warranty clause (Texas) · Go Syfert
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warranty clause in Texas

51 Texas opinions name it 4 courts 1895–2026 3 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (24)

CaseFollowedCited
Stewman Ranch, Inc. v. Double M. Ranch, Ltd.green
texapp · 2006 · cited in 6 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2017
2 sentences

2012Ranch, Ltd,., 192 S.W.3d 808, 811 (Tex.App.-Eastland 2006, pet. denied) (citations omitted), The warranty clause does not convey title nor does it determine the character of the title conveyed.

2012Ranch, Ltd. , 192 S.W.3d 808, 811 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2006, pet. denied) (citations omitted), The warranty clause does not convey title nor does it determine the character of the title conveyed.

36
RepublicBank Dallas, N.A. v. Shookgreen
tex · 1983 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008See RepublicBank, 653 S.W.2d at 282 .

2008See RepublicBank , 653 S.W.2d at 282 .

22
Duhig v. Peavy-Moore Lumber Co.green
· 1940 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1952–2026
2 sentences

2026The warranty clause does not limit the intent to grant a fee.”); see also Duhig, 144 S.W.2d at 879 (general warranty referred to “‘the said premises,’ meaning the land described in the granting clause”).

1965I have no quarrel with cases cited by the defendants which hold that the warranty clause in a deed warrants the title of the grantee, nor do I question the rule announced in Duhig v. Peavy-Moore Lumber Co., 135 Tex. 503 , 144 S.W.2d 878 (1940), which the defendants say "prohibits the assertion of title in contradiction or breach of warranty." The record in this case simply does not call for a holding that there has been a breach of warranty in the sense that Ivy Lord has denied the representation of ownership of the Martha Lord 162/3 acres conveyed in the 1942 warranty deed by the subsequent a

15
PPG Industries, Inc. v. JMB/Houston Centers Partners Ltd. Partnershipgreen
tex · 2004 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2011
2 sentences

2005The court compared a DTPA claim with a warranty claim, explaining that "there must be a `personal' aspect in being `duped' that does not pass to subsequent buyers the way a warranty *864 does." Id.

2005The court compared a DTPA claim with a warranty claim, explaining that “there must be a ‘personal’ aspect in being ‘duped’ that does not pass to subsequent buyers the way a warranty does.” Id.

13
Davis v. Andrewsgreen
texapp · 1962 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2015
2 sentences

2015The warranty clause does not convey title nor does it determine the character of the title conveyed.” Humber explained that the predecessor to property code section 5.023 “relates to covenants of title which arise out of conveyances and not to collateral covenants such as the suitability of a house for human habitation.” Id. at 556 . –12– But the implied covenant on which Orca relies is a promise that the grantor has not conveyed the property interest to anyone else.

2006Davis v. Andrews, 361 S.W.2d 419, 424-25 (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1962, writ ref'd n.r.e.).

12
Hidalgo County v. Pategreen
texapp · 1969 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026See Hidalgo Cnty., 443 S.W.2d at 85–86 (“In fact the legal description refers to the premises herein conveyed as being a part of the premises conveyed by warranty deed of the grantors’ predecessors in title. . . .

11
BNSF Railway Co. v. Chevron Midcontinent, L.P.green
texapp · 2017 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026In BNSF Railway, the habendum clause allowed “the grantee ‘TO HAVE AND TO HOLD the said premises, together with all appurtenances.” 528 S.W.3d at 134 (emphasis in original).

11
Benedict G. Wenske and Elizabeth Wenske v. Steve Ealy and Deborah Ealygreen
tex · 2017 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023See Wenske, 521 S.W.3d at 796–98 (recognizing that a mineral deed’s subject-to clause that limits a conveyance may be viewed as expressing an intent “to protect a grantor against a claim for breach of warranty when some mineral interest is already outstanding”).

11
Ketcher v. Mayor of North Little Rockgreen
arkctapp · 1981 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023In arguing that the warranty clause demonstrates an intent to convey a fee simple interest to the McNeil Grantees unburdened by the State’s NPRI, the McNeil Group relies on our sister court’s holding in Farm & Ranch for the proposition that “[a] general warranty deed conveys all of the grantor’s interest unless there is language in the instrument that clearly shows an intention to convey a lesser interest.” See Farm & Ranch Investors, Ltd. v. Titan Operating, L.L.C., 369 S.W.3d 679, 681 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, pet. denied) (citing Reeves v. Towery, 621 S.W.2d 12 209, 212 (Tex. App.—Corpus

