physician-patient privilege (New Jersey) · Go Syfert
← New Jersey issues

physician-patient privilege in New Jersey

37 New Jersey opinions name it 2 courts 1967–2022 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New Jersey courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (23)

CaseFollowedCited
Lazorick v. Browngreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1984 · cited in 5 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1985–2012
2 sentences

1998Ibid; see also Lazorick v. Brown, 195 N.J.Super. 444, 451-52 , 480 A. 2d 223 (App.Div.1984) (detailing the legislative history of the physician-patient privilege).

1998Ibid; see also Lazorick v. Brown, 195 N.J.Super. 444, 451-52 , 480 A. 2d 223 (App.Div.1984) (detailing the legislative history of the physician-patient privilege).

45
Crist v. Moffattgreen
nc · 1990 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005The North Carolina court was guided by its public policy concerns that a physician might become liable for inadvertent disclosures and/or the interview might disintegrate into improper discussions beyond waived matters. 32 The Crist Court concluded that “considerations of patient privacy, the confidential relationship between doctor and patient, the adequacy of formal discovery devices, and the untenable position in which ex parte contacts place the nonparty treating physician supersede defendant’s interest in a less expensive and more convenient method of discovery____ [Tjhus ... defense coun

2005The North Carolina court was guided by its public policy concerns that a physician might become liable for inadvertent disclosures and/or the interview might disintegrate into improper discussions beyond waived matters. [32] The Crist Court concluded that "considerations of patient privacy, the confidential relationship between doctor and patient, the adequacy of formal discovery devices, and the untenable position in which ex parte contacts place the nonparty treating physician supersede defendant's interest in a less expensive and more convenient method of discovery. . . . [T]hus . . . defen

22
Hague v. Williamsgreen
nj · 1962 · cited in 7 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1967–1999
2 sentences

1999Since the Legislature had not yet adopted the physician-patient privilege by statute, the Court found that in our State the "policy is to expose such information to view when it is relevant to the resolution of litigation." Id. at 335 , 181 A. 2d 345 .

1999Since the Legislature had not yet adopted the physician-patient privilege by statute, the Court found that in our State the "policy is to expose such information to view when it is relevant to the resolution of litigation." Id. at 335 , 181 A. 2d 345 .

17
State, in Interest of Mpcgreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1979 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1980–1995
2 sentences

1995Super. 131, 136 [ 397 A. 2d 1092 ] (App.Div. 1979). [ State v. Dyal, supra, 97 N.J. at 237-238 , 478 A. 2d 390 .] In Hague v. Williams, 37 N.J. 328, 336 , 181 A. 2d 345 (1962), a case decided before the statutory enactment of the physician-patient privilege, our Supreme Court recognized that the physician-patient privileged is not absolute but rather is subject to certain limitations: *476 This is not to say that the patient enjoys an absolute right, but rather that he possesses a limited right against such disclosure, subject to exceptions promoted by the supervening interest of society.

1995State, in the Interest of M.P.C., supra, 165 N.J.Super. at 136 , 397 A.2d 1092 .

13
State v. LJPgreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1994 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1998–1999
2 sentences

1999Moreover, the psychologist-patient privilege has been "given greater scope and protection than the physician-patient privilege." State v. L.J.P., supra, 270 N.J.Super. at 438 , 637 A. 2d 532 ; see also Kinsella, supra at 298 n. 1, 696 A. 2d 556 .

1999Moreover, the psychologist-patient privilege has been "given greater scope and protection than the physician-patient privilege." State v. L.J.P., supra, 270 N.J.Super. at 438 , 637 A. 2d 532 ; see also Kinsella, supra at 298 n. 1, 696 A. 2d 556 .

12
State v. Dyalgreen
nj · 1984 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1986–1995
2 sentences

1995Super. 131, 136 [ 397 A. 2d 1092 ] (App.Div. 1979). [ State v. Dyal, supra, 97 N.J. at 237-238 , 478 A. 2d 390 .] In Hague v. Williams, 37 N.J. 328, 336 , 181 A. 2d 345 (1962), a case decided before the statutory enactment of the physician-patient privilege, our Supreme Court recognized that the physician-patient privileged is not absolute but rather is subject to certain limitations: *476 This is not to say that the patient enjoys an absolute right, but rather that he possesses a limited right against such disclosure, subject to exceptions promoted by the supervening interest of society.

