United States v. Phillip Lauter, 57 F.3d 212 (2d Cir. 1995). · Go Syfert
United States v. Phillip Lauter, 57 F.3d 212 (2d Cir. 1995). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
Quick Summary

Officers may execute an arrest warrant at a new residence if they have a reasonable belief that the suspect resides there and is present.

Federal agents entered a basement apartment to execute an arrest warrant after learning the suspect had moved there, despite the warrant listing a different address. They discovered a firearm during a protective sweep of an adjoining room. The question is whether officers must obtain a new warrant when a suspect's address changes and whether the search was a permissible protective sweep. The court applies the rule that agents may enter a suspect's residence to execute an arrest warrant if they have a reasonable belief that the suspect resides there and is present. The court holds that the entry was lawful and the sweep was a permissible cursory inspection of an immediately adjoining space, affirming the denial of the motion to suppress.

244 citation events (178 in the last 25 years) across 54 distinct courts.
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At page 215 Determining reasonable belief for warrant execution and entry64 citing cases“the proper inquiry is whether there is a reasonable belief that the suspect resides at the place to be entered to execute an arrest warrant, and whether the officers have reason to believe that the suspect is present.”2 citing courts quote it · 57 listed here
  • People of Michigan v. Debra Jean Swiental, No. 357024 (Mich. Ct. App. Nov. 9, 2021).unpublished
    (Agents may enter a suspect’s residence, or what they have reason to believe is his residence, in order to effectuate an arrest warrant where a reasonable belief exists that the suspect is present.)
  • United States v. Bohannon, 67 F. Supp. 3d 536 (D. Conn. 2014).published 2 cites
    (The Cl also told Graham that Lauter was unemployed and typically slept late, thus supporting a reasonable belief that Lauter was present in the apartment when the warrant was executed.)
  • State v. Blanco, 2000 WI App 119, 614 N.W.2d 512.published 2 cites
    (the proper inquiry is whether there is a reasonable belief that the suspect resides at the place to be entered . . . and whether the officers have reason to believe that the suspect is present)
  • United States v. Justin Thabit, 56 F.4th 1145 (8th Cir. 2023).published
    Cir. 2005); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220 , 1227 n.5 (10th Cir. 1999); United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 215 (2d Cir. 1995).
  • State of West Virginia v. Tracy Pennington, 885 S.E.2d 569 (W. Va. 2022).published 4 cites
    Cir. 2005) (“As explicated by five other circuits, the ‘reason to believe’ standard is satisfied by something less than would be required for a finding of ‘probable cause.’ See Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220 , 1225- 26 (10th Cir.1999);…
  • United States v. Brown Rodriguez, No. 17-3283(L) (2d Cir. June 11, 2021).unpublished
    (holding that the defendant’s unemployment and tendency to sleep late 13 supported the reasonable belief that he was in an apartment when police executed 14 an arrest warrant)
  • United States v. Kendrick Brinkley, 980 F.3d 377 (4th Cir. 2020).published 2 cites
    See United States v. Magluta, 44 F.3d 1530, 1536 (11th Cir. 1995); United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 215 (2d Cir. 1995).
  • Maley v. United States, No. 2:17-cv-01225 (D.N.M. Mar. 3, 2020).
    Id. (citing United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 286 (D.C. Cir. 2005), reh’g in part on other grounds, 179 F. App’x 60 (D.C. Cir. 2006); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220 , 1227 n.5 (10th Cir. 1999); United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212…
  • Harper v. Leahy, No. 17-1995-cv (2d Cir. June 25, 2018).unpublished 2 cites