2023In arguing that the warranty clause demonstrates an intent to convey a fee simple interest to the McNeil Grantees unburdened by the State’s NPRI, the McNeil Group relies on our sister court’s holding in Farm & Ranch for the proposition that “[a] general warranty deed conveys all of the grantor’s interest unless there is language in the instrument that clearly shows an intention to convey a lesser interest.” See Farm & Ranch Investors, Ltd. v. Titan Operating, L.L.C., 369 S.W.3d 679, 681 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, pet. denied) (citing Reeves v. Towery, 621 S.W.2d 12 209, 212 (Tex. App.—Corpus

11
Farm & Ranch Investors, Ltd. v. Titan Operating, L.L.C.green
texapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023In arguing that the warranty clause demonstrates an intent to convey a fee simple interest to the McNeil Grantees unburdened by the State’s NPRI, the McNeil Group relies on our sister court’s holding in Farm & Ranch for the proposition that “[a] general warranty deed conveys all of the grantor’s interest unless there is language in the instrument that clearly shows an intention to convey a lesser interest.” See Farm & Ranch Investors, Ltd. v. Titan Operating, L.L.C., 369 S.W.3d 679, 681 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, pet. denied) (citing Reeves v. Towery, 621 S.W.2d 12 209, 212 (Tex. App.—Corpus

2023In arguing that the warranty clause demonstrates an intent to convey a fee simple interest to the McNeil Grantees unburdened by the State’s NPRI, the McNeil Group relies on our sister court’s holding in Farm & Ranch for the proposition that “[a] general warranty deed conveys all of the grantor’s interest unless there is language in the instrument that clearly shows an intention to convey a lesser interest.” See Farm & Ranch Investors, Ltd. v. Titan Operating, L.L.C., 369 S.W.3d 679, 681 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, pet. denied) (citing Reeves v. Towery, 621 S.W.2d 12 209, 212 (Tex. App.—Corpus

11
Waters v. Ellisgreen
tex · 1958 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023In arguing that the warranty clause demonstrates an intent to convey a fee simple interest to the McNeil Grantees unburdened by the State’s NPRI, the McNeil Group relies on our sister court’s holding in Farm & Ranch for the proposition that “[a] general warranty deed conveys all of the grantor’s interest unless there is language in the instrument that clearly shows an intention to convey a lesser interest.” See Farm & Ranch Investors, Ltd. v. Titan Operating, L.L.C., 369 S.W.3d 679, 681 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, pet. denied) (citing Reeves v. Towery, 621 S.W.2d 12 209, 212 (Tex. App.—Corpus

2023In arguing that the warranty clause demonstrates an intent to convey a fee simple interest to the McNeil Grantees unburdened by the State’s NPRI, the McNeil Group relies on our sister court’s holding in Farm & Ranch for the proposition that “[a] general warranty deed conveys all of the grantor’s interest unless there is language in the instrument that clearly shows an intention to convey a lesser interest.” See Farm & Ranch Investors, Ltd. v. Titan Operating, L.L.C., 369 S.W.3d 679, 681 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, pet. denied) (citing Reeves v. Towery, 621 S.W.2d 12 209, 212 (Tex. App.—Corpus

11
Texas Processed Plastics, Inc. v. Gray Enterprises, Inc.green
texapp · 1979 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018Contractors, Inc. v. Larco Const., Inc., 227 S.W.3d 876 , 887 & n.8 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.) (noting that caselaw and statutes supported appellee’s assertion of six elements of claims for breach of warranty for services provided); and (2) the Maroneys lacked capacity to bring a claim due to lack of privity of contract and because they suffered 14 purely economic loss, see Texas Processed Plastics, Inc. v. Gray Enters., Inc., 592 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tex. Civ.

11
Cain v. Baingreen
tex · 1986 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015See Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986).

11
Tenneco Inc. v. Enterprise Products Co.green
tex · 1996 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014This is apparent when the parenthetical is read in conjunction with other portions of the Assignment, such as its reference to “the thirty-five sixty-fourths of seven-eighths working interest hereby transferred.” Additionally, the warranty clause provides the fractional interest of the mineral estate underlying Surveys 36 and 37 that is attributable to each of the individual leases. 5 We agree that while all of the information necessary to determine a reduction of the production payment in the event of a lease termination is present within the four corners of the Assignment, there is no expres

11
Church v. Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Inc.green
texapp · 1985 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
1 sentence

2008Church v. Ortho Diagnostic Sys., Inc. , 694 S.W.2d 552, 555 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.).

