260 Ohio opinions name it 4 courts 1999–2026 53 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Cater v. City of Clevelandgreen2 sentences2026Chapter 2744, sets forth a three-tiered analysis for determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability.” Doe v. Greenville City Schools, 2022-Ohio-4618, ¶ 9 , quoting Cater v. Cleveland, 83 Ohio St.3d 24, 28 (1998). 2025Chapter 2744, sets forth a three-tiered analysis for determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability.” Doe v. Greenville City Schools, 2022-Ohio-4618, ¶ 9 , quoting Cater v. Cleveland, 83 Ohio St.3d 24, 28 (1998). | 15 | 89 |
Elston v. Howland Local Schoolsgreen2 sentences2019Determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability under R.C. 2744.02 * * * involves a three-tiered analysis.” Lambert v. Clancy, 125 Ohio St.3d 231 , 2010-Ohio-1483, ¶8 , citing Elston v. Howland Local Schools, 113 Ohio St.3d 314 , 2007-Ohio-2070 , ¶10 and Greene Cty. 2019Schools, 113 Ohio St.3d 314 , 2007-Ohio-2070 , ¶ 10 (“The process of determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability involves a three-tiered analysis.”). 5 {¶10} Given that the trial court engaged in the three-tiered analysis and found that no exception to immunity applied, and that the substance of the trial court’s three-tiered analysis is not challenged on appeal, the Sheriff’s assignment of error is sustained. | 6 | 20 |
Lambert v. Clancygreen2 sentences2025See Lambert v. Clancy, 2010-Ohio-1483, ¶ 10 , citing Cramer v. Auglaize Acres, 2007-Ohio- 11. 1946, ¶ 17 (“For claims against individual employees, the three-tiered analysis used to determine whether a political subdivision is immune is not used.”). 2024“For claims against employees acting in an individual capacity, the three-tiered analysis used to determine whether a political subdivision is immune is not used.” Lambert, 125 Ohio St.3d 231 , 2010-Ohio-1483 , 927 N.E.2d 585 at ¶ 10 , citing Cramer v. Auglaize Acres, 113 Ohio St.3d 266 , 2007-Ohio-1946 , 865 N.E.2d 9, ¶ 17 . | 4 | 34 |
Cramer v. Auglaize Acresgreen2 sentences2024“For claims against employees acting in an individual capacity, the three-tiered analysis used to determine whether a political subdivision is immune is not used.” Lambert, 125 Ohio St.3d 231 , 2010-Ohio-1483 , 927 N.E.2d 585 at ¶ 10 , citing Cramer v. Auglaize Acres, 113 Ohio St.3d 266 , 2007-Ohio-1946 , 865 N.E.2d 9, ¶ 17 . 2024“For claims against employees acting in an individual capacity, the three-tiered analysis used to determine whether a political subdivision is immune is not used.” Lambert, 125 Ohio St.3d 231 , 2010-Ohio-1483 , 927 N.E.2d 585 at ¶ 10 , citing Cramer v. Auglaize Acres, 113 Ohio St.3d 266 , 2007-Ohio-1946 , 865 N.E.2d 9, ¶ 17 . | 2 | 30 |
Village of Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co.green2 sentences2026Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105 (1996). {¶15} Ohio's Political Subdivision Tort Liability Act, which governs political subdivision liability and immunity, is codified in R.C. 2744.01 et seq. and sets forth a three-tiered analysis for determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability for injury or loss to property. 2018Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co. , 77 Ohio St.3d 102 , 105, 671 N.E.2d 241 (1996). {¶ 4} "Determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability under [Chapter 2744] * * * involves a three-tiered analysis." Lambert v. Clancy , 125 Ohio St.3d 231 , 2010-Ohio-1483 , 927 N.E.2d 585 , ¶ 8. | 2 | 3 |
Colbert v. City of Clevelandgreen2 sentences2023Chapter 2744 involves a three-tiered analysis.” Colbert v. City of Cleveland, 99 Ohio St.3d 215 , 2003-Ohio-3319 , 790 N.E.2d 781, ¶ 7 , citing Greene Cty. 2023Chapter 2744 involves a three-tiered analysis.” Colbert v. City of Cleveland, 99 Ohio St.3d 215 , 2003-Ohio-3319 , 790 N.E.2d 781, ¶ 7 , citing Greene Cty. | 1 | 46 |
