U.S. Code » Title 18 » Part PART III— PRISONS AND PRISONERS › Chapter CHAPTER 313— OFFENDERS WITH MENTAL DISEASE OR DEFECT

18 U.S.C. § 4243

Hospitalization of a person found not guilty only by reason of insanity

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(a)Determination of Present Mental Condition of Acquitted Person.—If a person is found not guilty only by reason of insanity at the time of the offense charged, he shall be committed to a suitable facility until such time as he is eligible for release pursuant to subsection (e).(b)Psychiatric or Psychological Examination and Report.—Prior to the date of the hearing, pursuant to subsection (c), the court shall order that a psychiatric or psychological examination of the defendant be conducted, and that a psychiatric or psychological report be filed with the court, pursuant to the provisions of section 4247(b) and (c).(c)Hearing.—A hearing shall be conducted pursuant to the provisions of section 4247(d) and shall take place not later than forty days following the special verdict.(d)Burden of Proof.—In a hearing pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, a person found not guilty only by reason of insanity of an offense involving bodily injury to, or serious damage to the property of, another person, or involving a substantial risk of such injury or damage, has the burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that his release would not create a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or serious damage of property of another due to a present mental disease or defect. With respect to any other offense, the person has the burden of such proof by a preponderance of the evidence.(e)Determination and Disposition.—If, after the hearing, the court fails to find by the standard specified in subsection (d) of this section that the person’s release would not create a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or serious damage of property of another due to a present mental disease or defect, the court shall commit the person to the custody of the Attorney General. The Attorney General shall release the person to the appropriate official of the State in which the person is domiciled or was tried if such State will assume responsibility for his custody, care, and treatment. The Attorney General shall make all reasonable efforts to cause such a State to assume such responsibility. If, notwithstanding such efforts, neither such State will assume such responsibility, the Attorney General shall hospitalize the person for treatment in a suitable facility until—(1) such a State will assume such responsibility; or(2) the person’s mental condition is such that his release, or his conditional release under a prescribed regimen of medical, psychiatric, or psychological care or treatment, would not create a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or serious damage to property of another;whichever is earlier. The Attorney General shall continue periodically to exert all reasonable efforts to cause such a State to assume such responsibility for the person’s custody, care, and treatment.(f)Discharge.—When the director of the facility in which an acquitted person is hospitalized pursuant to subsection (e) determines that the person has recovered from his mental disease or defect to such an extent that his release, or his conditional release under a prescribed regimen of medical, psychiatric, or psychological care or treatment, would no longer create a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or serious damage to property of another, he shall promptly file a certificate to that effect with the clerk of the court that ordered the commitment. The clerk shall send a copy of the certificate to the person’s counsel and to the attorney for the Government. The court shall order the discharge of the acquitted person or, on the motion of the attorney for the Government or on its own motion, shall hold a hearing, conducted pursuant to the provisions of section 4247(d), to determine whether he should be released. If, after the hearing, the court finds by the standard specified in subsection (d) that the person has recovered from his mental disease or defect to such an extent that—(1) his release would no longer create a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or serious damage to property of another, the court shall order that he be immediately discharged; or(2) his conditional release under a prescribed regimen of medical, psychiatric, or psychological care or treatment would no longer create a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or serious damage to property of another, the court shall—(A) order that he be conditionally discharged under a prescribed regimen of medical, psychiatric, or psychological care or treatment that has been prepared for him, that has been certified to the court as appropriate by the director of the facility in which he is committed, and that has been found by the court to be appropriate; and(B) order, as an explicit condition of release, that he comply with the prescribed regimen of medical, psychiatric, or psychological care or treatment.The court at any time may, after a hearing employing the same criteria, modify or eliminate the regimen of medical, psychiatric, or psychological care or treatment.(g)Revocation of Conditional Discharge.—The director of a medical facility responsible for administering a regimen imposed on an acquitted person conditionally discharged under subsection (f) shall notify the Attorney General and the court having jurisdiction over the person of any failure of the person to comply with the regimen. Upon such notice, or upon other probable cause to believe that the person has failed to comply with the prescribed regimen of medical, psychiatric, or psychological care or treatment, the person may be arrested, and, upon arrest, shall be taken without unnecessary delay before the court having jurisdiction over him. The court shall, after a hearing, determine whether the person should be remanded to a suitable facility on the ground that, in light of his failure to comply with the prescribed regimen of medical, psychiatric, or psychological care or treatment, his continued release would create a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or serious damage to property of another.(h)Limitations on Furloughs.—An individual who is hospitalized under subsection (e) of this section after being found not guilty only by reason of insanity of an offense for which subsection (d) of this section creates a burden of proof of clear and convincing evidence, may leave temporarily the premises of the facility in which that individual is hospitalized only—(1) with the approval of the committing court, upon notice to the attorney for the Government and such individual, and after opportunity for a hearing;(2) in an emergency; or(3) when accompanied by a Federal law enforcement officer (as defined in section 115 of this title).(i)Certain Persons Found Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity in the District of Columbia.—(1)Transfer to custody of the attorney general.—Notwithstanding section 301(h) of title 24 of the District of Columbia Code, and notwithstanding subsection 4247(j) of this title, all persons who have been committed to a hospital for the mentally ill pursuant to section 301(d)(1) of title 24 of the District of Columbia Code, and for whom the United States has continuing financial responsibility, may be transferred to the custody of the Attorney General, who shall hospitalize the person for treatment in a suitable facility.(2)Application.—(A)In general.—The Attorney General may establish custody over such persons by filing an application in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, demonstrating that the person to be transferred is a person described in this subsection.(B)Notice.—The Attorney General shall, by any means reasonably designed to do so, provide written notice of the proposed transfer of custody to such person or such person’s guardian, legal representative, or other lawful agent. The person to be transferred shall be afforded an opportunity, not to exceed 15 days, to respond to the proposed transfer of custody, and may, at the court’s discretion, be afforded a hearing on the proposed transfer of custody. Such hearing, if granted, shall be limited to a determination of whether the constitutional rights of such person would be violated by the proposed transfer of custody.(C)Order.—Upon application of the Attorney General, the court shall order the person transferred to the custody of the Attorney General, unless, pursuant to a hearing under this paragraph, the court finds that the proposed transfer would violate a right of such person under the United States Constitution.(D)Effect.—Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to—(i) create in any person a liberty interest in being granted a hearing or notice on any matter;(ii) create in favor of any person a cause of action against the United States or any officer or employee of the United States; or(iii) limit in any manner or degree the ability of the Attorney General to move, transfer, or otherwise manage any person committed to the custody of the Attorney General.(3)Construction with other sections.—Subsections (f) and (g) and section 4247 shall apply to any person transferred to the custody of the Attorney General pursuant to this subsection.(June 25, 1948, ch. 645, 62 Stat. 855; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, § 403(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2059; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, § 7043, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4400; Pub. L. 104–294, title III, § 301(a), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3494.)Historical and Revision Notes