11
Church of Nativity of Our Lord v. Watpro, Inc.green
minnctapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
1 sentence

2004See The Church of the Nativity of Our Lord v. WatPro, Inc., 474 N.W.2d 605, 609 (Minn.Ct.App.1991) (“jurisdictions are divided on the issue ... whether a buyer must also notify the manufacturer in order to sue the manufacturer for breach of warranties.”); Halprin v. Ford Motor Co., 107 N.C.App. 423 , 420 S.E.2d 686, 688 (1992) (“the jurisdictions are split on whether this notice provision of the Code requires notice to the remote manufacturer”).

11
Halprin v. Ford Motor Co.green
ncctapp · 1992 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004See The Church of the Nativity of Our Lord v. WatPro, Inc., 474 N.W.2d 605, 609 (Minn.Ct.App.1991) (“jurisdictions are divided on the issue ... whether a buyer must also notify the manufacturer in order to sue the manufacturer for breach of warranties.”); Halprin v. Ford Motor Co., 107 N.C.App. 423 , 420 S.E.2d 686, 688 (1992) (“the jurisdictions are split on whether this notice provision of the Code requires notice to the remote manufacturer”).

2004See The Church of the Nativity of Our Lord v. WatPro, Inc., 474 N.W.2d 605, 609 (Minn.Ct.App.1991) (“jurisdictions are divided on the issue ... whether a buyer must also notify the manufacturer in order to sue the manufacturer for breach of warranties.”); Halprin v. Ford Motor Co., 107 N.C.App. 423 , 420 S.E.2d 686, 688 (1992) (“the jurisdictions are split on whether this notice provision of the Code requires notice to the remote manufacturer”).

11
Wood v. General Motors Corp.green
mad · 1987 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
1 sentence

1999See, e.g., Foster v. Ford Motor Co., 621 F.2d 715, 719 (5th Cir.1980) (applying Texas law) ("The negative implication of the warranty requirement that goods be ‘fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used’ is that the goods not be unreasonably dangerous.”); Chestnut v. Ford Motor Co., 445 F.2d 967, 969 (4th Cir.1971) (applying Va. law) (holding that the safety standard is the same under negligence, breach of warranty, and strict liability theories); Basko v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 416 F.2d 417, 427 (2d Cir.1969) (applying Conn, law) ("[T]he ‘defect’ necessary for the imposition o

11
Luda Foster, Etc. v. Ford Motor Company, McLean Trucking Company v. Ford Motor Companygreen
ca5 · 1980 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
1 sentence

1999See, e.g., Foster v. Ford Motor Co., 621 F.2d 715, 719 (5th Cir.1980) (applying Texas law) ("The negative implication of the warranty requirement that goods be ‘fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used’ is that the goods not be unreasonably dangerous.”); Chestnut v. Ford Motor Co., 445 F.2d 967, 969 (4th Cir.1971) (applying Va. law) (holding that the safety standard is the same under negligence, breach of warranty, and strict liability theories); Basko v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 416 F.2d 417, 427 (2d Cir.1969) (applying Conn, law) ("[T]he ‘defect’ necessary for the imposition o

11
prod.liab.rep.(cch)p 11,525 City of Greenville, and Greenville Water System v. W.R. Grace & Co.green
ca4 · 1987 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
1 sentence

1999Grace & Co., 827 F.2d 975, 978 (4th Cir.1987) (applying S.C. law) ("I]n order to prevail on a negligence or breach of warranty theory, a plaintiff must prove that 'the product, as designed, was in a defective condition unreasonably dangerous to the user....’"); Morgen Indus., Inc. v. Vaughan, 252 Va. 60 , 471 S.E.2d 489, 492 (1996) ("In order to recover under either a negligence or a breach of implied warranty theory [in a products liability case] ... a plaintiff must show ... that the goods were unreasonably dangerous”).

11
Lydia Basko v. Sterling Drug, Inc., and Winthrop Laboratoriesgreen
ca2 · 1969 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
1 sentence

1999See, e.g., Foster v. Ford Motor Co., 621 F.2d 715, 719 (5th Cir.1980) (applying Texas law) ("The negative implication of the warranty requirement that goods be ‘fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used’ is that the goods not be unreasonably dangerous.”); Chestnut v. Ford Motor Co., 445 F.2d 967, 969 (4th Cir.1971) (applying Va. law) (holding that the safety standard is the same under negligence, breach of warranty, and strict liability theories); Basko v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 416 F.2d 417, 427 (2d Cir.1969) (applying Conn, law) ("[T]he ‘defect’ necessary for the imposition o

11
Grady Paul Chestnut v. Ford Motor Companygreen
ca4 · 1971 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
1 sentence

