31 U.S.C. § 3901

Definitions and application

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(a) In this chapter—(1) “agency” has the same meaning given that term in section 551(1) of title 5 and includes an entity being operated, and the head of the agency identifies the entity as being operated, only as an instrumentality of the agency to carry out a program of the agency.(2) “business concern” means—(A) a person carrying on a trade or business; and(B) a nonprofit entity operating as a contractor.(3) “proper invoice” is an invoice containing or accompanied by substantiating documentation the Director of the Office of Management and Budget may require by regulation and the head of the appropriate agency may require by regulation or contract.(4) for the purposes of determining a payment due date and the date upon which any late payment interest penalty shall begin to accrue, the head of the agency is deemed to receive an invoice—(A) on the later of—(i) the date on which the place or person designated by the agency to first receive such invoice actually receives a proper invoice; or(ii) on the 7th day after the date on which, in accordance with the terms and conditions of the contract, the property is actually delivered or performance of the services is actually completed, as the case may be, unless—(I) the agency has actually accepted such property or services before such 7th day; or(II) the contract (except in the case of a contract for the procurement of a brand-name commercial product for authorized resale) specifies a longer acceptance period, as determined by the contracting officer to be required to afford the agency a practicable opportunity to inspect and test the property furnished or evaluate the services performed; or(B) on the date of the invoice, if the agency has failed to annotate the invoice with the date of receipt at the time of actual receipt by the place or person designated by the agency to first receive such invoice.(5) a payment is deemed to be made on the date a check for payment is dated or an electronic fund transfer is made.(6) a contract to rent property is deemed to be a contract to acquire the property.(b) This chapter applies to the Tennessee Valley Authority. However, regulations prescribed under this chapter do not apply to the Authority, and the Authority alone is responsible for carrying out this chapter as it applies to contracts of the Authority.(c) This chapter applies to the United States Postal Service. However, the Postmaster General shall be responsible for issuing the implementing procurement regulations, solicitation provisions, and contract clauses for the United States Postal Service.(d)(1) Notwithstanding subsection (a)(1) of this section, this chapter, except section 3907 of this title, applies to the District of Columbia Courts.(2) A claim for an interest penalty not paid under this chapter may be filed in the same manner as claims are filed with respect to contracts to provide property or services for the District of Columbia Courts.(3)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), an interest penalty under this chapter does not continue to accrue for more than one year or after a claim for an interest penalty is filed in the manner described in paragraph (2), whichever is earlier.(B) If a claim for an interest penalty is filed in the manner described in paragraph (2) and interest is not available for such claims under the laws and regulations governing claims under contracts to provide property or services for the District of Columbia Courts, interest will accrue under this chapter as provided in paragraph (A) and from the date the claim is filed until the date the claim is paid.(4) Paragraph (3) of this subsection does not prevent an interest penalty from accruing on a claim if such interest is available for such claim under the laws and regulations governing claims under contracts to provide property or services for the District of Columbia Courts. Such interest may accrue on an unpaid contract payment and on the unpaid penalty under this chapter.(5) Except as provided in section 3904 of this title, this chapter does not require an interest penalty on a payment that is not made because of a dispute between the head of an agency and a business concern over the amount of payment or compliance with the contract. A claim related to the dispute, and any interest payable for the period during which the dispute is being resolved, is subject to the laws and regulations governing claims under contracts to provide property or services for the District of Columbia Courts.(Added Pub. L. 97–452, § 1(18)(A), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2474; amended Pub. L. 100–496, § 2(a)–(c)(1), Oct. 17, 1988, 102 Stat. 2455; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, § 101(c) [title I, § 162(a)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–121, 2681–148; Pub. L. 105–362, title XIII, § 1301(c)(2)(A), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3293; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, § 836(g)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1873.)

Historical and Revision Notes
Revised Section	Source (U.S. Code)	Source (Statutes at Large)
3901(a)	31 App.:1805.	May 21, 1982, Pub. L. 97–177, §§ 6, 7(c), 96 Stat. 87, 88.
3901(b)	31 App.:1806.

In the chapter, the words “the head of” are added for clarity and consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the United States Code.

In subsection (a)(1), the word “Federal” is omitted as unnecessary and for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code. The words “for this purpose” are omitted because of the restatement. The words “the purpose of” and “or more” are omitted as surplus.

In subsection (a)(5), the words “deemed to be” are substituted for “considered” for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (a)(6), the words “real or personal” are omitted as surplus. The words “deemed to be” are added for consistency in the revised title and with other titles of the Code.

In subsection (b), the words “the authority of” are omitted as surplus.

Editorial NotesAmendments

2018—Subsec. (a)(4)(A)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 115–232 substituted “commercial product” for “commercial item”.

1998—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–362 struck out “, except section 3906 of this title,” after “This chapter”.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–277 added subsec. (d).

1988—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 100–496, § 2(a), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: “the head of an agency is deemed to receive an invoice on the later of the dates that—

“(A) the designated payment office or finance center of the agency actually receives a proper invoice; or

“(B) the head of the agency accepts the applicable property or service.”

