42 U.S.C. § 7571

Establishment of standards

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(a) Study; proposed standards; hearings; issuance of regulations(1) Within 90 days after December 31, 1970, the Administrator shall commence a study and investigation of emissions of air pollutants from aircraft in order to determine—(A) the extent to which such emissions affect air quality in air quality control regions throughout the United States, and(B) the technological feasibility of controlling such emissions.(2)(A) The Administrator shall, from time to time, issue proposed emission standards applicable to the emission of any air pollutant from any class or classes of aircraft engines which in his judgment causes, or contributes to, air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare.(B)(i) The Administrator shall consult with the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration on aircraft engine emission standards.(ii) The Administrator shall not change the aircraft engine emission standards if such change would significantly increase noise and adversely affect safety.(3) The Administrator shall hold public hearings with respect to such proposed standards. Such hearings shall, to the extent practicable, be held in air quality control regions which are most seriously affected by aircraft emissions. Within 90 days after the issuance of such proposed regulations, he shall issue such regulations with such modifications as he deems appropriate. Such regulations may be revised from time to time.(b) Effective date of regulations

Any regulation prescribed under this section (and any revision thereof) shall take effect after such period as the Administrator finds necessary (after consultation with the Secretary of Transportation) to permit the development and application of the requisite technology, giving appropriate consideration to the cost of compliance within such period.

Any regulations in effect under this section on August 7, 1977, or proposed or promulgated thereafter, or amendments thereto, with respect to aircraft shall not apply if disapproved by the President, after notice and opportunity for public hearing, on the basis of a finding by the Secretary of Transportation that any such regulation would create a hazard to aircraft safety. Any such finding shall include a reasonably specific statement of the basis upon which the finding was made.

(July 14, 1955, ch. 360, title II, § 231, as added Pub. L. 91–604, § 11(a)(1), Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1703; amended Pub. L. 95–95, title II, § 225, title IV, § 401(f), Aug. 7, 1977, 91 Stat. 769, 791; Pub. L. 104–264, title IV, § 406(b), Oct. 9, 1996, 110 Stat. 3257.)Editorial NotesCodification

Section was formerly classified to section 1857f–9 of this title.

Amendments

1996—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 104–264 designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpar. (B).

1977—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 95–95, § 401(f), substituted “The Administrator shall, from time to time, issue proposed emission standards applicable to the emission of any air pollutant from any class or classes of aircraft engines which in his judgment causes, or contributes to, air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare” for “Within 180 days after commencing such study and investigation, the Administrator shall publish a report of such study and investigation and shall issue proposed emission standards applicable to emissions of any air pollutant from any class or classes of aircraft or aircraft engines which in his judgment cause or contribute to or are likely to cause or contribute to air pollution which endangers the public health or welfare”.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–95, § 225, substituted “Any regulations in effect under this section on August 7, 1977, or proposed or promulgated thereafter, or amendments thereto, with respect to aircraft shall not apply if disapproved by the President, after notice and opportunity for public hearing, on the basis of a finding by the Secretary of Transportation that any such regulation would create a hazard to aircraft safety” for “Any regulations under this section, or amendments thereto, with respect to aircraft, shall be prescribed only after consultation with the Secretary of Transportation in order to assure appropriate consideration for aircraft safety” and inserted provision that findings include a reasonably specific statement of the basis upon which the finding was made.

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesEffective Date of 1996 Amendment

Except as otherwise specifically provided, amendment by Pub. L. 104–264 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1996, and not to be construed as affecting funds made available for a fiscal year ending before Oct. 1, 1996, see section 3 of Pub. L. 104–264, set out as a note under section 106 of Title 49, Transportation.

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–95 effective Aug. 7, 1977, except as otherwise expressly provided, see section 406(d) of Pub. L. 95–95, set out as a note under section 7401 of this title.

Modification or Rescission of Rules, Regulations, Orders, Determinations, Contracts, Certifications, Authorizations, Delegations, and Other Actions

All rules, regulations, orders, determinations, contracts, certifications, authorizations, delegations, or other actions duly issued, made, or taken by or pursuant to act July 14, 1955, the Clean Air Act, as in effect immediately prior to the date of enactment of Pub. L. 95–95 [Aug. 7, 1977] to continue in full force and effect until modified or rescinded in accordance with act July 14, 1955, as amended by Pub. L. 95–95 [this chapter], see section 406(b) of Pub. L. 95–95, set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note under section 7401 of this title.