1999See, e.g., Foster v. Ford Motor Co., 621 F.2d 715, 719 (5th Cir.1980) (applying Texas law) ("The negative implication of the warranty requirement that goods be ‘fit for the ordinary purposes for which such goods are used’ is that the goods not be unreasonably dangerous.”); Chestnut v. Ford Motor Co., 445 F.2d 967, 969 (4th Cir.1971) (applying Va. law) (holding that the safety standard is the same under negligence, breach of warranty, and strict liability theories); Basko v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 416 F.2d 417, 427 (2d Cir.1969) (applying Conn, law) ("[T]he ‘defect’ necessary for the imposition o

11
Morgen Industries, Inc. v. Vaughangreen
va · 1996 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999Grace & Co., 827 F.2d 975, 978 (4th Cir.1987) (applying S.C. law) ("I]n order to prevail on a negligence or breach of warranty theory, a plaintiff must prove that 'the product, as designed, was in a defective condition unreasonably dangerous to the user....’"); Morgen Indus., Inc. v. Vaughan, 252 Va. 60 , 471 S.E.2d 489, 492 (1996) ("In order to recover under either a negligence or a breach of implied warranty theory [in a products liability case] ... a plaintiff must show ... that the goods were unreasonably dangerous”).

1999Grace & Co., 827 F.2d 975, 978 (4th Cir.1987) (applying S.C. law) ("I]n order to prevail on a negligence or breach of warranty theory, a plaintiff must prove that 'the product, as designed, was in a defective condition unreasonably dangerous to the user....’"); Morgen Indus., Inc. v. Vaughan, 252 Va. 60 , 471 S.E.2d 489, 492 (1996) ("In order to recover under either a negligence or a breach of implied warranty theory [in a products liability case] ... a plaintiff must show ... that the goods were unreasonably dangerous”).

11
Lewis & Lambert Metal Contractors, Inc. v. Jacksongreen
texapp · 1994 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
1 sentence

1996Compare Lewis & Lambert Metal Contractors v. Jackson, 914 S.W.2d 584, 587-88 (Tex.App.— Dallas 1994, writ granted) (holding that employees acquired repairs to employer’s ventilation system by requesting the repairs and then relying on the defendant’s representations that system was repaired and safe). 16 .

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (41)

CaseCitedYears
Bass v. Harper green
tex · 1969
2 sentences

2018Id. at 826 .

2017Id.

32017–2018
City of Beaumont v. Moore green
tex · 1947
2 sentences

1962As our Supreme Court has said in City of Beaumont v. Moore, 146 Tex. 46 , 202 S.W.2d 448 : the “general warranty does not constitute a part of a conveyance nor strengthen or enlarge the title conveyed.” The granting clause in a conveyance prevails over the other provisions of the deed.

1962As our Supreme Court has said in City of Beaumont v. Moore, 146 Tex. 46 , 202 S.W.2d 448 : the “general warranty does not constitute a part of a conveyance nor strengthen or enlarge the title conveyed.” The granting clause in a conveyance prevails over the other provisions of the deed.

21960–1962
Richardson v. Levi green
· 1887
2 sentences

1936A warranty clause in a conveyance, either general or limited, is no part of the conveyance proper; it neither strengthens, enlarges, nor limits the title conveyed, but is a separate contract on the part of the grantor to pay damages in the event of failure ,of title (Richardson v. Levi, 67 Tex. 359, 366 , 3 S.W. 444 .

1936A warranty clause in a conveyance, either general or limited, is no part of the conveyance proper; it neither strengthens, enlarges, nor limits the title conveyed, but is a separate contract on the part of the grantor to pay damages in the event of failure ,of title (Richardson v. Levi, 67 Tex. 359, 366 , 3 S.W. 444 .

21921–1936
Texas Ass'n of Business v. Texas Air Control Board green
tex · 1993
1 sentence

2024A. Applicable law and standard of review The requirement that a plaintiff have standing to assert a claim derives from the Texas Constitution’s separation of powers among the departments of government, which denies the judiciary authority to decide issues in the abstract, and from the Open Courts provision, which provides court access only to a “person for an injury done him.” Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440 , 4 Pentair does not dispute Mohammed’s and Nabi’s individual standing to assert breach of express and implied warranty claims under state law.

12024–2024
Paragon General Contractors, Inc. v. Larco Construction Inc. green
texapp · 2007
1 sentence

2018Contractors, Inc. v. Larco Const., Inc., 227 S.W.3d 876 , 887 & n.8 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.) (noting that caselaw and statutes supported appellee’s assertion of six elements of claims for breach of warranty for services provided); and (2) the Maroneys lacked capacity to bring a claim due to lack of privity of contract and because they suffered 14 purely economic loss, see Texas Processed Plastics, Inc. v. Gray Enters., Inc., 592 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tex. Civ.

