28 U.S.C. § 157

Procedures

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(a) Each district court may provide that any or all cases under title 11 and any or all proceedings arising under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11 shall be referred to the bankruptcy judges for the district.(b)(1) Bankruptcy judges may hear and determine all cases under title 11 and all core proceedings arising under title 11, or arising in a case under title 11, referred under subsection (a) of this section, and may enter appropriate orders and judgments, subject to review under section 158 of this title.(2) Core proceedings include, but are not limited to—(A) matters concerning the administration of the estate;(B) allowance or disallowance of claims against the estate or exemptions from property of the estate, and estimation of claims or interests for the purposes of confirming a plan under chapter 11, 12, or 13 of title 11 but not the liquidation or estimation of contingent or unliquidated personal injury tort or wrongful death claims against the estate for purposes of distribution in a case under title 11;(C) counterclaims by the estate against persons filing claims against the estate;(D) orders in respect to obtaining credit;(E) orders to turn over property of the estate;(F) proceedings to determine, avoid, or recover preferences;(G) motions to terminate, annul, or modify the automatic stay;(H) proceedings to determine, avoid, or recover fraudulent conveyances;(I) determinations as to the dischargeability of particular debts;(J) objections to discharges;(K) determinations of the validity, extent, or priority of liens;(L) confirmations of plans;(M) orders approving the use or lease of property, including the use of cash collateral;(N) orders approving the sale of property other than property resulting from claims brought by the estate against persons who have not filed claims against the estate;(O) other proceedings affecting the liquidation of the assets of the estate or the adjustment of the debtor-creditor or the equity security holder relationship, except personal injury tort or wrongful death claims; and(P) recognition of foreign proceedings and other matters under chapter 15 of title 11.(3) The bankruptcy judge shall determine, on the judge’s own motion or on timely motion of a party, whether a proceeding is a core proceeding under this subsection or is a proceeding that is otherwise related to a case under title 11. A determination that a proceeding is not a core proceeding shall not be made solely on the basis that its resolution may be affected by State law.(4) Non-core proceedings under section 157(b)(2)(B) of title 28, United States Code, shall not be subject to the mandatory abstention provisions of section 1334(c)(2).(5) The district court shall order that personal injury tort and wrongful death claims shall be tried in the district court in which the bankruptcy case is pending, or in the district court in the district in which the claim arose, as determined by the district court in which the bankruptcy case is pending.(c)(1) A bankruptcy judge may hear a proceeding that is not a core proceeding but that is otherwise related to a case under title 11. In such proceeding, the bankruptcy judge shall submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law to the district court, and any final order or judgment shall be entered by the district judge after considering the bankruptcy judge’s proposed findings and conclusions and after reviewing de novo those matters to which any party has timely and specifically objected.(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection, the district court, with the consent of all the parties to the proceeding, may refer a proceeding related to a case under title 11 to a bankruptcy judge to hear and determine and to enter appropriate orders and judgments, subject to review under section 158 of this title.(d) The district court may withdraw, in whole or in part, any case or proceeding referred under this section, on its own motion or on timely motion of any party, for cause shown. The district court shall, on timely motion of a party, so withdraw a proceeding if the court determines that resolution of the proceeding requires consideration of both title 11 and other laws of the United States regulating organizations or activities affecting interstate commerce.(e) If the right to a jury trial applies in a proceeding that may be heard under this section by a bankruptcy judge, the bankruptcy judge may conduct the jury trial if specially designated to exercise such jurisdiction by the district court and with the express consent of all the parties.(Added Pub. L. 98–353, title I, § 104(a), July 10, 1984, 98 Stat. 340; amended Pub. L. 99–554, title I, §§ 143, 144(b), Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3096; Pub. L. 103–394, title I, § 112, Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4117; Pub. L. 109–8, title VIII, § 802(c)(1), Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 145.)Editorial NotesAmendments

2005—Subsec. (b)(2)(P). Pub. L. 109–8 added subpar. (P).

