Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 94C, § 31 (2026)

Section 31. For the purposes of establishing criminal penalties for violation of a provision of this chapter, there are established the following five classes of controlled substances:

CLASS A

(a) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following opiates, including their isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomers, esters and ethers, whenever the existence of such isomers, esters, ethers and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation:

(1) Acetylmethadol

(2) Allylprodine

(3) Alphacetylmethadol

(4) Alphameprodine

(5) Alphamethadol

(6) Benzethidine

(7) Betacetylmethadol

(8) Betameprodine

(9) Betamethadol

(10) Betaprodine

(11) Clonitazene

(12) Dextromoramide

(13) Dextrorphan

(14) Diampromide

(15) Diethylthiambutene

(16) Dimenoxadol

(17) Dimepheptanol

(18) Dimethylthiambutene

(19) Dioxaphetylbutyrate

(20) Dipipanone

(21) Ethylmethylthiambutene

(22) Etonitazene

(23) Etoxeridine

(24) Furethidine

(25) Hydroxypethidine

(26) Ketobemidone

(27) Levomoramide

(28) Levophenacylmorphan

(29) Morpheridine

(30) Noracymethadol

(31) Norlevorphanol

(32) Normethadone

(33) Norpipanone

(34) Phenadoxone

(35) Phenampromide

(36) Phenomorphan

(37) Phenoperidine

(38) Piritramide

(39) Proheptazine

(40) Properidine

(41) Racemoramide

(42) Trimeperidine

(b) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following opium derivatives, their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation:

(1) Acetorphine

(2) Acetyldihydrocodeine

(3) Benzylmorphine

(4) Codeine methylbromide

(5) Codeine–N–Oxide

(6) Cyprenorphine

(7) Desomorphine

(8) Dihydromorphine

(9) Etorphine

(10) Heroin

(11) Hydromorphinol

(12) Methyldesorphine

(13) Methylhydromorphine

(14) Morphine methylbromide

(15) Morphine methylsulfonate

(16) Morphine–N–Oxide

(17) Myrophine

(18) Nicocodeine

(19) Nicomorphine

(20) Normorphine

(21) Pholcodine

(22) Thebacon

(c) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture or preparation that contains any quantity of the following substances including its salts, isomers and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designations:

(1) Flunitrazepam

(2) Gamma Hydroxy Butyric Acid

(3) Ketamine.

[Paragraph (d) of Class A applicable as provided by 2018, 69, Sec. 237.]

(d) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture or preparation that contains any quantity of the following substances including its salts, isomers and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designations:

(1) Acetyl Fentanyl

(2) Carfentanil

(3) Fentanyl

(4) Cyclopropyl fentanyl

(5) Furanyl fentanyl

(6) 3–methylfentanyl

(7) 3,4–Dichloro–N–[2–(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]–N–methylbenzamide

(8) Any synthetic opioid controlled in Schedule I of 21 C.F.R. 1308.11 or Schedule II of 21 C.F.R. 1308.12, unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another class in this section.

CLASS B

(a) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following substances whether produced directly or indirectly by extraction from substances of vegetable origin, or independently by means of chemical synthesis, or by a combination of extraction and chemical synthesis:

(1) Opium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of opium or opiate

(2) Any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemically equivalent or identical with any of the substances referred to in paragraph (1) except that these substances shall not include the isoquinoline alkaloids of opium

(3) Opium poppy and poppy straw

(4) Coca leaves and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of coca leaves, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemically equivalent or identical with any of these substances, except that the substances shall not include decocainized coca leaves or extraction of coca leaves, which extractions do not contain cocaine or ecgonine.

(5) Phenyl–2–Propanone (P2P)

(6) Phenylcyclohexylamine (PCH)

(7) Piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile (PCC)

(8) 3,4–methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA).

(b) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any of the following opiates, including isomers, esters, ethers, salts, and salts of isomer, esters, and ethers, whenever the existence of such isomers, esters, ethers and salts is possible within the specific chemical designation:

[Clauses (1) to (20) of paragraph (b) of Class B applicable as provided by 2018, 69, Sec. 237.]

