.green
michctapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Michigan. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (64)

CaseCitedYears
Smith v. Stolberg green
michctapp · 1998
2 sentences

2025“A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone.” Smith v Stolberg, 231 Mich App 256, 258 ; 586 NW2d 103 (1998).

2025“A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone.” Smith v Stolberg, 231 Mich App 256, 258 ; 586 NW2d 103 (1998).

322001–2025
Formall, Inc. v. Community National Bank green
michctapp · 1988
2 sentences

1990A motion brought pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone. *94 Formall, Inc v Community Nat’l Bank of Pontiac, 166 Mich App 772, 777 ; 421 NW2d 289 (1988).

1990A motion brought pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone. *94 Formall, Inc v Community Nat’l Bank of Pontiac, 166 Mich App 772, 777 ; 421 NW2d 289 (1988).

111989–1994
Patterson v. Kleiman green
mich · 1994
2 sentences

2015A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by looking at the pleadings alone, Patterson v Kleiman, 447 Mich 429, 432 ; 526 NW2d 879 (1994), and may be granted where the opposing party has failed to state a claim on which relief can be granted, MCR 2.116(C)(8).

2015A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by looking at the pleadings alone, Patterson v Kleiman, 447 Mich 429, 432 ; 526 NW2d 879 (1994), and may be granted where the opposing party has failed to state a claim on which relief can be granted, MCR 2.116(C)(8).

101995–2020
Gorman v. American Honda Motor Co. green
michctapp · 2013
2 sentences

2024Gorman v American Honda Motor Co, Inc, 302 Mich App 113, 131 ; 839 NW2d 223 (2013).

2024Gorman v American Honda Motor Co, Inc, 302 Mich App 113, 131 ; 839 NW2d 223 (2013).

82015–2024
Singerman v. Municipal Service Bureau, Inc. green
mich · 1997
2 sentences

2026A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) “tests the legal sufficiency of a claim and is tested on the pleadings alone.” Singerman v Muni Serv Bureau, Inc, 455 Mich 135, 139 ; 565 NW2d 383 (1997).

2026A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) “tests the legal sufficiency of a claim and is tested on the pleadings alone.” Singerman v Muni Serv Bureau, Inc, 455 Mich 135, 139 ; 565 NW2d 383 (1997).

71998–2026
Todd v. Biglow green
michctapp · 1974
2 sentences

1981Todd v Biglow, 51 Mich App 346, 349 ; 214 NW2d 733 (1974).

1981Todd v Biglow, 51 Mich App 346, 349 ; 214 NW2d 733 (1974).

71976–1981
Beaudrie v. Henderson green
mich · 2001
2 sentences

2005Beaudrie v Henderson, 465 Mich 124, 129 ; 631 NW2d 308 (2001). *243 A motion filed pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim on the basis of the pleadings alone.

2005Beaudrie v Henderson, 465 Mich 124, 129 ; 631 NW2d 308 (2001). *243 A motion filed pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim on the basis of the pleadings alone.

62003–2018
in Re Lett Estate green
michctapp · 2016
2 sentences

2024Id.

2024In re Lett Estate, 314 Mich App at 595 .

52022–2024
Jackson v. Oliver green
michctapp · 1994
2 sentences

2018“A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone.” Taylor v Kurapati, 236 Mich App 315, 359 ; 600 NW2d 670 (1999), quoting Jackson v Oliver, 204 Mich App 122, 125 ; 514 NW2d 195 (1994).

2018“A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone.” Taylor v Kurapati, 236 Mich App 315, 359 ; 600 NW2d 670 (1999), quoting Jackson v Oliver, 204 Mich App 122, 125 ; 514 NW2d 195 (1994).

51998–2018
Taylor v. Kurapati green
michctapp · 1999
2 sentences

2018“A motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone.” Taylor v Kurapati, 236 Mich App 315, 359 ; 600 NW2d 670 (1999).

2018“A motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone.” Taylor v Kurapati, 236 Mich App 315, 359 ; 600 NW2d 670 (1999).

52015–2018
McHone v. Sosnowski green
michctapp · 2000
2 sentences

2016Summary disposition is proper under MCR 2.116(C)(8) where “[t]he opposing party has failed to state a claim on which relief can be granted.” MCR 2.116(C)(8). “[A] motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim as pleaded.” McHone v Sosnowski, 239 Mich App 674, 676 ; 609 NW2d 844 (2000).