    “Agents may enter a suspect’s residence, or what they have reason to believe is his residence, in order to effectuate an arrest warrant where a reasonable belief exists that the suspect is present.” United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 21…
  • United States v. Johnny Vasquez-Algarin, 821 F.3d 467 (3d Cir. 2016).published
    As described below, these approaches vary widely: Although the Courts of Appeals once overwhelmingly interpreted reasonable belief as less stringent than probable cause, they are now nearly evenly divided on this point. 9 The D.C., First,…
Show 47 more citing cases
  • Barrett v. Commonwealth, 470 S.W.3d 337 (Ky. 2015).published
    See United States v. Pruitt, 458 F.3d 477, 484 (6th Cir. 2006); United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62-63 (5th Cir. 1997); United States v. Risse, 83 F.3d 212, 216-17 (8th Cir. 1996); United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 215 (2d Cir. 199…
  • United States v. Williams, 79 F. Supp. 3d 888 (S.D. Ill. 2015).published
    Officers may consider reliable information from an informant pointing to a specific apartment, U.S. v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 215 (2d Cir.1995); U.S. v. Barrera, 464 F.3d 496 , 500-01 (5th Cir.2006); documentary evidence like city records, c…
  • United States v. Denson, 775 F.3d 1214 (10th Cir. 2014).published
    See Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220 , 1227 n. 5 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 286 (D.C.Cir.2005), modified on other grounds, 179 Fed.Appx. 60 (D.C.Cir.2006) (per curiam); United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 2…
  • Andrew Fialdini v. Eric Cote, 594 F. App'x 113 (4th Cir. 2014).unpublished
    See, e.g., United States v. Werra, 638 F.3d 326 , 337 (1st Cir.2011); United States v. Barrera, 464 F.3d 496 , 501 n. 5 (5th Cir.2006); United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 286 (D.C.Cir.2005); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220 , 1227 n.…
  • Waller v. City of Middletown, 50 F. Supp. 3d 171 (D. Conn. 2014).published 2 cites
    Rather, as noted earlier, “the proper inquiry is whether there is a reasonable belief that the suspect resides at the place to be entered to execute an arrest warrant, and whether the officers have reason to believe that the suspect is pre…
  • Adams v. Springmeyer, 17 F. Supp. 3d 478 (W.D. Pa. 2014).published
    United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 285-286 (D.C.Cir.2005); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1227, n. 5 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997); United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 215 (2d Cir.1995).
  • State v. Quevedo, 2014 S.D. 6, 843 N.W.2d 351.published
    “Under Payton , officers executing an arrest warrant must have a ‘reasonable belief that the suspect resides at the place to be entered ... and have reason to believe that the suspect is present’ at the time the warrant is executed.” Id. a…
  • Commonwealth v. Gentile, 2 N.E.3d 873 (Mass. 2014).published
    (reliable confidential informant, whose father was landlord of relevant apartment, told law enforcement agents that defendant was “unemployed and typically slept late, thus supporting a reasonable belief that [the defend…)
  • United States v. Charles Hall, 495 F. App'x 319 (4th Cir. 2012).unpublished
    United States v. Hill, 649 F.3d 258, 262 (4th Cir.2011); see also United States v. Veal, 453 F.3d 164, 167 (3d Cir.2006); United States v. Gay, 240 F.3d 1222, 1226 (10th Cir.2001); United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 215 (2d Cir.1995).
  • Liriano v. ICE/DHS, 827 F. Supp. 2d 264 (S.D.N.Y. 2011).published
    Thus, when asking whether officers are authorized to enter a home to execute a warrant for an individual’s arrest, “the proper inquiry is whether there is a reasonable belief that the suspect resides at the place to be entered ... and whet…
  • United States v. Hill, 649 F.3d 258 (4th Cir. 2011).published 2 cites