(1) Alphaprodine

(2) Anileridine

(3) Bezitramide

(4) Dihydrocodeine

(5) Diphenoxylate

(6) Isomethadone

(7) Levomethorphan

(8) Levorphanol

(9) Metazocine

(10) Methadone

(11) Methadone–Intermediate, 4–cyano–2–dimethylamino–4, 4–diphenyl butane

(12) Moramide–Intermediate, 2–methyl–3 morpholine–1, 1–diphenyl–propane carboxylic acid

(13) Pethidine

(14) Pethidine–Intermediate–A, 4–cyano–1–methyl–4–phenylpiperidine

(15) Pethidine–Intermediate–B, ethyl–4–phenylpiperidine–4–carboxylate

(16) Pethidine–Intermediate–C, 1–methyl–4–phenylpiperidine–4–carboxylic acid

(17) Phenazocine

(18) Piminodine

(19) Racemethorphan

(20) Racemorphan

(c) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a stimulant effect on the central nervous system:

(1) Amphetamine, its salts, optical isomers and salts of its optical isomers.

(2) Any substance which contains any quantity of methamphetamine, including its salts, isomers and salts of isomers.

(3) Phenmetrazine and its salts.

(4) Methylphenidate.

(d) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a depressant effect on the central nervous system:

(1) Any substance which contains any quantity of a derivative of barbituric acid, or any salt of a derivative of barbituric acid.

(2) Any substance which contains any quantity of methaqualone, or any salt or derivative of methaqualone.

(e) Unless specifically excepted or listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation, which contains any quantity of the following hallucinogenic substances or which contains any of their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation:

(1) Lysergic acid

(2) Lysergic acid amide

(3) Lysergic acid diethylamide

(4) Phencyclidine.

CLASS C

(a) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances having a depressant effect on the central nervous system:

(1) Chlordiazepoxide

(2) Chlorhexadol

(3) Clonazepam

(4) Clorazepate

(5) Diazepam

(6) Flurazepam

(7) Glutethimide

(8) Lorazepam

(9) Methyprylon

(10) Oxazepam

(11) Prazepam

(12) Sulfondiethylmethane

(13) Sulfonethylmethane

(14) Sulfonmethane

(15) Temazepam.

(b) Nalorphine

(c) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation containing limited quantities of any of the following narcotic drugs, or any salts thereof:

(1) Not more than 1.8 grams of codeine per 100 milliliters or not more than 90 milligrams per dosage unit with an equal or greater quantity of an isoquinoline alkaloid of opium.

(2) Not more than 1.8 grams of codeine per 100 milliliters or not more than 90 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active, nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts.

(3) Not more than 300 milligrams of dihydrocodeinone per 100 milliliters or not more than 15 milligrams per dosage unit, with a fourfold or greater quantity of an isoquinoline alkaloid of opium.

(4) Not more than 300 milligrams of dihydrocodeinone per 100 milliliters or not more than 15 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts.

(5) Not more than 1.8 grams of dihydrocodeine per 100 milliliters or not more than 90 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts.

(6) Not more than 300 milligrams of ethylmorphine per 100 milliliters or not more than 15 milligrams per dosage unit with one or more active nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts.

(7) Not more than 500 milligrams of opium per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams, or not more than 25 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active, nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts.

(8) Not more than 50 milligrams of morphine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams with one or more active nonnarcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts.

[There is no paragraph (d).]

(e) Unless specifically excepted or listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation, which contains any quantity of the following hallucinogenic substances, or which contains any of their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation:

(1) 3, 4–methylenedioxy amphetamine

(2) 5–methoxy–3, 4–methylenedioxy amphetamine

(3) 3, 4, 5–trimethoxy amphetamine

(4) Bufotenine

(5) Diethyltryptamine

(6) Dimethyltryptamine

(7) 4–methyl–2, 5–dimethoxyamphetamine

(8) Ibogaine

(9) Mescaline

(10) Peyote

(11) N–ethyl–3–piperidyl benzilate

(12) N–methyl–3–piperidyl benzilate

(13) Psilocybin

(14) Psilocyn

(15) Tetrahydrocannabinols

(16) 4–Bromo–2, 5–Dimethoxy-amphetamine.