2016Summary disposition is proper under MCR 2.116(C)(8) where “[t]he opposing party has failed to state a claim on which relief can be granted.” MCR 2.116(C)(8). “[A] motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim as pleaded.” McHone v Sosnowski, 239 Mich App 674, 676 ; 609 NW2d 844 (2000).

52003–2016
Stehlik v. Johnson neutral
michctapp · 1994
2 sentences

2026In other words, such a motion “determines whether the opposing party’s pleadings allege a prima facie case.” Stehlik v Johnson, 206 Mich App 83, 85 ; 520 NW2d 633 (1994).

2026In other words, such a motion “determines whether the opposing party’s pleadings allege a prima facie case.” Stehlik v Johnson, 206 Mich App 83, 85 ; 520 NW2d 633 (1994).

41995–2026
Dextrom v. Wexford County green
michctapp · 2010
2 sentences

2024However, if a question of fact exists to the extent that factual development could provide a basis for recovery, dismissal is inappropriate. [Dextrom v Wexford Co, 287 Mich App 406, 428-429 ; 789 NW2d 211 (2010) (citations omitted).] “A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim based on the factual allegations in the complaint.” El-Khalil, 504 Mich at 159 (emphasis omitted).

2024However, if a question of fact exists to the extent that factual development could provide a basis for recovery, dismissal is inappropriate. [Dextrom v Wexford Co, 287 Mich App 406, 428-429 ; 789 NW2d 211 (2010) (citations omitted).] “A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim based on the factual allegations in the complaint.” El-Khalil, 504 Mich at 159 (emphasis omitted).

42019–2024
Eason v. Coggins Memorial Christian Methodist Episcopal Church green
michctapp · 1995
2 sentences

2023“A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone.” Eason v Coggins Mem Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, 210 Mich App 261, 263 ; 532 NW2d 882 (1995).

2023“A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone.” Eason v Coggins Mem Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, 210 Mich App 261, 263 ; 532 NW2d 882 (1995).

41995–2023
Gillie v. GENESEE COUNTY TREASURER green
michctapp · 2008
2 sentences

2018Gillie v Genesee Co Treasurer, 277 Mich App 333, 344 ; 745 NW2d 137 (2007).

2018Gillie v Genesee Co Treasurer, 277 Mich App 333, 344 ; 745 NW2d 137 (2007).

42017–2018
Wade v. Department of Corrections green
mich · 1992
2 sentences

2017A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim and may be granted only where the claim alleged is “so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify recovery.” Wade v Dep’t of Corrections, 439 Mich 158, 163 ; 483 NW2d 26 (1992). “[A]n employer is not free to discharge an employee at will when the reason for the discharge contravenes public policy.” McNeil v Charlevoix Co, 275 Mich App 686, 703-704 ; 741 NW2d 27 (2007).

2017A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim and may be granted only where the claim alleged is “so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify recovery.” Wade v Dep’t of Corrections, 439 Mich 158, 163 ; 483 NW2d 26 (1992). “[A]n employer is not free to discharge an employee at will when the reason for the discharge contravenes public policy.” McNeil v Charlevoix Co, 275 Mich App 686, 703-704 ; 741 NW2d 27 (2007).

41992–2017
Summer v. Southfield Board of Education green
michctapp · 2015
2 sentences

2025“A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim on the pleadings alone to determine whether the plaintiff has stated a claim on which relief can be granted.” Summer v Southfield Bd of Ed, 310 Mich App 660, 668 ; 874 NW2d 150 (2015).

2025“A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim on the pleadings alone to determine whether the plaintiff has stated a claim on which relief can be granted.” Summer v Southfield Bd of Ed, 310 Mich App 660, 668 ; 874 NW2d 150 (2015).

32016–2025
Zaher v. Miotke green
michctapp · 2013
2 sentences

2023Zaher v Miotke, 300 Mich App 132, 139 ; 832 NW2d 266 (2013). “[M]otions under MCR 2.116(C)(8) test the legal sufficiency of a claim based on the factual allegations in the complaint.

2023Zaher v Miotke, 300 Mich App 132, 139 ; 832 NW2d 266 (2013). “[M]otions under MCR 2.116(C)(8) test the legal sufficiency of a claim based on the factual allegations in the complaint.