1995Super. 131, 136 [ 397 A. 2d 1092 ] (App.Div. 1979). [ State v. Dyal, supra, 97 N.J. at 237-238 , 478 A. 2d 390 .] In Hague v. Williams, 37 N.J. 328, 336 , 181 A. 2d 345 (1962), a case decided before the statutory enactment of the physician-patient privilege, our Supreme Court recognized that the physician-patient privileged is not absolute but rather is subject to certain limitations: *476 This is not to say that the patient enjoys an absolute right, but rather that he possesses a limited right against such disclosure, subject to exceptions promoted by the supervening interest of society.

12
State of New Jersey v. Brandon Kanegreen
njsuperctappdiv · 2017 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021See State v. Kane, 449 N.J.

11
State v. Mautigreen
nj · 2012 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017A court is required to "give as much effect as possible to the legislative judgments embodied in the privileges within ever-present constitutional limitations." State v. Mauti, 208 N.J. 519, 537 (2012) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

11
Busik v. Levinegreen
nj · 1973 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005See Busik v. Levine, 63 N.J. 351, 367-68 , 307 A. 2d 571 (1973). [4] Because we conclude that the names and addresses of hospital patients are protected from disclosure by the Hospital Patients Bill of Rights Act and the Physician-Patient privilege, we have no need to consider the protections of the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub.L.

2005See Busik v. Levine, 63 N.J. 351, 367-68 , 307 A. 2d 571 (1973). [4] Because we conclude that the names and addresses of hospital patients are protected from disclosure by the Hospital Patients Bill of Rights Act and the Physician-Patient privilege, we have no need to consider the protections of the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub.L.

11
Kinsella v. Kinsellagreen
nj · 1997 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
1 sentence

1999Moreover, the psychologist-patient privilege has been "given greater scope and protection than the physician-patient privilege." State v. L.J.P., supra, 270 N.J.Super. at 438 , 637 A. 2d 532 ; see also Kinsella, supra at 298 n. 1, 696 A. 2d 556 .

11
RITT v. Rittgreen
nj · 1968 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
2 sentences

1997See Ritt v. Ritt, 52 N.J. 177, 181, 244 A.2d 497 (1968); cf. State v. Long, 119 N.J. 439, 479 , 575 A.2d 435 (1990); Gabor v. Hyland, 166 N.J.Super. 275, 278-79 , 399 A.2d 993 (App.Div.1979).

1997See Ritt v. Ritt, 52 N.J. 177, 181, 244 A.2d 497 (1968); cf. State v. Long, 119 N.J. 439, 479 , 575 A.2d 435 (1990); Gabor v. Hyland, 166 N.J.Super. 275, 278-79 , 399 A.2d 993 (App.Div.1979).

11
Christensen v. Munsengreen
wash · 1994 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
2 sentences

1995The Supreme Court of Washington recently held that a plaintiffs treating physician could testify about the cause of plaintiffs glaucoma because a “treating physician may testify as to both fact and opinion in a medical malpractice action regardless of whether the physician is a defense or plaintiffs witness.” Christensen v. Munsen, 123 Wash.2d 234 , 867 P.2d 626, 629 (1994); see also Carson v. Fine, 123 Wash.2d 206 , 867 P.2d 610, 616-17 (1994) (concluding that “[tjhere is no basis in reason, the common law or in statutory law to draw a distinction between the types of testimony a treating phy

1995The Supreme Court of Washington recently held that a plaintiffs treating physician could testify about the cause of plaintiffs glaucoma because a “treating physician may testify as to both fact and opinion in a medical malpractice action regardless of whether the physician is a defense or plaintiffs witness.” Christensen v. Munsen, 123 Wash.2d 234 , 867 P.2d 626, 629 (1994); see also Carson v. Fine, 123 Wash.2d 206 , 867 P.2d 610, 616-17 (1994) (concluding that “[tjhere is no basis in reason, the common law or in statutory law to draw a distinction between the types of testimony a treating phy