    See United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 286 (D.C.Cir.2005) ("reasonable belief" requires less than probable cause), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1055 , 127 S.Ct. 660 , 166 L.Ed.2d 519 (2006); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220 , 1227 n. 5 (10…
  • In re the United States for an Order Authorizing Disclosure of Location Info. of a Specified Wireless Tel., 849 F. Supp. 2d 526 (D. Md. 2011).published
    See United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 286 (D.C.Cir. 2005); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220 , 1227 n. 5 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 215 (2d Cir.1995). .
  • People v. Paige, 77 A.D.3d 1193 (N.Y. App. Div. 3d Dep't 2010).published 2 cites
    The reasonable belief standard is less stringent than the probable cause standard, it is based on an assessment of the totality of circumstances and an officer’s belief, if reasonable, need not be correct (see United States v Lovelock, 170…
  • United States v. Luckey, 701 F. Supp. 2d 464 (S.D.N.Y. 2009).published 4 cites
    United States v. Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339, 344 (2d Cir.1999). 68 . 57 F.3d 212, 214 (2d Cir.1995) (citing, for example, United States v. Terry, 702 F.2d 299, 319 (2d Cir.1983); United States v. Magluta, 44 F.3d 1530, 1535 (11th Cir.1995)). 6…
  • United States v. Weeks, 666 F. Supp. 2d 1354 (N.D. Ga. 2009).published
    See United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 286 (D.C.Cir.2005); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225-26 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir.1997); United States v. Risse, 83 F.3d 212, 216 (8th Cir.1996); Un…
  • United States v. Jackson, 576 F.3d 465 (7th Cir. 2009).published 4 cites
    See United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 286 (D.C.Cir.2005); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220 , 1227 n. 5 (10th Cir.1999); United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 215 (2d Cir.1995). 3 The courts in these cases conclude that the Supreme C…
  • United States v. Jones, 572 F. Supp. 2d 601 (W.D. Pa. 2008).published
    (noting that Payton requires only a “reasonable belief,” which is a less stringent standard)
  • United States v. Hardin, 539 F.3d 404 (6th Cir. 2008).published
    For instance, in United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 215 (2d Cir.1995), the Second Circuit observed that “a reliable Cl, whose father was the landlord at [the apartment complex], told [the officer] that [the suspect] moved to the basemen…
  • Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220 (10th Cir. 1999).published
  • United States v. Joseph Lovelock, 170 F.3d 339 (2d Cir. 1999).published
  • Smith v. Tolley, 960 F. Supp. 977 (E.D. Va. 1997).published
  • Green v. State, 78 S.W.3d 604 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2002).published
  • United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59 (5th Cir. 1997).published
  • Paul W. Anderson v. Stan Campbell Casey Owens Steve Whitson, 104 F.3d 367 (10th Cir. 1996).published
  • United States v. Kratzer, 10 F. App'x 784 (10th Cir. 2001).unpublished
  • United States v. Thomas, Anthony, 429 F.3d 282 (D.C. Cir. 2005).published
  • United States v. Larry Risse, 83 F.3d 212 (8th Cir. 1996).published
  • United States v. Anthony James Smith, 363 F.3d 811 (8th Cir. 2004).published
  • United States v. Demetrius Pruitt, 458 F.3d 477 (6th Cir. 2006).published
  • State v. Northover, 991 P.2d 380 (Idaho Ct. App. 1999).published
  • Morgan v. State, 963 S.W.2d 201 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998).published
  • Dockery v. United States, 853 A.2d 687 (D.C. 2004).published
  • State v. Miller, 777 A.2d 348 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2001).published
  • Romagnano v. Town of Colchester, 354 F. Supp. 2d 129 (D. Conn. 2004).published
  • Tyson v. Willauer, 289 F. Supp. 2d 190 (D. Conn. 2003).published
  • Lyles v. City of Barling, 17 F. Supp. 2d 848 (W.D. Ark. 1998).published
  • United States v. Miles, 82 F. Supp. 2d 1201 (D. Kan. 1999).published
  • Clayton v. City of Kingston, 44 F. Supp. 2d 177 (N.D.N.Y. 1999).published