Study and Investigation of Uninstalled Aircraft Engines

Pub. L. 101–549, title II, § 233, Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2529, provided that:“(a)Study.—The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, shall commence a study and investigation of the testing of uninstalled aircraft engines in enclosed test cells that shall address at a minimum the following issues and such other issues as they shall deem appropriate—“(1) whether technologies exist to control some or all emissions of oxides of nitrogen from test cells;“(2) the effectiveness of such technologies;“(3) the cost of implementing such technologies;“(4) whether such technologies affect the safety, design, structure, operation, or performance of aircraft engines;“(5) whether such technologies impair the effectiveness and accuracy of aircraft engine safety design, and performance tests conducted in test cells; and“(6) the impact of not controlling such oxides of nitrogen in the applicable nonattainment areas and on other sources, stationary and mobile, on oxides of nitrogen in such areas.“(b)Report, Authority To Regulate.—Not later than 24 months after enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 [Nov. 15, 1990], the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Secretary of Transportation shall submit to Congress a report of the study conducted under this section. Following the completion of such study, any of the States may adopt or enforce any standard for emissions of oxides of nitrogen from test cells only after issuing a public notice stating whether such standards are in accordance with the findings of the study.”

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 13 cases (2 in the last 5 years), 1980–2026 · leading case: Nat'l Ass'n of Clean Air Agencies v. Env't Prot. Agency, 489 F.3d 1221 (D.C. Cir. 2007).

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Nat'l Ass'n of Clean Air Agencies v. Env't Prot. Agency, 489 F.3d 1221 (D.C. Cir. 2007). · cites it 4× “The Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) issued a final rule increasing the stringency of the oxides of nitrogen (“NOx”) emission standards applicable to newly certified commercial aircraft gas *1224 turbine engines under § 231 of the Clean Air Act (“CAA” or “Act”), 42 U.S.C.…”

State of California v. EPA, 72 F.4th 308 (D.C. Cir. 2023). · cites it 7× “685 , 791 (codified at 42 U.S.C. § 7571 (a)(2)(A)). The EPA implements this statutory mandate in a two-step process.”

Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. United States Env't Prot. Agency, 794 F. Supp. 2d 151 (D.D.C. 2011). · cites it 5× “Section 231 Section 231, which addresses aircraft emissions and is codified at 42 U.S.C. § 7571 , provides in part that EPA “shall, from time to time, issue proposed emission standards applicable to the emission of any air pollutant from any class or classes of aircraft engines…”

Friends of the Earth v. United States Env't Prot. Agency, 934 F. Supp. 2d 40 (D.D.C. 2013). · cites it 3× “Agency and Lisa Jackson in her official capacity as Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (together, “EPA”) — to make a determination as to whether lead emissions from general aviation aircraft engines using aviation gasoline endanger the public…”

Lead Indus. Ass'n v. Env't Prot. Agency, 647 F.2d 1130 (D.C. Cir. 1980). “§ 7521 (a)(3)(C); § 231(b), 42 U.S.C. § 7571 (b). .Section 302(h), 42 U.”

Sierra Club v. Indiana-Kentucky Elec. Corp. & Indiana & Michigan Elec. Co., 716 F.2d 1145 (7th Cir. 1983). “of performance or requirement *1152 under section 111 [42 USCS § 7411], any standard under section 202 [42 USCS § 7521] (other than a standard required to be prescribed under section 202(b)(1) [42 USCS § 7521(b)(1) ], any determination under section 202(b)(5) [42 USCS §…”

Illinois Env't Prot. Agency v. United States Env't Prot. Agency, 947 F.2d 283 (7th Cir. 1991). “or requirement under section 111 [42 USCS § 7411][,] any standard under section 202 [42 USCS § 7521] (other than a standard required to be prescribed under section 202(b)(1) [42 USCS § 7521(b)(1) ] ), any determination under section 202(b)(5) [42 USCS § 7521(b)(5)], any control…”

Nat. Resources Def. Council, Inc. v. Thomas, 689 F. Supp. 246 (S.D.N.Y. 1988). “§ 7545 ], any standard under section 231 [ 42 U.S.C. § 7571 ] any rule issued under section 113, 119, or under section 120 [ 42 U.”

Nat. Resources Def. Council, Inc. v. United States Env't Prot. Agency, 595 F. Supp. 1255 (S.D.N.Y. 1984). “, 42 U.S.C. §§ 7571 (a)(2), 7457(b) (the Administrator shall “propose regulations" under the Clean Air Act); 42 U.”

Zook v. Env't Prot. Agency, 52 F. Supp. 3d 69 (D.D.C. 2014). “2013) (analyzing Section 231 of the CAA, codified at 42 U.S.C. § 7571 ). Knowledge—or even acknowledgement—of a pollutant’s adverse effects does' not constitute the endangerment determination necessary to trigger the duty to list.”

Nat. Resources Def. Council, Inc. v. Thomas, 885 F.2d 1067 (2d Cir. 1989). “Act § 271, 42 U.S.C. § 7571 (1982), provides similar authority with respect to aircraft.”

Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. United States Env't Prot. Agency (D.D.C. 2011). · cites it 5× “Section 231 Section 231, which addresses aircraft emissions and is codified at 42 U.S.C. § 7571 , provides in part that EPA “shall, from time to time, issue proposed emission standards applicable to the emission of any air pollutant from any class or classes of aircraft engines…”

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