12018–2018
Microsoft Corp. v. Manning green
texapp · 1995
1 sentence

2004On the choice-of-law issue, the court of appeals held only that federal cases relied on by Compaq were inapposite and that, under Microsoft Corp. v. Manning, 914 S.W.2d 602 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1995, writ dism’d), Texas would recognize a warranty claim for a so-called “unmanifested defect.” Id. at 792.

12004–2004
Longino v. Thompson neutral
texapp · 1919
11967–1967
Wilson County Peanut Company v. Hahn green
texapp · 1963
11966–1966
Parker v. Newberry green
· 1892
11965–1965
Edgar v. Joseph Breck & Sons Corp. green
mass · 1899
11962–1962
Tyler v. Ideal Benefit Ass'n green
mass · 1899
11962–1962
E. P. Moorhead v. Minneapolis Seed Co. green
minn · 1917
11962–1962
Landreth v. Wyckoff neutral
nyappdiv · 1901
11962–1962
Bell v. Mills green
nyappdiv · 1902
11962–1962
Davis v. Ferguson Seed Farms neutral
texapp · 1923
11962–1962
Smith Bros. Grain Co. v. Windsor Stanley neutral
texapp · 1922
11962–1962
Bond v. Bumpass green
texapp · 1936
11960–1960
Bumpass v. Bond green
tex · 1938
11960–1960
Roeser & Pendleton, Inc. v. StanoLind Oil & Gas Co. green
texapp · 1940
11958–1958
Vineyard v. O'Connor green
tex · 1896
11958–1958
Cantley v. Gulf Production Co. green
tex · 1940
11955–1955
Robison v. Murrell green
texapp · 1944
11954–1954
Rancho Bonito Land & Live Stock Co. v. North green
· 1898
11941–1941
Shaw v. Ball neutral
texcommnapp · 1930
11937–1937
Rosson v. Rosson neutral
texapp · 1937
11937–1937
Kilpatrick v. Sisneros green
tex · 1859
11937–1937
Jones v. Powers green
· 1885
11937–1937
Hawkins v. Wells green
texapp · 1897
11936–1936
Dorroh-Kelly Mercantile Co. v. Orient Insurance green
tex · 1911
11926–1926
Brown v. Palatine Insurance Co. green
· 1896
11923–1923
Tram Lumber Co. v. Hancock green
tex · 1888
11921–1921
Garrett v. Christopher neutral
tex · 1889
11921–1921
Newby v. Gunn neutral
tex · 1889
11921–1921
Fetzer v. Haralson green
texapp · 1912
11920–1920
C. Aultman & Co. v. York neutral
· 1892
11920–1920
Buzar v. First National Bank of Greenville green
tex · 1886
11919–1919
Still v. Wilkens neutral
· 1886
11919–1919
Ginners' Mut. Underwriters of San Angelo v. Wiley neutral
· 1912
11919–1919
Fireman's Fund Insurance v. Shearman neutral
texapp · 1899
11914–1914
Richardson v. State green
· 1894
11910–1910

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Prop. Code § 13.002 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 51 (1895–2026) NY 24 (1872–2024) CA 22 (1932–2024) OK 16 (1932–2019) LA 15 (1929–2024) GA 14 (1886–2006) NC 12 (1892–2009) AL 12 (1917–2018) PA 11 (1933–2022) NJ 11 (1968–2019) IL 11 (1886–2012) MN 10 (1985–2015) ND 9 (1992–2020) WA 8 (1911–2002) CO 8 (1950–2015) MI 8 (1975–2018) OH 7 (1929–2010) VA 7 (1910–2012) FL 6 (1991–2008) SC 6 (1911–2006) IN 6 (1890–2017) MO 5 (1905–1988) MA 5 (1978–2009) KY 4 (1955–2015) NM 4 (1983–2025) WI 4 (1896–2025) MS 4 (1953–2008) VT 4 (1998–2026) CT 3 (1987–2015) DE 3 (2004–2022) SD 3 (1986–2008) UT 3 (1992–2021) MT 3 (1950–1953) WY 3 (1986–2016) ME 2 (1985–2002) OR 2 (1971–2022) DC 2 (1996–2024) MD 2 (1983–2001) AR 2 (1937–1974) AK 2 (1982–2014) IA 2 (2000–2020)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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