Based on title 18, U.S.C., 1940 ed., § 878 (May 13, 1930, ch. 254, § 8, 46 Stat. 272).

Changes were made in translations and phraseology, and unnecessary words omitted.

Editorial NotesAmendments

1996—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 104–294 added subsec. (i).

1988—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 100–690 added subsec. (h).

1984—Pub. L. 98–473 amended section generally, substituting “Hospitalization of a person found not guilty only by reason of insanity” for “Delivery to state authorities on expiration of sentence” in section catchline, and substituting provisions relating to determination of present mental condition of acquitted person, examination and report, hearing, etc., for provisions relating to duties of the superintendent of the United States hospital for defective delinquents regarding delivery to state authorities on expiration of sentence of any insane person.

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesSeverability

Pub. L. 104–294, title III, § 301(d), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3495, provided that: “If any provision of this section [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as notes below], an amendment made by this section, or the application of such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this section and the amendments made by this section shall not be affected thereby.”

Transfer of Records

Pub. L. 104–294, title III, § 301(b), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3495, provided that: “Notwithstanding any provision of the District of Columbia Code or any other provision of law, the District of Columbia and St. Elizabeth’s Hospital—“(1) not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 11, 1996], shall provide to the Attorney General copies of all records in the custody or control of the District or the Hospital on such date of enactment pertaining to persons described in section 4243(i) of title 18, United States Code (as added by subsection (a));“(2) not later than 30 days after the creation of any records by employees, agents, or contractors of the District of Columbia or of St. Elizabeth’s Hospital pertaining to persons described in section 4243(i) of title 18, United States Code, provide to the Attorney General copies of all such records created after the date of enactment of this Act;“(3) shall not prevent or impede any employee, agent, or contractor of the District of Columbia or of St. Elizabeth’s Hospital who has obtained knowledge of the persons described in section 4243(i) of title 18, United States Code, in the employee’s professional capacity from providing that knowledge to the Attorney General, nor shall civil or criminal liability attach to such employees, agents, or contractors who provide such knowledge; and“(4) shall not prevent or impede interviews of persons described in section 4243(i) of title 18, United States Code, by representatives of the Attorney General, if such persons voluntarily consent to such interviews.”