  • United States v. Pruitt, No. 05-3577 (6th Cir. Aug. 11, 2006).published
  • United States v. Porter, 281 F. App'x 106 (3d Cir. 2008).unpublished
  • State v. Lowery, 875 N.W.2d 12 (Neb. Ct. App. 2016).published
  • 4679-Cr (2d Cir. 2016).published
  • United States v. Bohannon, 824 F.3d 242 (2d Cir. 2016).published
  • Commonwealth v. Silva, 802 N.E.2d 535 (Mass. 2004).published
  • Cain v. Rinehart, No. 4:19-cv-11278 (E.D. Mich. Oct. 1, 2021).
  • United States v. Socrates Martinez-Hipolito, No. 25-5526 (6th Cir. Mar. 5, 2026).unpublished
  • State of Idaho v. Allen Paul Troup, No. 51328 (Idaho Ct. App. Mar. 9, 2026).published
At page 214 Executing arrest warrants at new residences24 citing cases“generally, the police do not need a search warrant to enter a suspect's home when they have an arrest warrant for the suspect.”5 citing courts quote it · 21 listed here
  • People of Michigan v. Debra Jean Swiental, No. 357024 (Mich. Ct. App. Nov. 9, 2021).unpublished
    See also United States v Lauter, 57 F3d 212, 215 (CA 2, 1995) (“Agents may enter a suspect’s residence, or what they have reason to believe is his residence, in order to effectuate an arrest warrant where a reasonable belief exists that th…
  • McLeod v. United States, No. 1:20-cv-00595 (S.D. Ala. Sept. 26, 2024).
    (rejecting argument that when police believe that the target of an arrest lives at an address other than the one listed on the warrant, they must apply for a new warrant before arresting the suspect at the new residence)
  • Purcell v. City of New York, No. 1:18-cv-03979 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2023).
    An “officer armed only with an arrest warrant [is allowed] to enter a suspect’s home, or what he has reason to believe is his home, in order to execute that warrant where a reasonable belief exists that the suspect is present.” Mandola v.…
  • Farmer v. Barrett, No. 3:19-cv-01950 (D. Conn. June 10, 2022).
    (police generally do not need a search warrant to enter a suspect’s home when they have an arrest warrant for that suspect)
  • Smalls v. Cnty. of Suffolk, No. 2:14-cv-04889, 2019 WL 4038742 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 27, 2019). 5 cites
    Claims Premised upon Searches As a general rule, “the police do not need a search warrant to enter a suspect’s home when they have an arrest warrant for the Suspect.” United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 214 (2d Cir. 1995); see also Cogsw…
  • Greene v. City of New York, No. 1:15-cv-06436, 2019 WL 3606739 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 6, 2019). 2 cites
    The court grants Defendants summary judgment on this claim for the following reasons. i. Legal Standard “Generally, the police do not need a search warrant to enter a suspect’s home when they have an arrest warrant for the suspect.” United…
  • Harper v. Leahy, No. 17-1995-cv (2d Cir. June 25, 2018).unpublished 2 cites
    “Agents may enter a suspect’s residence, or what they have reason to believe is his residence, in order to effectuate an arrest warrant where a reasonable belief exists that the suspect is present.” United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 21…
  • State v. Smith, 804 S.E.2d 235 (N.C. Ct. App. 2017).published 2 cites
    Id. at 214, 216 .
  • Mandola v. Cnty. of Nassau, 222 F. Supp. 3d 203 (E.D.N.Y. 2016).published
    United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 214 (2d Cir. 1995); see Payton, 445 U.S. at 603 , 100 S.Ct. 1371 (“an arrest warrant founded on probable cause implicitly carries with it the limited authority to enter a dwelling in which the suspect…
  • United States v. Delva, 13 F. Supp. 3d 269 (S.D.N.Y. 2014).published 2 cites
    APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARDS “Generally, the police do not need a search warrant to enter a suspect’s home when they have an arrest warrant for the suspect.” United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 214 (2d Cir.1995) (citing Payton v. New York,…
Show 11 more citing cases