Cater v. Clevelandgreen2 sentences2018Chapter 2744, requires a three-tiered analysis to determine whether a political subdivision should be allocated immunity from civil liability. " Hubbard v. Canton City Bd. of Edn. , 97 Ohio St.3d 451 , 2002-Ohio-6718 , 780 N.E.2d 543 , ¶ 10, citing Cater v. Cleveland , 83 Ohio St.3d 24 , 28, 1998-Ohio-421 , 697 N.E.2d 610 . {¶ 9} A three-tiered analysis is used when evaluating immunity: Under the first tier, R.C. 2744.02(A)(1) sets out the general rule that political subdivisions are not liable in damages. [ Greene Cty. 2008Chapter 2744 provides a complete defense to a negligence cause of action, Turner v. Central Local School Dist. , 85 Ohio St.3d 95 , 98 , 706 N.E.2d 1261 , 1999-Ohio-207 ; However, "[t]he immunity afforded a political subdivision in R.C. 2744.02 (A)(1) is not absolute." Cater v. Cleveland , 83 Ohio St.3d 24 , 28 , 697 N.E.2d 610 , 1998-Ohio-421 , citing Hill v. Urbana , 79 Ohio St.3d 130 , 679 N.E.2d 1109 , 1997-Ohio-400 . {¶ 44} The statute and the Ohio Supreme Court set forth a three-tiered analysis to determine whether a political subdivision is immune from tort liability: The first tier is | 1 | 19 |
Greene County Agricultural Society v. Liminggreen2 sentences2022Chapter 2744 involves a three-tiered analysis.” Colbert v. City of Cleveland, 99 Ohio St.3d 215 , 2003-Ohio-3319 , 790 N.E.2d 781, ¶ 7 , citing Greene County Agricultural Soc. v. Liming, 89 Ohio St.3d 551, 556-557 , 733 N.E.2d 1141 (2000). 2022Chapter 2744 involves a three-tiered analysis.” Colbert v. City of Cleveland, 99 Ohio St.3d 215 , 2003-Ohio-3319 , 790 N.E.2d 781, ¶ 7 , citing Greene County Agricultural Soc. v. Liming, 89 Ohio St.3d 551, 556-557 , 733 N.E.2d 1141 (2000). | 1 | 15 |
Rankin v. Cuyahoga County Department of Children & Family Servicesgreen2 sentences2022Dept. of Children & Family Servs., 118 Ohio St.3d 392 , 2008-Ohio-2567 , 889 N.E.2d 521, ¶ 8 , quoting Cater v. Cleveland, 83 Ohio St.3d 24, 28 , 697 N.E.2d 610 (1998). 2022Dept. of Children & Family Servs., 118 Ohio St.3d 392 , 2008-Ohio-2567 , 889 N.E.2d 521, ¶ 8 , quoting Cater v. Cleveland, 83 Ohio St.3d 24, 28 , 697 N.E.2d 610 (1998). | 1 | 4 |
Fabrey v. McDonald Village Police Departmentgreen2 sentences2024“Instead, R.C. 2744.03(A)(6) provides that an employee is personally immune from liability unless ‘(a) The employee’s acts or omissions were manifestly outside the scope of the employee’s employment or official responsibilities; (b) The employee’s acts or omissions were with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner; No. 24AP-43 11 [or] (c) Civil liability is expressly imposed upon the employee by a section of the Revised Code.’ For these purposes, allegations of negligence are insufficient to overcome the immunity granted to an employee of a political subdivision who 2019“For claims against individual employees, the three-tiered analysis used to determine whether a political subdivision is immune is not used.” Id., citing Cramer, supra, at ¶17 . | 1 | 3 |
Moss v. Lorain Cty. Bd. of Mental Retardationgreen2 sentences2023Lorain No. 13CA010335, 2014-Ohio-969, ¶ 10 . {¶10} For the individual employees of political subdivisions, however, the three-tiered immunity analysis for political subdivisions does not apply. 2021Under the third tier, “immunity may be restored, and the political subdivision will not be liable, if one of the defenses enumerated in R.C. 2744.03(A) applies.” Id. {¶12} It is undisputed that the City was entitled to a general grant of immunity under the first tier of the three-tiered analysis. | 1 | 3 |
Roe v. Hamilton County Department of Human Servicesgreen2 sentences2019Dept. of Human Servs., 53 Ohio App.3d 120, 126 (1st Dist.1988). {¶ 29} A court must engage in a three-tiered analysis to determine whether a political subdivision is entitled to immunity pursuant to R.C. 2007Dept. of Human Serv. (1988), 53 Ohio App.3d 120 , 126 . {¶ 13} "The process of determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability involves a three-tiered analysis." Elston v. Howland Local Schools , 113 Ohio St.3d 314 , 2007-Ohio-2070 , at ¶ 10 . | 1 | 2 |
| Ryll v. Columbus Fireworks Display Co., Inc.green | 1 | 2 |
| Ryll v. Columbus Fireworks Display Co.green | 1 | 2 |
| Schlegel v. Summit Cty.green | 1 | 1 |
| Conaway v. Mt. Orabgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Bevelacqua v. Tancakgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Scott v. Kashmirygreen | 1 | 1 |