Clarification of Effect on Certain Testimonial Privileges

Pub. L. 104–294, title III, § 301(c), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3495, provided that: “The amendments made by this section [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as notes above] shall not be construed to affect in any manner any doctor-patient or psychotherapist-patient testimonial privilege that may be otherwise applicable to persons found not guilty by reason of insanity and affected by this section.”

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 182 cases (14 in the last 5 years), 1955–2026 · leading case: United States v. Crape, 603 F.3d 1237 (11th Cir. 2010).
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United States v. Crape, 603 F.3d 1237 (11th Cir. 2010). · cites it 32× “Five months later, the district court ordered Crape's release pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 4243 (f), which provides for the conditional discharge of insanity acquittees under a prescribed regimen of medical treatment.”
United States v. David Earl Wattleton, 296 F.3d 1184 (11th Cir. 2002). · cites it 14× “At a post-verdict hearing pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 4243 (d), the district court determined that Wattleton was not eligible for release.”
Shannon v. United States, 512 U.S. 573 (1994). · cites it 8× “A commitment hearing must be held under the IDRA within 40 days of an NGI verdict, 18 U. S. C. § 4243 (c); the period is 50 days under the District of Columbia scheme, D.”
United States v. Weed, 389 F.3d 1060 (10th Cir. 2004). · cites it 14× “In May 2003, seventeen months after the shooting, the district court held a commitment hearing as required by statute to determine whether Weed was entitled to release under 18 U.S.C. § 4243 (2000), the federal statute governing commitment of persons found not guilty by reason…”
United States v. Anthony Stewart, 452 F.3d 266 (3d Cir. 2006). · cites it 14× “Risk Assessment Panel Report The Court subsequently ordered a psychiatric evaluation of Stewart by a panel of medical personnel at FMC Devens, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §§ 4243 (a), (b), and *269 4247(b).”
United States v. Coy Ray Phelps, 283 F.3d 1176 (9th Cir. 2002). · cites it 14× “Phelps contends that the release proceedings did not comply with the requirements of 18 U.S.C. § 4243 (f), that the conditions imposed on his release were in excess of those authorized by the statute, and that his release should have been unconditional.”
United States v. Gilgert, 314 F.3d 506 (10th Cir. 2002). · cites it 8× “Gilgert had failed to prove that his release into the community “would not create a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person” under 18 U.S.C. § 4243 (e) and committed Mr. Gilgert to the custody of the Attorney General of the United States.”
United States v. Coy Ray Phelps, 955 F.2d 1258 (9th Cir. 1992). · cites it 9× “Medical Center for Federal Prisoners at Springfield, Missouri (“Springfield”) pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 4243 (e). 2 At his trial, Phelps called Dr.”
United States v. Jackson, 19 F.3d 1003 (5th Cir. 1994). · cites it 9× “HENDERSON, Circuit Judge: Robert Allen Jackson appeals from an order of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas denying his request for conditional release from his commitment pursuant to the provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 4243 (a) to a “suitable…”
Carlos Poree v. Kandy Collins, 866 F.3d 235 (5th Cir. 2017). · cites it 2× “18 U.S.C. § 4243 (f) (“If, after the hearing, the court finds .”
United States v. James A. Fisher, III, 10 F.3d 115 (3d Cir. 1993). · cites it 7× “18 U.S.C. § 4243 (c). At the hearing, the acquittee must prove by clear and convincing evidence that his release would not create a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or serious damage to the property of another due to a present mental disease or defect.”
United States v. David John MURDOCH, 98 F.3d 472 (9th Cir. 1996). · cites it 6× “Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 4243 (b), a risk assessment panel was convened to prepare a report addressing whether Murdoch’s release from custody would present a substantial risk of injury to others as a result of a present mental disease or defect.”
Show all 182 citing cases →
18 U.S.C. § 4243(a): 1 case
United States v. Baker, No. 97-4610 (4th Cir. Aug. 27, 1998).
18 U.S.C. § 4243(b): 2 cases
United States v. Patrick Randell McIntosh, 900 F.3d 1301 (11th Cir. 2018).
United States v. Baker, No. 97-4610 (4th Cir. Aug. 27, 1998).
18 U.S.C. § 4243(c): 1 case
United States v. Johnson, 981 F. Supp. 1443 (M.D. Ala. 1997).
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