32018–2023
Averill v. DAUTERMAN neutral
michctapp · 2009
2 sentences

2019Motions for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) test “the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone.” Lawrence v Burdi, 314 Mich App 203, 211 ; 886 NW2d 748 (2016), quoting Averill v Dauterman, 284 Mich App 18, 21 ; 772 NW2d 797 (2009).

2019Motions for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) test “the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone.” Lawrence v Burdi, 314 Mich App 203, 211 ; 886 NW2d 748 (2016), quoting Averill v Dauterman, 284 Mich App 18, 21 ; 772 NW2d 797 (2009).

32017–2019
Markis v. City of Grosse Pointe Park green
michctapp · 1989
2 sentences

2018Markis v Grosse Pointe Park, 180 Mich App 545, 551 ; 448 NW2d 352 (1989).

2018Markis v Grosse Pointe Park, 180 Mich App 545, 551 ; 448 NW2d 352 (1989).

31990–2018
Haynes v Neshewat green
mich · 2007
2 sentences

2016Haynes v Neshewat, 477 Mich 29, 34 ; 729 NW2d 488 (2007). “ ‘A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim on the pleadings alone to determine whether the plaintiff has stated a claim on which relief may be granted.

2016Haynes v Neshewat, 477 Mich 29, 34 ; 729 NW2d 488 (2007). “ ‘A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim on the pleadings alone to determine whether the plaintiff has stated a claim on which relief may be granted.

32016–2017
In re Casey Estate green
michctapp · 2014
32016–2016
Pawlak v. Redox Corp. green
michctapp · 1990
31990–1992
Henry v. Dow Chemical Co. green
mich · 2009
22024–2024
Bonner v. City of Brighton green
mich · 2014
22024–2024
Pontiac Police & Fire Retiree Prefunded Group Health & Insurance Trust Board of Trustees v. City of Pontiac No 2 green
michctapp · 2015
22021–2022
Liggett Restaurant Group, Inc. v. City of Pontiac green
michctapp · 2003
22018–2018
Liggett Restaurant Group, Inc. v. City of Pontiac green
michctapp · 2004
22018–2018
McNees v. Cedar Springs Stamping Co. green
michctapp · 1990
22018–2018
King v. Michigan State Police Department green
michctapp · 2013
22017–2017
McNeil v. Charlevoix County green
michctapp · 2007
22017–2017
Johnson v. Pastoriza green
mich · 2012
22017–2017
Maldonado v. Ford Motor Co. green
mich · 2006
22017–2017
ETT Ambulance Service Corp. v. Rockford Ambulance, Inc. green
michctapp · 1994
22016–2016
Koontz v. Ameritech Services, Inc green
mich · 2002
22014–2014
Kuhn v. Secretary of State green
michctapp · 1998
22000–2014
BC Tile & Marble Co. v. Multi Building Co. green
michctapp · 2010
22012–2013
Alan Custom Homes, Inc v. Krol green
michctapp · 2003
22004–2004
Marcelletti v. Bathani green
michctapp · 1993
21994–1996
Michigan Insurance Repair Co. v. Manufacturers National Bank neutral
michctapp · 1992
21993–1993

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 691.1407 (29) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 691.1401 (19) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 500.3101 (14) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 37.2101 (12) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.2591 (11) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 15.231 (10)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 6488 (1974–2026) MI 316 (1955–2026) IN 165 (1992–2026) NY 140 (1933–2026) IL 81 (1993–2026) CT 27 (1969–2025) KS 19 (1937–2024) WA 18 (1995–2026) ND 18 (2004–2026) FL 17 (1958–2025) NC 16 (1984–2025) MN 15 (2002–2024) NM 13 (1961–2019) WI 13 (1979–2025) MS 9 (1980–2026) NJ 9 (2010–2026) OH 9 (1998–2023) VA 8 (1993–2018) PA 7 (1977–2026) ME 6 (1991–2022) MO 5 (1957–1994) OR 4 (2004–2025) AZ 4 (1991–2020) UT 4 (2013–2024) MD 4 (2003–2021) DE 3 (1970–2022) CO 2 (1987–2019) KY 2 (2016–2017) AK 2 (2025–2025) CA 2 (2001–2016) OK 2 (1992–2016) IA 2 (1913–2022)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check