At page 216 Determining probable cause for searching third-party residences18 citing casesGov't Post-Hearing Br. 191 citing court put it this way
  • United States v. Constantinescu, 147 F.4th 299 (2d Cir. 2025).published 2 cites
    It is well-established that “[w]hen arresting a person in a residence, officers may perform a protective 15 sweep incident to the arrest to protect themselves or others.” United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 216 (2d Cir. 1995).
  • United States v. Kidd, No. 22-287 (2d Cir. Nov. 6, 2023).unpublished
    The seizing agents were conducting a lawful protective sweep of Kidd’s apartment incident to his arrest, United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 216 (2d Cir. 1995), when they saw the electronic devices in plain view 2 and seized them.
  • Waller v. City of Middletown, 50 F. Supp. 3d 171 (D. Conn. 2014).published 2 cites
    Rather, as noted earlier, “the proper inquiry is whether there is a reasonable belief that the suspect resides at the place to be entered to execute an arrest warrant, and whether the officers have reason to believe that the suspect is pre…
  • United States v. Fadul, 16 F. Supp. 3d 270 (S.D.N.Y. 2014).published
    (Gov't Post-Hearing Br. 19)
  • United States v. Lucas, 817 F. Supp. 2d 151 (W.D.N.Y. 2010).published
    United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 216-217 (2d Cir.1995).
  • United States v. Juan Lemus, No. 08-50403 (9th Cir. Sept. 22, 2009).published
    (holding that, under Buie, the second room in a two-room apartment imme- diately adjoined the first room in which the suspect was arrested)
  • United States v. Lemus, 582 F.3d 958 (9th Cir. 2009).published
    Cf. Peals v. Terre Haute Police Dep’t, 535 F.3d 621, 628 (7th Cir.2008) (holding that it was not a constitutional violation, under Buie , for a police officer to enter the plaintiffs house after the plaintiffs arrest in the attached garage…
  • United States v. Medina, 301 F. Supp. 2d 322 (S.D.N.Y. 2004).published
  • Lyles v. City of Barling, 17 F. Supp. 2d 848 (W.D. Ark. 1998).published
  • Cea v. Ulster Cnty., 309 F. Supp. 2d 321 (N.D.N.Y. 2004).published
Show 8 more citing cases
At page 213 Determining scope of search within a residence11 citing casesinside apartment2 citing courts put it this way · 9 listed here
At page 217 Justifying protective sweep in small apartment6 citing casesholding that “in light of the small size of the apartment,” the back room of a two- room basement apartment “immediately adjoined” the first room where the defendant was arrested1 citing court put it this way
  • People v. Matthews, 2025 IL App (1st) 240412-U.unpublished
    (holding that “in light of the small size of the apartment,” the back room of a two- room basement apartment “immediately adjoined” the first room where the defendant was arrested)
  • Kerr v. Commonwealth, 400 S.W.3d 250 (Ky. 2013).published
    The clear implication of the court's oral ruling is that the focus of Buie — the possibility of sudden violence to police officers engaged in a dangerous task in unfamiliar territory — militates against the interpretation Lay proposes for…
  • Jose Ortiz-Sandoval v. James Gomez, 81 F.3d 891 (9th Cir. 1996).published
  • State v. Roberts, 957 S.W.2d 449 (Mo. Ct. App. 1997).published
  • United States v. Miller, 306 F. Supp. 2d 414 (S.D.N.Y. 2004).published
  • Ortiz-Sandoval v. Gomez, 81 F.3d 891 (9th Cir. 1996).published
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,
v.
Phillip LAUTER, Defendant-Appellant
1535, Docket 94-1645.
Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.
Jun 12, 1995.
Published opinion
57 F.3d 212
1995 U.S. App. LEXIS 14546
1995 WL 351457
Steven M. Statsinger, Legal Aid Society, Federal Defender Div. Appeals Bureau, New York City (Marjorie Smith, Legal Aid Society, on the brief), for defendant-appellant., Eric D. Bernstein, Asst. U.S. Atty., E.D.N.Y., Brooklyn, NY (Zachary W. Carter, U.S. Atty., Emily Berger, Asst. U.S. Atty., on the brief), for appellee.
Feinberg, Altimari, Mahoney.
Cited by 140 opinions  |  Published
Pinpoint authority: bottom 54%
ALTIMARI, Circuit Judge:

Defendant-appellant Phillip Lauter appeals from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Sifton, /.), convicting him, following a plea of guilty, of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). On appeal, Lauter challenges only the district court’s refusal to suppress the firearm seized from his apartment. First, Lauter claims that the officers should not have entered his apartment to arrest him because neither the arrest warrant nor the affidavit in support of the warrant specified that address. Second, he claims that the officers recovered the weapon in the course of a full-fledged warrantless search of his apartment, rather than during a permissible protective sweep. We reject both arguments and affirm the judgment of the district court.

BACKGROUND

On February 4, 1993, Special Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (“ATF”) Agent Graham obtained an arrest warrant for Lauter and a search warrant for his residence, apartment 2R at 499 Williams Avenue in Brooklyn. The warrants were issued based on an affidavit containing information received from a confidential informant (“Cl”) who stated that Lauter, a convicted felon, possessed a shotgun. He also stated that Lauter had recently moved to apartment 2R from a basement apartment in the same building. Although the search warrant clearly identified Lauter’s residence as apartment 2R, the face of the arrest warrant did not contain an address. On the back of the arrest warrant was written, under the heading “THE FOLLOWING IS FURNISHED FOR INFORMATION ONLY,” that Lauter resided at 499 Williams Avenue in Brooklyn.

On February 7, prior to execution of the warrant, Graham learned from the Cl that Lauter had moved to a second apartment in the basement of the same building. The Cl acquired this information from his father, the landlord of the building. The Cl also provided Graham with a description of Lauter, the basement layout, and the door of Lauter’s new apartment. At approximately 8:30 the following morning, Graham and four other agents arrived at the basement apartment in which they believed Lauter was residing. After knocking and receiving no response, the agents pushed in the door and arrested Lauter, who had been roused from his sleep. The apartment, which had no windows, no kitchen, and no bathroom, consisted of two small rooms: the first room containing the door to the hallway of the basement, and an adjacent room containing a bed. Lauter was arrested in the first room.

Special ATF Agent Bradley was the first agent to enter the back room, and a few moments later Graham saw Bradley escorting Lauter’s girlfriend from the room. Bradley did not say anything to Graham. Graham immediately went into the back room to[*214] “back up” Bradley and to finish “conducting a security sweep of that room.” The small back room contained only a nightstand and a queen-size mattress on a metal frame standing roughly three inches off the ground, with approximately three feet between the bed and the wall on either side of the bed. During his sweep, Graham looked to the left of the bed, and saw the stock of a shotgun protruding from underneath the bed. He seized the loaded gun, looked under the bed, and removed a bag of ammunition from an open drawer in the nightstand.

Lauter was charged with possessing a firearm as a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Lauter moved to suppress the firearm on the grounds that the agents unlawfully entered the apartment, and that once in the apartment they conducted an impermissible full-fledged search rather than a limited protective sweep. In a written Memorandum and Order dated May 21,1993, the district court denied the motion to suppress. The district court concluded that the agents were not required to obtain a new arrest warrant once they learned that Lauter was no longer residing in apartment 2R, given that they had probable cause to believe that Lauter was residing and present in the basement apartment. The district court explicitly rejected Lauter’s reliance on Steagald v. United States, 451 U.S. 204, 101 S.Ct. 1642, 68 L.Ed.2d 38 (1981), and United States v. Nezaj, 666 F.Supp. 494 (S.D.N.Y.1987). As to the recovery of the firearm, the district court concluded that the back room was “immediately adjoining” the room where the arrest occurred, and thus the cursory visual inspection by Graham was a permissible protective sweep under Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 110 S.Ct. 1093, 108 L.Ed.2d 276 (1990). Lauter subsequently pled guilty pursuant to a conditional plea agreement, thereby reserving the right to appeal the denial of his suppression motion. He was sentenced principally to thirty-seven months’ imprisonment.

Lauter now appeals.

DISCUSSION

1. Validity of Arrest Warrant

Lauter first argues that the agents should have obtained a new warrant after learning that he had moved to a new apartment. He argues that when the police believe that the target of an arrest warrant lives at an address other than the one listed on the warrant, they must apply for a new warrant before arresting the suspect at the new residence. Because the arrest warrant in this case was premised on a supporting affidavit that stated that Lauter lived in apartment 2R, Lauter claims that the agents could not decide on their own that he had moved to the basement apartment without consulting a magistrate. We reject this argument.

Generally, the police do not need a search warrant to enter a suspect’s home when they have an arrest warrant for the suspect. See Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 603, 100 S.Ct. 1371, 1388, 63 L.Ed.2d 639 (1980) (“an arrest warrant founded on probable cause implicitly carries with it the limited authority to enter a dwelling in which the suspect lives when there is reason to believe the suspect is within”); see also Steagald v. United States, 451 U.S. 204, 221, 101 S.Ct. 1642, 1652, 68 L.Ed.2d 38 (1981); United States v. Terry, 702 F.2d 299, 319 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 461 U.S. 931, 103 S.Ct. 2095, 77 L.Ed.2d 304 (1983). As the Supreme Court has observed, once an arrest warrant for a particular suspect has issued, “it is constitutionally reasonable to require him to open his doors to the officers of the law.” Payton, 445 U.S. at 602-03, 100 S.Ct. at 1388. Agents may enter a suspect’s residence, or what they have reason to believe is his residence, in order to effectuate an arrest warrant where a reasonable belief exists that the suspect is present. See Terry, 702 F.2d at 319 (court relies on factors, such as telephone listing and statement from defendant’s son, indicating that there was a “reasonable basis” for believing that defendant resided in and was present at apartment). See also United States v. Magluta, 44 F.3d 1530, 1535 (11th Cir.1995) (officers may enter residence to execute arrest warrant where they have “a reasonable belief that the location to be searched is the suspect’s dwelling, and that the suspect is within the residence at the[*215] time of entry”); Perez v. Simmons, 884 F.2d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir.1989); United States v. Stinson, 867 F.Supp. 1026, 1031 (D.Conn.1994); Nash v. Douglas County, 733 F.Supp. 100, 104-05 (N.D.Ga.1989); Harasim v. Kuchar, 702 F.Supp. 178, 181 n. 2 (N.D.Ill.1988). Cf. United States v. Pichardo, No. 92 CR. 354, 1992 WL 249964, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 22, 1992).