11
Carson v. Finegreen
wash · 1994 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
Doe v. University of Cincinnatigreen
ohioctapp · 1988 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
11
BELLE BONFILS M. BL. CTR. v. Dist. Courtgreen
colo · 1988 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
11
City & County of San Francisco v. Superior Courtgreen
cal · 1951 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
11
In Re B.green
pa · 1978 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
George Taylor v. United Statesgreen
cadc · 1955 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
State v. DiCarlogreen
nj · 1975 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
In Re Subpoena Served Upon Jorge S. Zuniga, M.D. In Re Subpoena Served Upon Gary R. Pierce, M.D.green
ca6 · 1983 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
Electronic Currency Corp. v. Western States Bankcard Ass'ngreen
scotus · 1983 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
Fields v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1983 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
In Re Lifschutzgreen
cal · 1970 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New Jersey. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (36)

CaseCitedYears
Arena v. Saphier green
njsuperctappdiv · 1985
2 sentences

1998In reaching its conclusion, the court rejected any analogy to the physician-patient privilege, finding instead that "the discoverability of the psychologist's consultation notes should be considered within the context of the more limited waiver doctrine applicable to the attorney-client privilege." Id. at 88 , 492 A. 2d 1020 .

1998In reaching its conclusion, the court rejected any analogy to the physician-patient privilege, finding instead that "the discoverability of the psychologist's consultation notes should be considered within the context of the more limited waiver doctrine applicable to the attorney-client privilege." Id. at 88 , 492 A. 2d 1020 .

51994–1998
Stempler v. Speidell green
nj · 1985
2 sentences

2019Petitioner's reliance on Stempler v. Speidell, 100 N.J. 368 (1985) in support of his argument that the physician-patient privilege afforded him the right to interview Dr. Grob ex parte is misplaced.

2019Petitioner's reliance on Stempler v. Speidell, 100 N.J. 368 (1985) in support of his argument that the physician-patient privilege afforded him the right to interview Dr. Grob ex parte is misplaced.

42012–2019
State v. McBride green
njsuperctappdiv · 1986
2 sentences

1998"Although the psychologist-patient privilege affords even greater confidentiality than the physician-patient privilege, it still may be defeated where `common notions of fairness clearly compel at least limited disclosure of otherwise confidential communications.' " McBride, supra, 213 N.J.Super. at 270 , 517 A. 2d 152 (quoting Arena, supra, 201 N.J.Super. at 89 , 492 A. 2d 1020 ).

1998"Although the psychologist-patient privilege affords even greater confidentiality than the physician-patient privilege, it still may be defeated where `common notions of fairness clearly compel at least limited disclosure of otherwise confidential communications.' " McBride, supra, 213 N.J.Super. at 270 , 517 A. 2d 152 (quoting Arena, supra, 201 N.J.Super. at 89 , 492 A. 2d 1020 ).

41994–1998
Osterman v. Ehrenworth green
njsuperctappdiv · 1969
2 sentences

2005Therefore, we conclude that the "information" a patient communicates in confidence to a physician or hospital that is protected from disclosure by the Physician-Patient privilege includes the patient's name and address. [4] See Hernandez, supra, 291 N.J.Super. at 476-77 , 677 A. 2d 811 ; Unick, supra, 107 N.J.Super. at 126-27 , 257 A. 2d 134 ; Osterman, supra, 106 N.J.Super. at 523-26 , 256 A. 2d 123 .

2005Therefore, we conclude that the "information" a patient communicates in confidence to a physician or hospital that is protected from disclosure by the Physician-Patient privilege includes the patient's name and address. [4] See Hernandez, supra, 291 N.J.Super. at 476-77 , 677 A. 2d 811 ; Unick, supra, 107 N.J.Super. at 126-27 , 257 A. 2d 134 ; Osterman, supra, 106 N.J.Super. at 523-26 , 256 A. 2d 123 .