(17) 3, 4—methylenedioxymethcathinone, MDMC

(18) 3, 4—methylenedioxypyrovalerone, MDPV

(19) 4—methylmethcathinone, 4–MMC

(20) 4—methoxymethcathinone, bk–PMMA, PMMC

(21) 3, 4—fluoromethcathinone, FMC

(22) Napthylpyrovalerone, NRG–1

(23) Beta-keto–N–methylbenzodioxolylpropylamine

(24) 2–(methylamino)-propiophenone; OR alpha-(methylamino) propiophenone

(25) 3–methoxymethcathinone

(26) 4–methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone

(27) 2–(methylamino)–1–phenylpropan–1–one

(28) 4–ethylmethcathinone

(29) 3,4–Dimethylmethcathinone

(30) alpha–Pyrrolidinopentiophenone

(31) beta–Keto–Ethylbenzodioxolylbutanamine

(32) 3,4–methylenedioxy–N–ethylcathinone.

(f) Unless specifically excepted or listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture or preparation, which contains any quantity of the following hallucinogenic substances or cannabimimetic agents within the structural classes identified below:

(1) 2–(3–hydroxycyclohexyl) phenol with substitution at the 5–position of the phenolic ring by alkyl or alkenyl, whether or not substituted on the cyclohexyl ring to any extent;

(2) 3–(1–naphthoyl) indole or 3–(1–naphthyl) indole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring, whether or not further substituted on the indole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the naphthoyl or naphthyl ring to any extent;

(3) 3–(1–naphthoyl) pyrrole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the pyrrole ring, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the naphthoyl ring to any extent;

(4) 1–(1–naphthylmethyl) indene by substitution of the 3–position of the indene ring, whether or not further substituted in the indene ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the naphthyl ring to any extent;

(5) 3–phenylacetylindole or 3–benzoylindole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent, whether or not substituted on the phenyl ring to any extent;

(6) 5–(1,1–dimethylheptyl)–2–[(1R,3S)–3–hydroxycyclohexyl]–phenol (CP–47,497);

(7) 5–(1,1–dimethyloctyl)–2–[(1R,3S)–3–hydroxycyclohexyl]–phenol (cannabicyclohexanol or CP–47,497 C8–homolog);

(8) 1–pentyl–3–(1–naphthoyl) indole (JWH–018 and AM678);

(9) 1–butyl–3–(1–naphthoyl) indole (JWH–073);

(10) 1–hexyl–3–(1–naphthoyl) indole (JWH–019);

(11) 1–[2–(4–morpholinyl)ethyl]–3–(1–naphthoyl) indole (JWH–200);

(12) 1–pentyl–3–(2–methoxyphenylacetyl) indole (JWH–250);

(13) 1–pentyl–3–[1–(4–methoxynaphthoyl)] indole (JWH–081);

(14) 1–pentyl–3–(4–methyl–1–naphthoyl) indole (JWH–122);

(15) 1–pentyl–3–(4–chloro–1–naphthoyl) indole (JWH–398);

(16) 1–(5–fluoropentyl)–3–(1–naphthoyl) indole (AM2201);

(17) 1–(5–fluoropentyl)–3–(2–iodobenzoyl) indole (AM694);

(18) 1–pentyl–3–[(4–methoxy)–benzoyl] indole (SR–19 and RCS–4);

(19) 1–cyclohexylethyl–3–(2–methoxyphenylacetyl) indole (SR–18 and RCS–8); and

(20) 1–pentyl–3–(2–chlorophenylacetyl) indole (JWH–203).

CLASS D

(a)

(1) Barbital

(2) Chloral betaine

(3) Chloral hydrate

(4) Ethchlorvynol

(5) Ethinamate

(6) Methohexital

(7) Meprobamate

(8) Methylphenobarbital

(9) Paraldehyde

(10) Petrichloral

(11) Phenobarbital

(b) Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation, which contains any quantity of the following substances, or which contains any of their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation:

(1) Marihuana

(2) Butyl Nitrite

(3) Isobutyl Nitrite

(4) 1–Nitrosoxy–Methyl–Propane.

CLASS E

(a) Any compound, mixture, or preparation containing any of the following limited quantities of narcotic drugs, which shall include one or more nonnarcotic active medicinal ingredients in sufficient proportion to confer upon the compound, mixture, or preparation valuable medicinal qualities other than those possessed by the narcotic drug alone:

(1) Not more than 200 milligrams of codeine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams

(2) Not more than 100 milligrams of dihydrocodeine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams

(3) Not more than 100 milligrams of ethylmorphine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams

(4) Not more than 2.5 milligrams of diphenoxylate and not less than 25 micrograms of atropine sulfate per dosage unit

(5) Not more than 100 milligrams of opium per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams

(b) Prescription drugs other than those included in Classes A, B, C, D, and subsection (a) of this Class.