49 C.F.R. § 531.5

Fuel economy standards

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(a) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, each manufacturer of passenger automobiles shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy standards in table 1 to this paragraph (a), expressed in miles per gallon, in the model year specified as applicable:

Table 1 to Paragraph (a)
Model year	Average fuel economy standard (miles per gallon)
1978	18.0
1979	19.0
1980	20.0
1981	22.0
1982	24.0
1983	26.0
1984	27.0
1985	27.5
1986	26.0
1987	26.0
1988	26.0
1989	26.5
1990-2010	27.5

(b) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, for model year 2011, a manufacturer's passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy level calculated for that model year according to figure 1 and the appropriate values in table 2 to this paragraph (b).

Figure 1 to Paragraph (b)

Where:

N is the total number (sum) of passenger automobiles produced by a manufacturer;

Ni is the number (sum) of the ith passenger automobile model produced by the manufacturer; and

Ti is the fuel economy target of the ith model passenger automobile, which is determined according to the following formula, rounded to the nearest hundredth:

Where:

Parameters a, b, c, and d are defined in table 2 to this paragraph (b);

e = 2.718; and

x = footprint (in square feet, rounded to the nearest tenth) of the vehicle model.

Table 2 to paragraph (b)— Parameters for the Passenger Automobile Fuel Economy Targets
Model year				Parameters
a (mpg)	b (mpg)	c (gal/mi/ft2)	d (gal/mi)	Parameters
2011	31.20	24.00	51.41	1.91

(c) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, for model years 2012-2031, a manufacturer's passenger automobile fleet shall comply with the fleet average fuel economy level calculated for that model year according to this figure 2 and the appropriate values in this table 3 to this paragraph (c).

Figure 2 to Paragraph (c)

Where:

CAFErequired is the fleet average fuel economy standard for a given fleet (domestic passenger automobiles or import passenger automobiles);

Subscript i is a designation of multiple groups of automobiles, where each group's designation, i.e., i = 1, 2, 3, etc., represents automobiles that share a unique model type and footprint within the applicable fleet, either domestic passenger automobiles or import passenger automobiles;

Productioni is the number of passenger automobiles produced for sale in the United States within each ith designation, i.e., which share the same model type and footprint;

TARGETi is the fuel economy target in miles per gallon (mpg) applicable to the footprint of passenger automobiles within each ith designation, i.e., which share the same model type and footprint, calculated according to figure 3 to this paragraph (c) and rounded to the nearest hundredth of a mpg, i.e., 35.455 = 35.46 mpg, and the summations in the numerator and denominator are both performed over all models in the fleet in question.

Figure 3 to Paragraph (c)

Where:

TARGET is the fuel economy target (in mpg) applicable to vehicles of a given footprint (FOOTPRINT, in square feet);

Parameters a, b, c, and d are defined in table 3 to this paragraph (c); and

The MIN and MAX functions take the minimum and maximum, respectively, of the included values.

Table 3 to Paragraph (c)—Parameters for the Passenger Automobile Fuel Economy Targets, MYs 2012-2031
Model year	Parameters
Model year	a (mpg)	b (mpg)	c (gal/mi/ft2)	d (gal/mi)
2012	35.95	27.95	0.0005308	0.006057
2013	36.80	28.46	0.0005308	0.005410
2014	37.75	29.03	0.0005308	0.004725
2015	39.24	29.90	0.0005308	0.003719
2016	41.09	30.96	0.0005308	0.002573
2017	43.61	32.65	0.0005131	0.001896
2018	45.21	33.84	0.0004954	0.001811
2019	46.87	35.07	0.0004783	0.001729
2020	48.74	36.47	0.0004603	0.001643
2021	49.48	37.02	0.000453	0.00162
2022	50.24	37.59	0.000447	0.00159
2023	51.00	38.16	0.000440	0.00157
2024	55.44	41.48	0.000405	0.00144
2025	60.26	45.08	0.000372	0.00133
2026	66.95	50.09	0.000335	0.00120
2027	68.32	51.12	0.00032841	0.00117220
2028	69.71	52.16	0.00032184	0.00114876
2029	71.14	53.22	0.00031541	0.00112579
2030	72.59	54.31	0.00030910	0.00110327
2031	74.07	55.42	0.00030292	0.00108120