1994—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–394 added subsec. (e).

1986—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 99–554, in subpar. (B) substituted “interests” for “interest” and inserted reference to chapter 12, and in subpar. (G) inserted a comma after “annul”.

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 2005 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–8 effective 180 days after Apr. 20, 2005, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under Title 11, Bankruptcy, before such effective date, except as otherwise provided, see section 1501 of Pub. L. 109–8, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 11.

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–394 effective Oct. 22, 1994, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under Title 11, Bankruptcy, before Oct. 22, 1994, see section 702 of Pub. L. 103–394, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 11.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–554 effective 30 days after Oct. 27, 1986, see section 302(a) of Pub. L. 99–554, set out as a note under section 581 of this title.

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 27,187 cases (4,255 in the last 5 years), 1942–2026 · leading case: Stern v. Marshall, 131 S. Ct. 2594 (2011).

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Stern v. Marshall, 131 S. Ct. 2594 (2011). · cites it 16× “The questions presented in this case are whether a bankruptcy court judge who did not enjoy such tenure and salary protections had the authority under 28 U. S. C. §157 and Arti cle III to enter final judgment on a counterclaim filed by Vickie Lynn Marshall (whose estate is the…”

Veldekens v. GE HFS Holdings, Inc. (In Re Doctors Hosp. 1997, L.P.), 351 B.R. 813 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. 2006). · cites it 62× “The parties agree that the Bankruptcy Court may hear and determine this case, and may enter appropriate final orders or judgment, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157 . To the extent necessary, the parties consent to the entry of final orders or judgment in this case by the Bankruptcy…”

Yellow Sign, Inc. v. Freeway Foods, Inc. (In Re Freeway Foods of Greensboro, Inc.), 466 B.R. 750 (Bankr. M.D.N.C. 2012). · cites it 71× “28 U.S.C. § 157 (a). Pursuant to Local Rule 83.”

In Re G-I Holdings, Inc., 323 B.R. 583 (Bankr. D.N.J. 2005). · cites it 48× “Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157 , this matter is a core proceeding.”

Granfinanciera, S.A. v. Nordberg, 492 U.S. 33 (1989). · cites it 14× “We hold that the Seventh Amendment entitles such a person to a trial by jury, notwithstanding Congress' designation of fraudulent conveyance actions as "core proceedings" in 28 U. S. C. § 157 (b)(2)(H) (1982 ed., Supp.”

Bankr. Servs., Inc. v. Ernst & Young (In Re CBI Holding Co.), 529 F.3d 432 (2d Cir. 2008). · cites it 18× “We hold that all of the claims pressed by BSI — both the CBI claims and the TCW claims — are “core proceedings,” because they are covered by the language of 28 U.S.C. § 157 (b) and are integrally related to the Proof of Claim that E & Y voluntarily submitted against the estate.”

Unsecured Creditors Comm. of Debtor v. Noyes (In Re STN Enter., Inc.), 73 B.R. 470 (Bankr. D. Vt. 1987). · cites it 47× “Alternatively, if this Court determines the complaint to be a “core” matter under 28 U.S.C. § 157 (b)(2)(0), then Janice Noyes claims that 28 U.”

Sheridan v. Michels (In Re Sheridan), 362 F.3d 96 (1st Cir. 2004). · cites it 32× “See 28 U.S.C. § 157 (a). Of course, unlike the district court, the -5- bankruptcy court is established pursuant to Article I, rather than Article III, and its jurisdiction is delimited accordingly.”

Burns v. Dennis (In Re Se. Materials, Inc.), 467 B.R. 337 (Bankr. M.D.N.C. 2012). · cites it 34× “28 U.S.C. § 157 (a). Pursuant to Local Rule 83.”