| Szefcyk v. Kucirekgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Tighe v. Diamondgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Contreraz v. Bettsvillegreen | 1 | 1 |
| Stetz v. Copley Fairlawn School Dist.green | 1 | 1 |
| Georgantonis v. Readinggreen | 1 | 1 |
| Brown v. Cincinnatigreen | 1 | 1 |
| Ramey v. Muddgreen | 1 | 1 |
| HDV Cleveland, L. L.C. v. Ohio Liquor Control Comm.green | 1 | 1 |
| Asklar v. Honeywell, Inc.green | 1 | 1 |
| Sickles v. Jackson County Highway Departmentgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Cater v. City of Clevelandgreen2 sentences2026Chapter 2744, sets forth a three-tiered analysis for determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability.” Doe v. Greenville City Schools, 2022-Ohio-4618, ¶ 9 , quoting Cater v. Cleveland, 83 Ohio St.3d 24, 28 (1998). 2025Chapter 2744, sets forth a three-tiered analysis for determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability.” Doe v. Greenville City Schools, 2022-Ohio-4618, ¶ 9 , quoting Cater v. Cleveland, 83 Ohio St.3d 24, 28 (1998). | 1 | 89 |
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Hubbard v. Canton City School Bd. of Edn.
green
2 sentences2025Chapter 2744, requires a three-tiered analysis to determine whether a political 5 subdivision should be allocated immunity from civil liability.” Hubbard v. Canton City School Bd. of Edn., 2002-Ohio-6718, ¶ 10 . 2022“The Act ‘requires a three-tiered analysis to determine whether a political subdivision should be allocated immunity from civil liability.’ ” Id., quoting Hubbard v. Canton City School Bd. of Edn., 97 Ohio St.3d 451 , 2002-Ohio-6718 , 780 N.E.2d 543 , ¶ 10. “ ‘The first tier is the general rule that a political subdivision is immune from liability incurred in performing either a 4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS governmental or a proprietary function.’ ” Id., quoting Anderson v. Massillon, 5th Dist. | 28 | 2005–2025 |
Hubbard v. Canton City School Board of Education
green
2 sentences2022“The Act ‘requires a three-tiered analysis to determine whether a political subdivision should be allocated immunity from civil liability.’ ” Id., quoting Hubbard v. Canton City School Bd. of Edn., 97 Ohio St.3d 451 , 2002-Ohio-6718 , 780 N.E.2d 543 , ¶ 10. “ ‘The first tier is the general rule that a political subdivision is immune from liability incurred in performing either a 4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS governmental or a proprietary function.’ ” Id., quoting Anderson v. Massillon, 5th Dist. 2020The Act “requires a three-tiered analysis to determine whether a political subdivision should be allocated immunity from civil liability.” Hubbard v. Canton City School Bd. of Edn., 97 Ohio St.3d 451 , 2002-Ohio-6718 , 780 N.E.2d 543 , ¶ 10, citing Cater v. Cleveland, 83 Ohio St.3d 24, 28 , 697 N.E.2d 610 (1998). | 27 | 2005–2022 |
Shalkhauser v. City of Medina
green
2 sentences2019“The starting point is the general rule that political subdivisions are immune from tort liability[.]” Shalkhauser v. Medina, 148 Ohio App.3d 41 , 2002-Ohio-222 , ¶ 14 (9th Dist.). 2018"The starting point is the general rule that political subdivisions are immune from tort liability[.]" Shalkhauser v. Medina , 148 Ohio App.3d 41 , 772 N.E.2d 129 , ¶ 14 (9th Dist. 2002). | 9 | 2011–2019 |
Hortman v. City of Miamisburg
green
2 sentences2024“The Act ‘sets forth a three-tiered analysis for determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability for injury or loss to property.’” Id., quoting Hortman v. Miamisburg, 110 Ohio St.3d 194 , 2006-Ohio-4251 , ¶ 9. 2023“The Act ‘sets forth a three-tiered analysis for determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability for injury or loss to property.’” Id. quoting Hortman v. Miamisburg, 110 Ohio St.3d 194 , 2006-Ohio-4251 , ¶ 9. | 7 | 2008–2024 |
Dresher v. Burt
green