(d) In addition to the requirements of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, each manufacturer, other than manufacturers subject to standards in paragraph (e) of this section, shall also meet the minimum fleet standard for domestically manufactured passenger automobiles expressed in table 4 to this paragraph (d):

Table 4 to Paragraph (d)—Minimum Fuel Economy Standards for Domestically Manufactured Passenger Automobiles, MYs 2011-2031
Model year	Minimum standard
2011	27.8
2012	30.7
2013	31.4
2014	32.1
2015	33.3
2016	34.7
2017	36.7
2018	38.0
2019	39.4
2020	40.9
2021	39.9
2022	40.6
2023	41.1
2024	44.3
2025	48.1
2026	53.5
2027	54.2
2028	55.2
2029	56.4
2030	57.5
2031	58.7

(e) The following manufacturers shall comply with the standards indicated in paragraphs (e)(1) through (15) of this section for the specified model years:

(1) Avanti Motor Corporation.

Table 5 to § 531.5(e)(1)—Average Fuel Economy Standards
Model year	Miles per gallon
1978	16.1
1979	14.5
1980	15.8
1981	18.2
1982	18.2
1983	16.9
1984	16.9
1985	16.9

(2) Rolls-Royce Motors, Inc.

Table 6 to § 531.5(e)(2)—Average Fuel Economy Standards
Model year	Miles per gallon
1978	10.7
1979	10.8
1980	11.1
1981	10.7
1982	10.6
1983	9.9
1984	10.0
1985	10.0
1986	11.0
1987	11.2
1988	11.2
1989	11.2
1990	12.7
1991	12.7
1992	13.8
1993	13.8
1994	13.8
1995	14.6
1996	14.6
1997	15.1
1998	16.3
1999	16.3

(3) Checker Motors Corporation.

Table 7 to § 531.5(e)(3)—Average Fuel Economy Standards
Model year	Miles per gallon
1978	17.6
1979	16.5
1980	18.5
1981	18.3
1982	18.4

(4) Aston Martin Lagonda Limited.

Table 8 to § 531.5(e)(4)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year	(Miles per gallon)
1979	11.5
1980	12.1
1981	12.2
1982	12.2
1983	11.3
1984	11.3
1985	11.4
2008	19.0
2009	18.6
2010	19.2
2011	19.1
2012	19.2
2013	20.1
2014	19.7
2015	19.8
2016	20.2
2017	21.4
2018	22.9
2019	22.4
2020	22.6
2021	24.9
2022	24.9
2023	24.9

(5) Excalibur Automobile Corporation.

Table 9 to § 531.5(e)(5)—Average Fuel Economy Standards
Model year	Miles per gallon
1978	11.5
1979	11.5
1980	16.2
1981	17.9
1982	17.9
1983	16.6
1984	16.6
1985	16.6

(6) Lotus Cars Ltd.

Table 10 to § 531.5(e)(6)—Average Fuel Economy Standards
Model year	Miles per gallon
1994	24.2
1995	23.3

(7) Officine Alfieri Maserati, S.p.A.

Table 11 to § 531.5(e)(7)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year	Miles per gallon
1978	12.5
1979	12.5
1980	9.5
1984	17.9
1985	16.8

(8) Lamborghini of North America.

Table 12 to § 531.5(e)(8)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year	Miles per gallon
1983	13.7
1984	13.7

(9) LondonCoach Co., Inc.

Table 13 to § 531.5(e)(9)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year	Miles per gallon
1985	21.0
1986	21.0
1987	21.0

(10) Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A./Vector Aeromotive Corporation.

Table 14 § 531.5(e)(10)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year	Miles per gallon
1995	12.8
1996	12.6
1997	12.5

(11) Dutcher Motors, Inc.