Deitz v. Ford (In Re Deitz), 469 B.R. 11 (9th Cir. BAP 2012). · cites it 20× “In addition, there is no dispute that this action was a core proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 157 (b)(2)(I). In this appeal, however, Deitz challenges the constitutional authority of the bankruptcy court to enter a final judgment against him in the adversary proceeding, relying upon…”

Mullarkey v. Tamboer, 536 F.3d 215 (3rd Cir. 2008). · cites it 11× “In this appeal, Mullarkey argues that bankruptcy jurisdiction did not exist over his Complaint, and that even if there was bankruptcy jurisdiction, the District Court erred in treating the matter as a core proceeding — allowing the Bankruptcy Court to enter a final judgment…”

Bliss Tech., Inc. Ex Rel. Unsecured Creditors Comm. v. HMI Indus., Inc. (In Re Bliss Tech., Inc.), 307 B.R. 598 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2004). · cites it 26× “At the request of Defendants, and in response to an Order of the United States District Court that denied Defendants’ motion to withdraw the reference without prejudice, 1 this Court must determine whether Plaintiffs causes of action in this adversary proceeding are core or…”

Show all 27,187 citing cases →

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(a) — 35 cases

Burtch v. Huston (In Re USDigital, Inc.), 461 B.R. 276 (Bankr. D. Del. 2011).

Susan Lynne Rohe v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 988 F.3d 1256 (11th Cir. 2021).

Mugica v. Helena Chem. Co. (In Re Mugica), 362 B.R. 782 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. 2007).

Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Skinner Engine Co. (In Re Am. Capital Equip., LLC), 325 B.R. 372 (Bankr. W.D. Pa. 2005).

DuVoisin v. Anderson (In Re S. Indus. Banking Corp.), 66 B.R. 349 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 1986).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(a)(2)(I) — 2 cases

Baxter v. Baxter (Bankr. W.D. Okla. 2023).

Peoples Bank & Trust Co. v. Bilyeu (Bankr. W.D. Okla. 2023).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b) — 19 cases

In Re WorldCom, Inc., 347 B.R. 123 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2006).

Kaiser Steel Corp. v. Frates (In Re Kaiser Steel Corp.), 95 B.R. 782 (Bankr.D. Colo. 1989).

Fed. Deposit Ins. v. Smigel (In Re Smigel), 90 B.R. 935 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1988).

Van Witt v. Navin-Oller Ex Rel. the Est. of Navin (In Re Navin), 382 B.R. 6 (E.D.N.Y 2007).

Daewoo Motor Am., Inc. v. Gulf Ins. (In Re Daewoo Motor Am., Inc.), 302 B.R. 308 (C.D. Cal. 2003).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(1) — 21 cases

Farooqi v. Carroll (In re Carroll), 464 B.R. 293 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2011).

Williams v. McGreevey (In Re Touch Am. Holdings, Inc.), 401 B.R. 107 (Bankr. D. Del. 2009).

S.J. Groves & Sons Co. v. Peters (In Re Peters), 90 B.R. 588 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y. 1988).

Sullivan v. Maryland Cas. Co. (In Re Ramex Int'l, Inc.), 91 B.R. 313 (E.D. Pa. 1988).

Leslie Womack Real Est., Inc. v. Dunbar (In Re Dunbar), 99 B.R. 320 (Bankr. M.D. La. 1989).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2) — 19 cases

Shaia ex rel. Est. of Connelly v. Taylor (In re Connelly), 476 B.R. 223 (Bankr. E.D. Va. 2012).

Halperin v. Moreno (In re Green Field Energy Servs., Inc.), 594 B.R. 239 (Bankr. D. Del. 2018).

Stewart v. Strasburger (In Re Astrocade, Inc.), 79 B.R. 983 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1987).

Teitelbaum v. Choquette & Co. (In Re Outlet Dep't Stores, Inc.), 82 B.R. 694 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1988).

Superpumper, Inc. Vs. Leonard, 2021 NV 43 (Nev. 2021).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(0) — 8 cases

In Re Kewanee Boiler Corp., 270 B.R. 912 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2002).