31979–2005
Stigliano v. Connaught Laboratories, Inc. green
nj · 1995
2 sentences

2012Stigliano v. Connaught Labs., Inc., 140 N.J. 305, 311 , 658 A. 2d 715 (1995); Stempler v. Speidell, 100 N.J. 368, 373 , 495 A. 2d 857 (1985); see N.J.R.E. 506; N.J.S.A. 2A:84A-22.4.

2012Stigliano v. Connaught Labs., Inc., 140 N.J. 305, 311 , 658 A. 2d 715 (1995); Stempler v. Speidell, 100 N.J. 368, 373 , 495 A. 2d 857 (1985); see N.J.R.E. 506; N.J.S.A. 2A:84A-22.4.

22010–2012
Graham v. Gielchinsky green
nj · 1991
2 sentences

2010Id. at 310, 658 A. 2d 715 (citing Graham v. Gielchinsky, 126 N.J. 361, 373 , 599 A. 2d 149 (1991)).

2010Id. at 310, 658 A. 2d 715 (citing Graham v. Gielchinsky, 126 N.J. 361, 373 , 599 A. 2d 149 (1991)).

21995–2010
Smith v. American Home Prod. Corp. green
njsuperctappdiv · 2003
2 sentences

2005However, plaintiffs’ counsel may communicate with the physicians, in writing only, regarding any concerns about the scope and the extent to which the plaintiffs continue to assert the physician-patient privilege, and the Authorization shall clearly indicate that the physician’s participation is voluntary. 38 This court, though following the same path, reaches a somewhat different result than Smith v. American Home Products Corp. Wyeth-Ayerst Pharmaceutical, 372 N.J.Super. 105 , 855 A.2d 608 (Law Div.2003).

2005However, plaintiffs’ counsel may communicate with the physicians, in writing only, regarding any concerns about the scope and the extent to which the plaintiffs continue to assert the physician-patient privilege, and the Authorization shall clearly indicate that the physician’s participation is voluntary. 38 This court, though following the same path, reaches a somewhat different result than Smith v. American Home Products Corp. Wyeth-Ayerst Pharmaceutical, 372 N.J.Super. 105 , 855 A.2d 608 (Law Div.2003).

22005–2005
Matter of Nackson green
nj · 1989
2 sentences

1998"Like other privileges, it must in some circumstances yield to the higher demands of order." Matter of Nackson, 114 N.J. 527, 537 , 555 A. 2d 1101 (1989) (referring to the attorney-client privilege).

1998"Like other privileges, it must in some circumstances yield to the higher demands of order." Matter of Nackson, 114 N.J. 527, 537 , 555 A. 2d 1101 (1989) (referring to the attorney-client privilege).

21994–1998
State v. Schreiber green
nj · 1991
2 sentences

1995State v. Schreiber, 122 N.J. 579, 587 , 585 A.2d 945 (1991); McCormick, supra, § 103 at 384.

1995State v. Schreiber, 122 N.J. 579, 587 , 585 A.2d 945 (1991); McCormick, supra, § 103 at 384.

21993–1995
Behringer Est. v. Princeton Med. Ctr. green
njsuperctappdiv · 1991
2 sentences

1992Estate of Behringer v. Princeton Medical Center, 249 N.J.Super. 597, 632 , 592 A.2d 1251 (Law Div.1991).

1992Estate of Behringer v. Princeton Medical Center, 249 N.J.

21992–1992
State v. Yolanda Terry and Teron Savoy green
nj · 2014
2 sentences

2022In Terry, the Court held that the version of N.J.R.E. 509 then in effect shielded confidential communications between spouses that were intercepted by a wiretap. 218 N.J. at 234-39 .

2022Terry, 218 N.J. at 241 ; see also N.J.R.E. 504(2)(a), 506(f), 511(2), 514, 519(b). 5 N.J.R.E. 501(2) codifies a different marital privilege, the spousal testimonial privilege; with exceptions, that rule bars the spouse or partner of the accused in a criminal case from testifying in a criminal action.