Although we agree with the district court’s ultimate conclusion, we note that it applied too stringent a test when it held that “officers may properly determine whether they have probable cause to believe that an apartment or house is the arrestee’s residence, and if probable cause exists, they may enter such premises to effect the arrest when they have a reasonable basis to believe that the arrestee will be present.” (emphasis added). As noted above, the proper inquiry is whether there is a reasonable belief that the suspect resides at the place to be entered to execute an arrest warrant, and whether the officers have reason to believe that the suspect is present. See Magluta, 44 F.3d at 1533, 1535. See also United States v. Manley, 632 F.2d 978, 983 (2d Cir.1980) (“the ‘reasonable belief standard ... may require less justification then the more familiar probable cause test”), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1112, 101 S.Ct. 922, 66 L.Ed.2d 841 (1981).

In the instant case, the officers had reason to believe — and, as the district court found, even had probable cause to believe — that Lauter lived in the basement apartment and was present at the time they sought to execute the warrant. In particular, a reliable Cl, whose father was the landlord at 499 Williams Avenue, told Agent Graham that Lauter moved to the basement apartment during the weekend. The Cl also told Graham that Lauter was unemployed and typically slept late, thus supporting a reasonable belief that Lauter was present in the apartment when the warrant was executed.

The essence of Lauter’s argument is that the officers should have appealed to a magistrate to consider the information regarding his new address. This argument suffers from several flaws. First, Lauter’s address was immaterial to the determination of whether probable cause existed for his arrest. See Stinson, 857 F.Supp. at 1030 (Fourth Amendment “does not require officers to establish probable cause for identifying information, such as the suspect’s address, that is included on the arrest warrant but not material to the ultimate probable cause determination”). Any discrepancy between the address in the supporting affidavit and the address where Lauter was ultimately arrested is irrelevant because all an arrest warrant must do is identify the person sought. See Powe v. City of Chicago, 664 F.2d 639, 645 (7th Cir.1981); Harasim, 702 F.Supp. at 181; Pichardo, 1992 WL 249964, at *5. Similarly, a change in address subsequent to the issuance of an arrest warrant is typically not significant because it does not alter the suspect’s identity. In any event, the arrest warrant itself did not specify in which apartment Lauter lived, and as such there was no actual discrepancy between the warrant and the apartment where Lauter was arrested. Therefore, the officers were not required to have a magistrate evaluate the information regarding Lauter’s new address. They could execute the warrant as long as they had reason to believe that Lau-ter was residing and present in the basement apartment.

Lauter contends that the authority described above is inapplicable, and that the governing cases are Steagald v. United States, 451 U.S. 204, 101 S.Ct. 1642, 68 L.Ed.2d 38 (1981), and United States v. Nezaj, 666 F.Supp. 494 (S.D.N.Y.1987). In Steagald, the police entered Steagald’s home based on an arrest warrant for Lyons, whom the police believed was visiting Steagald. While searching for Lyons, who was not present, the police discovered cocaine belonging to Steagald. The issue was thus whether an arrest warrant for one person was sufficient to protect the Fourth Amendment rights of persons not named in the warrant, but in whose homes the suspect was believed to be visiting. The Supreme Court concluded that “while the warrant in this case may have protected Lyons from an unreasonable seizure, it did absolutely nothing to protect [Steagald’s] privacy interest.... Instead, [Steagald’s] only protection from an illegal entry and search was the agent’s personal[*216] determination of probable cause.” 451 U.S. at 213, 101 S.Ct. at 1648. Accordingly, the Supreme Court held that an arrest warrant for one individual did not authorize the search of a third party’s residence where the officers believed the suspect was visiting.