2 sentences2018Id. at 294 , 662 N.E.2d 264 . {¶ 11} The Ohio Supreme Court has set forth a three-tiered analysis to determine whether a political subdivision is immune from tort liability: the first tier is to establish immunity under R.C. 2744.02(A)(1) ; the second tier is to analyze whether any of the exceptions to immunity under R.C. 2744.02(B) apply; if so, then under the third tier, the political subdivision has the burden of showing that one of the defenses of R.C. 2744.03 applies. 2018Id. at 294 , 662 N.E.2d 264 . {¶ 11} The Ohio Supreme Court has set forth a three-tiered analysis to determine whether a political subdivision is immune from tort liability: the first tier is to establish immunity under R.C. 2744.02(A)(1) ; the second tier is to analyze whether any of the exceptions to immunity under R.C. 2744.02(B) apply; if so, then under the third tier, the political subdivision has the burden of showing that one of the defenses of R.C. 2744.03 applies. | 6 | 2011–2018 |
Anderson v. City of Massillon
green
2 sentences2022“Wanton 1 We note that the three-tiered analysis used to determine political subdivision immunity, pursuant to R.C. 2744.02, is different from the standard used to determine whether an employee of a political subdivision has immunity, which is codified in R.C. 2744.03. 18 misconduct is the failure to exercise any care toward those to whom a duty of care is owed in circumstances in which there is great probability that harm will result.” Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus. {¶52} If any one of the five exceptions to immunity in R.C. 2744.02(B) applies and if any defenses that may be asserted 2013Guernsey County, Case No. 12 CA 28 13 {¶33} The Supreme Court of Ohio recently clarified the recklessness standard in Anderson v. City of Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380 , 2012-Ohio-5711 , 983 N.E.2d 266 (2012) and stated, “reckless conduct is characterized by the conscious disregard of or indifference to a known or obvious risk of harm to another that is unreasonable under the circumstances and is substantially greater than negligent conduct.” {¶34} In this case, because we have found that appellants are not immune under the three-tiered analysis, this matter will return to the trial court for | 4 | 2013–2025 |
Pelletier v. Campbell (Slip Opinion)
green
2 sentences2024Pelletier v. Campbell, 153 Ohio St.3d 611 , 2018-Ohio-2121, ¶ 15 . 2024Pelletier v. Campbell, 153 Ohio St.3d 611 , 2018-Ohio-2121, ¶ 15 . | 4 | 2019–2024 |
Smith v. McBride
green
2 sentences2020“If any of the exceptions to immunity do apply, and if no defense in that section applies to negate the liability of the political subdivision under that section, then the third tier of the analysis requires an assessment of whether any defenses in R.C. 2744.03 apply to reinstate immunity.” Smith v. McBride, 130 Ohio St.3d 51 , 2011-Ohio-4674 , 955 N.E.2d 954 , ¶ 15, citing Colbert v. Cleveland, 99 Ohio St.3d 215 , 2003-Ohio-3319 , 790 N.E.2d 781 . {¶14} The three-tiered analysis applicable to a political subdivision does not apply when determining whether an employee of a political subdivisio 2020“If any of the exceptions to immunity do apply, and if no defense in that section applies to negate the liability of the political subdivision under that section, then the third tier of the analysis requires an assessment of whether any defenses in R.C. 2744.03 apply to reinstate immunity.” Smith v. McBride, 130 Ohio St.3d 51 , 2011-Ohio-4674 , 955 N.E.2d 954 , ¶ 15, citing Colbert v. Cleveland, 99 Ohio St.3d 215 , 2003-Ohio-3319 , 790 N.E.2d 781 . {¶14} The three-tiered analysis applicable to a political subdivision does not apply when determining whether an employee of a political subdivisio | 4 | 2017–2022 |
M.H. v. City of Cuyahoga Falls
green
2 sentences2022Chapter 2744, sets forth a three-tiered analysis for determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability.” Cater v. Cleveland, 83 Ohio St.3d 24, 28 , 697 N.E.2d 610 (1998) (lead opinion), abrogated by M.H. v. Cuyahoga Falls, 134 Ohio St.3d 65 , 2012-Ohio-5336 , 979 N.E.2d 1261 . 2022Chapter 2744, sets forth a three-tiered analysis for determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability.” Cater v. Cleveland, 83 Ohio St.3d 24, 28 , 697 N.E.2d 610 (1998) (lead opinion), abrogated by M.H. v. Cuyahoga Falls, 134 Ohio St.3d 65 , 2012-Ohio-5336 , 979 N.E.2d 1261 . | 4 | 2014–2022 |
R.K. v. Little Miami Golf Ctr.