Marill Alarm Sys., Inc. v. Equity Funding Corp. (In Re Marill Alarm Sys., Inc.), 81 B.R. 119 (S.D. Fla. 1987).

Orsa Assocs., Inc. v. MBA Fin., Inc. (In Re Orsa Assocs.), 99 B.R. 609 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 1989).

In re King, 559 B.R. 158 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. 2016).

In re Bahary, 528 B.R. 763 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2015).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(1) — 1 case

Lou v. Ochello (Bankr. S.D. Miss. 2022).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A) — 31 cases

In re Anmuth Holdings LLC, 600 B.R. 168 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2019).

In Re Amfesco Indus., Inc., 81 B.R. 777 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 1988).

In re Nunez, 598 B.R. 696 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 2019).

In Re Regan, 269 B.R. 693 (Bankr. W.D. Mo. 2001).

Layng v. Garcia (In re Garcia), 586 B.R. 909 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2018).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(B) — 25 cases

Beneficial Nat'l Bank USA v. Best Receptions Sys., Inc. (In Re Best Reception Sys., Inc.), 220 B.R. 932 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 1998).

In Re New Power Co., 313 B.R. 496 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 2004).

In re Residential Capital, LLC, 519 B.R. 890 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2014).

In Re Kmart Corp., 362 B.R. 361 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2007).

Reed v. Zwick (In re Reed), 559 B.R. 194 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2016).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(E) — 4 cases

TM Carlton House Partners v. Career Planners, Inc. (In Re TM Carlton House Partners, Ltd.), 93 B.R. 859 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 1988).

Walker v. Midland Mortg. Co. (In Re Medlin), 201 B.R. 188 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 1996).

In Re Fowler, 90 B.R. 375 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1988).

Global Int'l Airways Corp. Ex Rel. Unsecured Creditor's Comm. v. Azima (In Re Global Int'l Airways Corp.), 81 B.R. 541 (W.D. Mo. 1988).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(F) — 7 cases

DuVoisin v. Anderson (In Re S. Indus. Banking Corp.), 66 B.R. 349 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 1986).

Simpson v. Suntrust Mortg., Inc. (In Re Hurst), 409 B.R. 79 (Bankr. D. Md. 2009).

Howe v. Creditors Interchange Receivables Mgmt., LLC (In Re Howe), 446 B.R. 170 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 2009).

Smith v. Brother Loan & Fin. Co (Bankr. E.D. Mo. 2022).

Petito v. Deutsche Bank Nat'l Trust Co. (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 2020).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(H) — 3 cases

Krasny v. Bagga, 357 B.R. 324 (Bankr. E.D. Pa. 2006).

Insys Liquidation Trust v. Kapoor (D. Del. 2023).

Dymarkowski v. Berndt (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2021).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(I) — 15 cases

Williams v. Navient Solutions, LLC (In re Williams), 564 B.R. 770 (Bankr. S.D. Florida 2017).

Bartson v. Marroquin (In Re Marroquin), 441 B.R. 586 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio 2010).

McCracken v. LaRue (In Re LaRue), 204 B.R. 531 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 1997).

Ez Loans of Shawnee, Inc. v. Hodges (In Re Hodges), 407 B.R. 415 (Bankr. D. Kan. 2009).

Haden v. Edwards (In Re Edwards), 104 B.R. 890 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 1989).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(K) — 2 cases

In Re Nat'l Fin. Alternatives, Inc., 96 B.R. 844 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1989).

Randa Coal Co. v. Virginia Iron Coal & Coke Co. (In Re Randa Coal Co.), 128 B.R. 421 (W.D. Va. 1991).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(L) — 8 cases

In Re Texaco Inc., 84 B.R. 893 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1988).

In Re Clay, 339 B.R. 784 (Bankr. D. Utah 2006).

In re Goudreau, 530 B.R. 783 (Bankr. D. Kan. 2015).

In Re Walsh, 224 B.R. 231 (Bankr. M.D. Ga. 1998).