12022–2022
State v. Goldberg green
nj · 1987
1 sentence

2017Super. 255, 270 (App. Div. 1986) (recognizing that "the psychologist-patient privilege affords even greater confidentiality than the physician-patient privilege"), certif. denied, 107 N.J. 118 (1987). 16 A-2739-13T2 on an explicit exception to a privilege, and he has failed to justify piercing these privileges.

12017–2017
Hernandez v. Overlook Hosp. green
njsuperctappdiv · 1995
2 sentences

2005Therefore, we conclude that the "information" a patient communicates in confidence to a physician or hospital that is protected from disclosure by the Physician-Patient privilege includes the patient's name and address. [4] See Hernandez, supra, 291 N.J.Super. at 476-77 , 677 A. 2d 811 ; Unick, supra, 107 N.J.Super. at 126-27 , 257 A. 2d 134 ; Osterman, supra, 106 N.J.Super. at 523-26 , 256 A. 2d 123 .

2005Therefore, we conclude that the "information" a patient communicates in confidence to a physician or hospital that is protected from disclosure by the Physician-Patient privilege includes the patient's name and address. [4] See Hernandez, supra, 291 N.J.Super. at 476-77 , 677 A. 2d 811 ; Unick, supra, 107 N.J.Super. at 126-27 , 257 A. 2d 134 ; Osterman, supra, 106 N.J.Super. at 523-26 , 256 A. 2d 123 .

12005–2005
Unick v. Kessler Memorial Hospital green
njsuperctappdiv · 1969
2 sentences

2005Therefore, we conclude that the "information" a patient communicates in confidence to a physician or hospital that is protected from disclosure by the Physician-Patient privilege includes the patient's name and address. [4] See Hernandez, supra, 291 N.J.Super. at 476-77 , 677 A. 2d 811 ; Unick, supra, 107 N.J.Super. at 126-27 , 257 A. 2d 134 ; Osterman, supra, 106 N.J.Super. at 523-26 , 256 A. 2d 123 .

2005Therefore, we conclude that the "information" a patient communicates in confidence to a physician or hospital that is protected from disclosure by the Physician-Patient privilege includes the patient's name and address. [4] See Hernandez, supra, 291 N.J.Super. at 476-77 , 677 A. 2d 811 ; Unick, supra, 107 N.J.Super. at 126-27 , 257 A. 2d 134 ; Osterman, supra, 106 N.J.Super. at 523-26 , 256 A. 2d 123 .

12005–2005
United Jersey Bank v. Wolosoff green
njsuperctappdiv · 1984
2 sentences

1998The court continued: In that regard, we point to our recent decision in United Jersey Bank v. Wolosoff, 196 N.J.Super. 553 , 483 A. 2d 821 (App.Div.1984).

1998The court continued: In that regard, we point to our recent decision in United Jersey Bank v. Wolosoff, 196 N.J.Super. 553 , 483 A. 2d 821 (App.Div.1984).

11998–1998
In Re Selser green
nj · 1954
2 sentences

1997We nevertheless add that the privilege advances secrecy, and thus “runs counter to the fundamental theory of our judicial system that the fullest disclosure of the facts will best lead to the truth and ultimately to the triumph of justice.” In re Selser, 15 N.J. 393, 405 , 105 A.2d 395 (1954).

1997We nevertheless add that the privilege advances secrecy, and thus “runs counter to the fundamental theory of our judicial system that the fullest disclosure of the facts will best lead to the truth and ultimately to the triumph of justice.” In re Selser, 15 N.J. 393, 405 , 105 A.2d 395 (1954).

11997–1997
State v. Long green
nj · 1990
2 sentences

1997See Ritt v. Ritt, 52 N.J. 177, 181, 244 A.2d 497 (1968); cf. State v. Long, 119 N.J. 439, 479 , 575 A.2d 435 (1990); Gabor v. Hyland, 166 N.J.Super. 275, 278-79 , 399 A.2d 993 (App.Div.1979).