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 100–496, § 2(b), amended par. (5) generally, substituting “check for payment is dated or an electronic fund transfer is made” for “check for the payment is dated”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–496, § 2(c)(1), added subsec. (c).

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Jan. 1, 2020, subject to a savings provision, see section 836(h) of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as an Effective Date of 2018 Amendment; Savings Provision note under section 453b of Title 6, Domestic Security.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by section 2(a), (b) of Pub. L. 100–496 applicable to payments under contracts awarded, contracts renewed, and contract options exercised during or after the first fiscal quarter which begins more than 90 days after Oct. 17, 1988, and amendment by section 2(c)(1) of Pub. L. 100–496 applicable with respect to all obligations incurred on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 14(a), (c) of Pub. L. 100–496, set out as a note under section 3902 of this title.

Short Title of 1988 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–496, § 1, Oct. 17, 1988, 102 Stat. 2455, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 3905 of this title, amending this section, sections 3902 to 3904 and 3906 of this title, section 644 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and section 410 of Title 39, Postal Service, renumbering sections 3905 and 3906 of this title as 3906 and 3907, respectively, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 3902, 3903, and 3906 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 3903 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Prompt Payment Act Amendments of 1988’.”

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 37 cases (7 in the last 5 years), 1988–2024 · leading case: Roth v. Dist. of Columbia Courts, 160 F. Supp. 2d 104 (D.D.C. 2001).

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Roth v. Dist. of Columbia Courts, 160 F. Supp. 2d 104 (D.D.C. 2001). · cites it 7× “Plaintiffs seek relief under the Prompt Payment Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3901 et seq. (“PPA”), for interest on services rendered under the CJA.”

Funny Guy, LLC v. Lecego, LLC, 795 S.E.2d 887 (Va. 2017). · cites it 2× “To begin, the dissent reads the settlement agreement (which, once again, the circuit court held never legally existed) to bar "an administrative claim [that Funny Guy] submitted to the Department of Homeland Security ('DHS') contracting officer under the Prompt Payment Act, 31…”

S. Comfort Builders, Inc. v. United States, 67 Fed. Cl. 124 (Fed. Cl. 2005). · cites it 2× “The plaintiff also alleges that the defendant failed to pay SCBI for its work in accordance with the terms and conditions of the contract, in violation of the Prompt Payment Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3901 , et seq. (2000). Finally, the plaintiff alleges that the defendant failed to…”

Sarang Corp. v. United States, 76 Fed. Cl. 560 (Fed. Cl. 2007). · cites it 2× “In addition, the Complaint requested penalty interest, pursuant to the *562 Prompt Payment Act (“PPA”), 31 U.S.C. § 3901 et seq., and FAR § 33.208, as well as attorney fees and costs, pursuant to the Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.”

Dist. of Columbia v. United States, 67 Fed. Cl. 292 (Fed. Cl. 2005). “Plaintiff, in its second amended complaint of December 12, 2003, added a request for Prompt Payment Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3901 et seq. (2000), interest for its claims in Count I.”

Gutz v. United States, 45 Fed. Cl. 291 (Fed. Cl. 1999). · cites it 2× “Plaintiffs request interest on three different amounts under 31 U.S.C. § 3901 et seq. (the Prompt Payment Act) and 41 U.”

Essex Electro Engineers, Inc. v. The United States, 960 F.2d 1576 (Fed. Cir. 1992). “Motion to Amend Complaint In a motion for reconsideration of the Claims Court’s grant of summary judgment, Essex requested that it be allowed to amend its complaint to proceed not under the CDA but under the Prompt Payment Act (PPA), 31 U.S.C. § 3901 , et seq. (1988). The Claims…”

Prince Constr. Co. v. Dist. of Columbia Contract Appeals Bd., 892 A.2d 380 (D.C. 2006). “The Comptroller General, in interpreting the QPA’s federal counterpart, codified at 31 U.S.C. §§ 3901 et seq., on which the QPA was modeled, has held that the federal act authorizes only interest payments for work covered by contract, even if the work was done at the request of…”

Laurelwood Homes LLC v. United States, 78 Fed. Cl. 290 (Fed. Cl. 2007). · cites it 2× “Plaintiff asserts a claim, under the Prompt Payment Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3901 et seq., for interest in the amount of $149.”

Env't Prot., Inspection, & Consulting, Inc. v. City of Kansas City, 37 S.W.3d 360 (Mo. Ct. App. 2000). “Bar 11 (1992); see also the federal prompt payment act, 31 U.S.C.A. § 3901 et seq. (West 1983 & Supp.”

Nwogu v. United States, 94 Fed. Cl. 637 (Fed. Cl. 2010). “Nwogu and ESCI are entitled to post-judgment interest pursuant to 31 U.S.C. § 3901 , et seq. It appears from the complaint that the plaintiff alleges the seizure of its judgment award in ASBCA Case No.”

United States ex rel. TBI Investments, Inc. v. BrooAlexa, LLC, 119 F. Supp. 3d 512 (S.D.W. Va 2015). “5 Finally, Count IV alleges that Plaintiff performed its contractual duties under the Contracts and Defendants violated the Prompt Payment Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3901 and 3905, by not making “payment to [Plaintiff] pursuant to the [Contracts] or the payment bond.”

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