In Nezaj, the agents had an arrest warrant for “John Doe a/k/a ‘Enrique’ a/k/a ‘El Gor-do,’ ” residing in a specified apartment. When the agents sought to execute the warrant at that address, they discovered that the suspect was not residing there, but the occupant took them to where he believed “Enrique” was residing, which turned out to be Nezaj’s apartment. The district court suppressed the evidence implicating Nezaj that was seized from his apartment, relying principally on Steagald. The district court stated that because of Nezaj’s privacy interests, “the magistrate, not the police officer, ... must decide whether probable cause exists that a particular dwelling is a particular felon’s residence.” 666 F.Supp. at 498. The district court held that

when the arrest warrant lists no address, or when it lists an address other than the one the officers seek to enter, the privacy interests of third parties are strongly implicated .... To protect third parties and to give effect to the logic of Steagald, it must be a judicial officer, not the police officer on the scene, who decides whether there is reason to believe that a felon lives in a particular dwelling. Id. at 499.

Lauter contends that Nezaj and “the logic of Steagald” required the agents to test their beliefs as to Lauter’s residence before a neutral magistrate, who could have issued a new arrest warrant.

Lauter’s reliance on these cases is inappo-site. Unlike the case at hand, Steagald involved the search of a third party’s residence in order to locate a suspect named in an arrest warrant who did not reside with the third party. By contrast, in this case the officers entered an apartment in which they had reason to believe that Lauter was residing.

Nezaj is also distinguishable. We read the case to apply only where the identity of the suspect is established in part by his address. In Nezaj, the arrest warrant was issued for a “John Doe” residing at a particular address. Therefore, in contrast to the instant case, the suspect’s address was relevant to the question of whether there was probable cause for his arrest. See Stinson, 857 F.Supp. at 1029 (interpreting Nezaj as limited to its facts); Pichardo, 1992 WL 249964 at *4 (“The holding in Nezaj is considerably narrower than Defendant claims ... and extends only to the facts presented in that case.”). Moreover, to the extent that the district court in Nezaj intended to require officers to obtain a search warrant whenever an arrest warrant contains no address, or to get a new arrest warrant whenever a suspect’s address changes, we reject the decision’s reasoning as unsound and inconsistent with Payton and its progeny. In summary, the arrest warrant authorized the officer’s entry into the basement apartment because the police had reason to believe that Lauter was residing and present therein.

2. Protective Sweep

Lauter next argues that even if the agents were lawfully in his apartment, the district court should have suppressed the firearm because it was recovered during an impermissibly broad protective sweep. (The government does not rely on the search warrant to justify the seizure of the shotgun, as that warrant was not for the basement apartment). When arresting a person in a residence, officers may perform a protective sweep incident to the arrest to protect themselves or others. In Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 334, 110 S.Ct. 1093, 1098, 108 L.Ed.2d 276 (1990), the Supreme Court held that during an arrest, officers may “without probable cause or reasonable suspicion[ ] look in closets and other spaces immediately adjoining the place of arrest from which an attack could be immediately launched.” Beyond that limited cursory inspection, however, an officer must have articulable facts that support an inference that the area to be swept harbors an individual posing danger to those present. Id. The district court concluded that the back room was “immediately adjoining” the area in which Lauter was arrested, and thus deemed the sweep permissi[*217] ble even in the absence of any particularized suspicion.

Lauter contends that the search conducted by Graham was more than a cursory inspection for safety purposes. He relies on the following facts to support his claim that Graham instead was looking for incriminating evidence: Graham knew that another agent had already been in the back room; that agent did not instruct Graham to go into the back room; there was no reason to look next to the bed; and Graham seized ammunition from a drawer in the nightstand.

Aside from looking in the drawer, the fruits of which search were not introduced into evidence, Graham’s conduct was well within the scope of a permissible protective sweep, particularly in light of the small size of the apartment. See, e.g., United States v. Robinson, 775 F.Supp. 231, 235 (N.D.Ill.1991) (bedroom is “immediately adjoining” room in which defendant was arrested). That another agent had already been in the back room did not preclude the possibility that there was some residual danger. Moreover, Graham was justified in looking in the space between the bed and the wall, as a person certainly could have been hiding in that location. As the gun was in plain view and Graham was legitimately in the room, seizure of the weapon was permissible. See United States v. Jenkins, 876 F.2d 1085, 1088 (2d Cir.1989). Because the protective sweep was not overbroad, the district court did not err in declining to suppress the shotgun.

CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the district court.