1997See Ritt v. Ritt, 52 N.J. 177, 181, 244 A.2d 497 (1968); cf. State v. Long, 119 N.J. 439, 479 , 575 A.2d 435 (1990); Gabor v. Hyland, 166 N.J.Super. 275, 278-79 , 399 A.2d 993 (App.Div.1979).

11997–1997
Gabor v. Hyland green
njsuperctappdiv · 1979
2 sentences

1997See Ritt v. Ritt, 52 N.J. 177, 181, 244 A.2d 497 (1968); cf. State v. Long, 119 N.J. 439, 479 , 575 A.2d 435 (1990); Gabor v. Hyland, 166 N.J.Super. 275, 278-79 , 399 A.2d 993 (App.Div.1979).

1997See Ritt v. Ritt, 52 N.J. 177, 181, 244 A.2d 497 (1968); cf. State v. Long, 119 N.J. 439, 479 , 575 A.2d 435 (1990); Gabor v. Hyland, 166 N.J.Super. 275, 278-79 , 399 A.2d 993 (App.Div.1979).

11997–1997
Stigliano v. Connaught Laboratories, Inc. green
njsuperctappdiv · 1994
11995–1995
Richbow v. District of Columbia green
dc · 1991
11995–1995
Todd v. South Jersey Hospital System green
njd · 1993
11995–1995
Cates v. Wilson green
nc · 1987
11995–1995
Kurdek v. West Orange Educ. Bd. green
njsuperctappdiv · 1987
11994–1994
Taylor v. West Penn Hospital neutral
pactcomplallegh · 1987
11991–1991
Krygier v. Airweld, Inc. green
nysupct · 1987
11991–1991
Tarrant County Hospital District v. Hughes green
texapp · 1987
11991–1991
Laburre v. East Jefferson General Hosp. green
la · 1990
11991–1991
Doe v. American Red Cross Blood Services, S.C. Region green
scd · 1989
11991–1991
Stenger v. Lehigh Valley Hospital Center green
pa · 1989
11991–1991
Rasmussen v. South Florida Blood Service green
fla · 1987
11991–1991
State v. Sugar green
nj · 1985
11990–1990
State v. Sugar green
nj · 1980
11990–1990
State v. Figueroa green
njsuperctappdiv · 1986
11990–1990
State v. Soney green
nj · 1981
11985–1985
State v. Soney green
njsuperctappdiv · 1980
11985–1985
Kessler v. Troum neutral
njsuperctappdiv · 1978
11979–1979

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NJ § N.J. Stat. § 34:15-1 (3) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 34:15-15 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 323 (1948–2026) OH 128 (1967–2026) IL 122 (1981–2026) MO 65 (1968–2025) AZ 63 (1966–2025) CA 62 (1967–2023) MI 58 (1936–2024) IN 55 (1971–2025) WA 53 (1968–2026) TX 53 (1987–2025) CO 50 (1971–2026) IA 47 (1969–2023) NJ 37 (1967–2022) PA 29 (1978–2025) NC 27 (1979–2026) MN 22 (1957–2026) WI 21 (1972–2016) NH 21 (1987–2025) MS 18 (1984–2009) FL 16 (1983–2017) LA 16 (1965–2007) DC 14 (1980–2011) OR 13 (1974–2019) VT 12 (1977–2016) AK 11 (1968–2013) SD 10 (1974–2020) KY 9 (1994–2019) ND 8 (1969–2019) HI 8 (1982–2012) UT 8 (2000–2018) NM 8 (1984–2024) KS 7 (1975–2024) WY 6 (1986–2022) CT 6 (1999–2018) ME 5 (1977–2020) GA 5 (1986–2015) AR 5 (1969–2012) AL 5 (2003–2011) SC 4 (1997–2003) MA 4 (1982–1997) RI 4 (1986–2010) TN 4 (2011–2015) NE 4 (1977–1996) MD 4 (1999–2003) OK 3 (1971–2007) DE 3 (1963–1996) WV 2 (1989–1995) VA 2 (1984–1995) MT 2 (1987–2004)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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