green
2 sentences2020R.K. v. Little Miami Golf Ctr., 2013-Ohio-4939 , 1 N.E.3d 833 , ¶ 8 (1st Dist.), citing Hubbard v. Canton City School Bd. of Edn., 97 Ohio St.3d 451 , 2002-Ohio- 6718, 780 N.E.2d 543 , ¶ 10. 2020R.K. v. Little Miami Golf Ctr., 2013-Ohio-4939 , 1 N.E.3d 833 , ¶ 8 (1st Dist.); Steele at ¶ 17. | 4 | 2018–2020 |
Conley v. Shearer
green
2 sentences2019Bd. of Commrs., 152 Ohio St.3d 1466 , 2018-Ohio-1795 , 97 N.E.3d 501, ¶ 16-17 (2018), citing Conley v. Shearer, 64 Ohio St.3d 284, 292 , 595 N.E.2d 862 (1992). {¶42} A three-tiered analysis must be undertaken to determine whether a political subdivision is immune from civil liability. 2019Bd. of Commrs., 152 Ohio St.3d 1466 , 2018-Ohio-1795 , 97 N.E.3d 501, ¶ 16-17 (2018), citing Conley v. Shearer, 64 Ohio St.3d 284, 292 , 595 N.E.2d 862 (1992). {¶42} A three-tiered analysis must be undertaken to determine whether a political subdivision is immune from civil liability. | 4 | 2008–2019 |
Greene Cty. Agricultural Soc. v. Liming
neutral
2 sentences2016Agricultural Soc. v. Liming, 89 Ohio St.3d 551, 556-57 , 2000-Ohio-486 , 733 N.E.2d 1141 ] Under the second tier, the court must determine whether any of the exceptions to immunity set out in R.C. 2744.02(B) apply. 2008Agricultural Soc. v. Liming , 89 Ohio St.3d 551 , 556 , 2000-Ohio-486 , the Ohio Supreme Court established a three-tiered analysis for determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability under Chapter 2744. | 4 | 2006–2016 |
Doe v. Greenville City Schools
green
2 sentences2026Chapter 2744, sets forth a three-tiered analysis for determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability.” Doe v. Greenville City Schools, 2022-Ohio-4618, ¶ 9 , quoting Cater v. Cleveland, 83 Ohio St.3d 24, 28 (1998). 2025Chapter 2744, sets forth a three-tiered analysis for determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability.” Doe v. Greenville City Schools, 2022-Ohio-4618, ¶ 9 , quoting Cater v. Cleveland, 83 Ohio St.3d 24, 28 (1998). | 3 | 2025–2026 |
Baker v. Wayne Cty. (Slip Opinion)
green
2 sentences2022Chapter 2744." Baker v. Wayne Cty., 147 Ohio St.3d 51 , 2016-Ohio-1566, ¶ 11 , citing Rankin v. Cuyahoga Cty. 2022Chapter 2744." Baker v. Wayne Cty., 147 Ohio St.3d 51 , 2016-Ohio-1566, ¶ 11 , citing Rankin v. Cuyahoga Cty. | 3 | 2019–2022 |
Stevens v. Maxson
green
2 sentences2016No. 12AP-672, 2013-Ohio-5792, ¶ 12 , quoting Mashburn v. Dutcher, 5th Dist. 2016No. 12AP-672, 2013-Ohio-5792, ¶ 12 , quoting Mashburn v. Dutcher, 5th Dist. | 3 | 2015–2016 |
Hill v. City of Urbana
green