Stacks v. Davey (In re Stacks), 588 B.R. 263 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 2018).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(M) — 1 case

Consum. Lease Network, Inc. v. Puckett (In Re Puckett), 60 B.R. 223 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 1986).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(3) — 2 cases

G-I Holdings, Inc. v. Reliance Ins. (In Re G-I Holdings, Inc.), 278 B.R. 725 (Bankr. D.N.J. 2002).

Carroll v. Prosser, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 54960 (D.V.I. 2008).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(5) — 3 cases

In Re Ephedra Prods. Liab. Litig., 329 B.R. 1 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2005).

Blixseth v. Brown, 470 B.R. 562 (D. Mont. 2012).

Smith v. New York State Higher Educ. Servs. Corp. (In Re Smith), 95 B.R. 286 (Bankr. N.D.N.Y. 1988).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(c) — 4 cases

In Re: Zdenek Kieslich & Susan A. Kieslich, Debtors. Zdenek Kieslich, & Susan A. Kieslich, Opinion v. United States, 258 F.3d 968 (9th Cir. 2001).

Stewart v. Strasburger (In Re Astrocade, Inc.), 79 B.R. 983 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1987).

Marshall v. Marshall (In Re Marshall), 271 B.R. 858 (C.D. Cal. 2001).

Miner v. Beneficial Mortg. Co. of Kansas, Inc. (In Re Miner), 369 B.R. 655 (Bankr. D. Kan. 2007).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(1) — 12 cases

Miller v. Grosso (In Re Miller), 467 B.R. 677 (Bankr. D. Mass. 2012).

O'Connell v. Terranova (In Re Adelphi Inst., Inc.), 112 B.R. 534 (S.D.N.Y. 1990).

Slone v. M2M Int'l, Inc. (In Re G-P Plastics, Inc.), 320 B.R. 861 (E.D. Mich. 2005).

Kaiser Steel Corp. v. Frates (In Re Kaiser Steel Corp.), 95 B.R. 782 (Bankr.D. Colo. 1989).

Edgcomb Metals Co. v. Eastmet Corp., 89 B.R. 546 (D. Maryland 1988).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(2) — 7 cases

G-I Holdings, Inc. v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co. (In Re G-I Holdings, Inc.), 278 B.R. 376 (Bankr. D.N.J. 2002).

Arabi Gin Co. v. Plexus Cotton, Ltd. (In re Joseph Walker & Co.), 522 B.R. 165 (Bankr. D.S.C. 2014).

Steinberg v. Johnson (In Re Edward M. Johnson & Assocs., Inc.), 61 B.R. 801 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 1986).

Hackling v. Kahn (In Re Luis Elec. Contracting Corp.), 100 B.R. 155 (E.D.N.Y 1989).

Fin. Fed. Credit Inc. v. Walter B. Scott & Sons, Inc. (In Re Walter B. Scott & Sons, Inc.), 436 B.R. 582 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2010).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(2)(O) — 1 case

Ritz (Bankr. D. Kan. 2026).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(d) — 18 cases

In Re Parklane/atlanta Jt. Venture, Debtor. Parklane Hosiery Co., Inc. v. Parklane/atlanta Venture, James D. Silvers, 927 F.2d 532 (11th Cir. 1991).

Crossley v. Lieberman, 90 B.R. 682 (E.D. Pa. 1988).

DuVoisin v. Anderson (In Re S. Indus. Banking Corp.), 66 B.R. 349 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 1986).

In Re Wonder Corp. of Am., 81 B.R. 221 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1988).

Kozec v. Murphy (In re Murphy), 569 B.R. 402 (Bankr. E.D.N.C. 2017).

— 28 U.S.C. § 157(e) — 2 cases

Superior Bank v. Hilsman (In Re Hilsman), 351 B.R. 209 (Bankr. N.D. Ala. 2006).

Turner v. Boyle, 425 B.R. 20 (D. Me. 2010).

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