Table 15 to § 531.5(e)(11)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year	Miles per gallon
1986	16.0
1987	16.0
1988	16.0
1992	17.0
1993	17.0
1994	17.0
1995	17.0

(12) MedNet, Inc.

Table 16 to § 531.5(e)(12)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year	Average fuel economy standard (miles per gallon)
1996	17.0
1997	17.0
1998	17.0

(13) Vector Aeromotive Corporation.

Table 17 to § 531.5(e)(13)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year	Miles per gallon
1998	12.1

(14) Qvale Automotive Group Srl.

Table 18 to § 531.5(e)(14)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year	Miles per gallon
2000	22.0
2001	22.0

(15) Spyker Automobielen B.V.

Table 19 to § 531.5(e)(15)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year	(Miles per gallon)
2006	18.9
2007	18.9
2008	19.6
2009	19.6
2010	20.7

(16) Ferrari.

Table 20 to § 531.5(e)(16)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year	(Miles per gallon)
2016	21.7
2017	21.5
2018	21.6
2020	21.1

(17) Koenigsegg.

Table 21 to § 531.5(e)(17)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year	(Miles per gallon)
2015	16.7
2018	16.7
2019	16.6
2020	16.6
2021	16.6
2022	16.9
2023	16.9

(18) McLaren.

Table 22 to § 531.5(e)(18)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year	(Miles per gallon)
2012	23.2
2013	24.0
2014	23.8
2015	22.9
2016	23.2
2017	24.3
2018	23.3
2019	22.5
2020	22.5
2021	21.5
2022	24.6
2023	25.7

(19) Mobility Ventures.

Table 23 to § 531.5(e)(19)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year	(Miles per gallon)
2014	19.6
2015	20.1
2016	20.1

(20) Pagani.

Table 24 to § 531.5(e)(20)—Average Fuel Economy Standard
Model year	(Miles per gallon)
2014	15.6
2016	15.6
2017	15.6
2018	15.6
2019	15.5
2020	15.5
2021	15.5
2022	15.5
2023	15.5

[87 FR 26070, May 2, 2022, as amended at 89 FR 12756, Feb. 20, 2024; 89 FR 52945, June 24, 2024; 89 FR 60833, July 29, 2024]

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 7 cases, 1988–2008 · leading case: Center for Biological Diversity v. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

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Center for Biological Diversity v. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (2008) ca9 · cites it 2× “5 (a) (2007) with 49 C.F.R. § 531.5 (a) (2007). A "passenger automobile" is defined as: an automobile that the Secretary decides by regulation is manufactured primarily for transporting not more than 10 individuals, but does not include an automobile capable of off-highway…”

Center for Biological Diversity v. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (2007) ca9 · cites it 2× “5 (a) (2007) with 49 C.F.R. § 531.5 (a) (2007). A “passenger automobile” is defined as: an automobile that the Secretary decides by regula- tion is manufactured primarily for transporting not more than 10 individuals, but does not include an automobile capable of off-highway…”

Competitive Enterprise Institute v. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (1990) cadc · cites it 2× “6, 1986), codified at 49 C.F.R. § 531.5 (1987), and the MY 1989 Final Rule appears at 53 Fed.”

Center for Auto Safety v. Thomas (1988) cadc “Compare 49 C.F.R. § 531.5 (1987) with 50 Fed.Reg.”

General Motors Corp. v. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (1990) cadc · cites it 3× “40,528 (1985) (codified at 49 C.F.R. § 531.5 (1986)) (setting the MY 1986 standard at 26.”

Public Citizen v. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (1988) cadc “5 mpg to 26 mpg is Affirmed. . Pub. L. No. 94-163, 89 Stat.”

Center for Biological v. Nhtsa (2008) ca9 “5 (a) (2007) with 49 C.F.R. § 531.5 (a) (2007). A “passenger automobile” is defined as: an automobile that the Secretary decides by regula- tion is manufactured primarily for transporting not more than 10 individuals, but does not include an automobile capable of off-highway…”

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