2 sentences2008Chapter 2744 provides a complete defense to a negligence cause of action, Turner v. Central Local School Dist. , 85 Ohio St.3d 95 , 98 , 706 N.E.2d 1261 , 1999-Ohio-207 ; However, "[t]he immunity afforded a political subdivision in R.C. 2744.02 (A)(1) is not absolute." Cater v. Cleveland , 83 Ohio St.3d 24 , 28 , 697 N.E.2d 610 , 1998-Ohio-421 , citing Hill v. Urbana , 79 Ohio St.3d 130 , 679 N.E.2d 1109 , 1997-Ohio-400 . {¶ 44} The statute and the Ohio Supreme Court set forth a three-tiered analysis to determine whether a political subdivision is immune from tort liability: The first tier is 2008Chapter 2744 provides a complete defense to a negligence cause of action, Turner v. Central Local School Dist. , 85 Ohio St.3d 95 , 98 , 706 N.E.2d 1261 , 1999-Ohio-207 ; However, "[t]he immunity afforded a political subdivision in R.C. 2744.02 (A)(1) is not absolute." Cater v. Cleveland , 83 Ohio St.3d 24 , 28 , 697 N.E.2d 610 , 1998-Ohio-421 , citing Hill v. Urbana , 79 Ohio St.3d 130 , 679 N.E.2d 1109 , 1997-Ohio-400 . {¶ 44} The statute and the Ohio Supreme Court set forth a three-tiered analysis to determine whether a political subdivision is immune from tort liability: The first tier is | 3 | 2006–2008 |
McNamara v. City of Rittman
green
2 sentences2024“The Act ‘sets forth a three-tiered analysis for determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability for injury or loss to property.’” Id., quoting Hortman v. Miamisburg, 110 Ohio St.3d 194 , 2006-Ohio-4251 , ¶ 9. 2023“The Act ‘sets forth a three-tiered analysis for determining whether a political subdivision is immune from liability for injury or loss to property.’” Id. quoting Hortman v. Miamisburg, 110 Ohio St.3d 194 , 2006-Ohio-4251 , ¶ 9. | 2 | 2023–2024 |
Fisher v. Ahmed
green
2 sentences2022Summit No. 29340, 2020-Ohio-1196, ¶ 25 . 2021Summit No. 29340, 2020-Ohio-1196, ¶ 25 . | 2 | 2021–2022 |
| Thompson v. Buckeye Joint Vocational School Dist. green | 2 | 2018–2019 |
| Elton v. Sparkes neutral | 2 | 2017–2017 |
| Hill v. Urbana green | 2 | 2006–2008 |
| Bush v. Beggrow, Unpublished Decision (5-19-2005) green | 2 | 2006–2006 |
| Carpenter v. Scherer-Mountain Insurance Agency green | 2 | 2001–2004 |
| Mullins v. Liberty Twp. green | 1 | 2025–2025 |
| Riffle v. Physicians & Surgeons Ambulance Service, Inc. green | 1 | 2024–2024 |
| McConnell v. Dudley (Slip Opinion) green | 1 | 2024–2024 |
| Martin v. Payne green | 1 | 2023–2023 |
| Duncan v. Cuyahoga Community College green | 1 | 2023–2023 |
| Holimon v. Cincinnati Metro. Hous. Auth. green | 1 | 2022–2022 |
| Bonacorsi v. Wheeling & Lake Erie Ry. Co. green | 1 | 2022–2022 |
| Ogburn v. Toledo neutral | 1 | 2022–2022 |
| Anderson v. Massillon neutral | 1 | 2022–2022 |
| Cuyahoga County Board of Commissioners v. State green | 1 | 2021–2021 |
| Frazier v. Kent, Unpublished Decision (10-7-2005) neutral | 1 | 2021–2021 |
| Helton v. Fifth Third Bank neutral | 1 | 2020–2020 |
| Thomas v. Lorain Metro Hous. Auth. green | 1 | 2019–2019 |
| Nease v. Medical College Hospitals green | 1 | 2019–2019 |
| Molnar v. Green green | 1 | 2019–2019 |
| State Ex. Rel. Jackson v. Brush green | 1 | 2019–2019 |
| Emmerling v. Mahoning Cnty. Bd. of Commrs neutral | 1 | 2019–2019 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.