Anderson test (Wisconsin) · Go Syfert
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Anderson test in Wisconsin

25 Wisconsin opinions name it 2 courts 1980–2026 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Wisconsin courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (10)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Andersongreen
wisctapp · 1987 · cited in 4 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 1997–2008
2 sentences

2008The Anderson requirement that police must be engaged in a "bona fide community caretaker activity" is met only if the police activity is "totally divorced from the detection, investigation, or acquisition of evidence relating to the violation of a criminal statute." State v. Dull, 211 Wis. 2d 652, 658 , 565 N.W.2d 575 (Ct. App. 1997) (internal quotation marks omitted; quoting Anderson, 142 Wis. 2d at 166 (quoting Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 441 (1973))). ¶ 13.

2008Anderson, 142 Wis. 2d at 169-70 (footnotes omitted).

24
Cady v. Dombrowskigreen
scotus · 1973 · cited in 2 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2008–2026
2 sentences

2026See Kramer, 315 Wis. 2d 414, ¶¶19, 23 (quoting Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 441 (1973)), see also Matalonis, 366 Wis. 2d 443, ¶30 .

2008The Anderson requirement that police must be engaged in a "bona fide community caretaker activity" is met only if the police activity is "totally divorced from the detection, investigation, or acquisition of evidence relating to the violation of a criminal statute." State v. Dull, 211 Wis. 2d 652, 658 , 565 N.W.2d 575 (Ct. App. 1997) (internal quotation marks omitted; quoting Anderson, 142 Wis. 2d at 166 (quoting Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 441 (1973))). ¶ 13.

22
State v. Fergusongreen
wisctapp · 2001 · cited in 2 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024See State v. Ferguson, 2001 WI App 102, ¶1 , 244 Wis. 2d 17 , 629 N.W.2d 788 (upholding warrantless bedroom search because officers discovered underage drinking in the apartment and feared occupants of a locked room may be injured); State v. Ziedonis, 2005 WI App 249, ¶¶17-34 , 287 Wis. 2d 831 , 707 N.W.2d 565 (upholding warrantless home entry after police received 911 call about the defendant's two vicious dogs on the loose and officers found his back door ajar); State v. Truax, 2009 WI App 60 , ¶¶11- 21, 318 Wis. 2d 113 , 767 N.W.2d 369 (upholding seizure because officer saw defendant abrupt

2024See State v. Ferguson, 2001 WI App 102, ¶1 , 244 Wis. 2d 17 , 629 N.W.2d 788 (upholding warrantless bedroom search because officers discovered underage drinking in the apartment and feared occupants of a locked room may be injured); State v. Ziedonis, 2005 WI App 249, ¶¶17-34 , 287 Wis. 2d 831 , 707 N.W.2d 565 (upholding warrantless home entry after police received 911 call about the defendant's two vicious dogs on the loose and officers found his back door ajar); State v. Truax, 2009 WI App 60 , ¶¶11- 21, 318 Wis. 2d 113 , 767 N.W.2d 369 (upholding seizure because officer saw defendant abrupt

22
State v. Kramergreen
wis · 2009 · cited in 3 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2024–2026
2 sentences

2026See Kramer, 315 Wis. 2d 414, ¶¶19, 23 (quoting Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 441 (1973)), see also Matalonis, 366 Wis. 2d 443, ¶30 .

2024Kramer, 315 Wis. 2d 414, ¶¶20-21 .

13
State v. Charles v. Matalonisgreen
wis · 2016 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026See Kramer, 315 Wis. 2d 414, ¶¶19, 23 (quoting Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 441 (1973)), see also Matalonis, 366 Wis. 2d 443, ¶30 .

11
State v. Harrisgreen
wis · 2010 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021Other factors the court may consider include the defendant’s “‘remorse, repentance and cooperativeness[.]’” State v. Harris, 2010 WI 79, ¶28 , 326 Wis. 2d 685 , 786 N.W.2d 409 (citations omitted). ¶41 Anderson’s claim that the trial court did not allow the opportunity to argue that factor stems from the heated exchange between the court and his new counsel during the sentencing hearing relating to the “credit” counsel asserted Anderson should be given for pleading guilty, as previously described.

2021Other factors the court may consider include the defendant’s “‘remorse, repentance and cooperativeness[.]’” State v. Harris, 2010 WI 79, ¶28 , 326 Wis. 2d 685 , 786 N.W.2d 409 (citations omitted). ¶41 Anderson’s claim that the trial court did not allow the opportunity to argue that factor stems from the heated exchange between the court and his new counsel during the sentencing hearing relating to the “credit” counsel asserted Anderson should be given for pleading guilty, as previously described.

11
State v. Allengreen
wis · 2004 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021See Allen, 274 Wis. 2d 568, ¶23 (a defendant’s postconviction motion must specifically allege “the five ‘w’s’ and one ‘h’; that is, who, what, where, when, why, and how” to be factually sufficient to demonstrate he or she is entitled to relief).

11
State v. Odomgreen
wisctapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021See Odom, 294 Wis. 2d 844, ¶7 . 17 No. 2020AP2131-CR ¶45 Turning to Anderson’s claim that the trial court improperly relied on Anderson’s race as a factor in imposing his sentence, the law is clear that race is an improper factor to consider at sentencing and, as such, imposing a sentence based on race is therefore an erroneous exercise of discretion.

2021See id., ¶¶17, 40; Odom, 294 Wis. 2d 844, ¶7 . 18 No. 2020AP2131-CR CONCLUSION ¶49 In sum, we reverse and remand this matter to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing on Anderson’s claim of newly discovered evidence.

11
Ted L. Lindow v. United Statesgreen
ca9 · 1984 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016The Anderson Court's focus was on time, specifically whether the activity took just "a few seconds or minutes." See also Lindow, 738 F.2d at 1062 ("An important factor in determining whether a claim is de minimis is the amount of daily time spent on the additional work."). ¶187 While making sure to explain that it is not deciding whether the de minimis doctrine applies in Wisconsin, the lead opinion nevertheless discusses the doctrine and pays lip service to Anderson by quoting its use of the word "trifle." But unsurprisingly the lead opinion chooses not to apply Anderson's test.24 Instead, th

11
Patricia Thomas v. Capital Security Services, Inc.green
ca5 · 1988 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
1 sentence

1995Servs., Inc., 836 F.2d 866, 881 (5th Cir. 1988). [9] While, as we have noted above, Anderson's motion is openended in its "and other papers filed" language, he does not argue that either of the two post-judgment decisions on costs implicated either § 814.025 or § 802.05, STATS.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Wisconsin. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (23)

CaseCitedYears
Anderson v. Continental Insurance green
wis · 1978
2 sentences

2025Whether a claim is fairly debatable “implicates the question whether the facts necessary to evaluate the claim are properly investigated and developed or recklessly ignored and disregarded.” Id. at 691 . ¶42 Here, construing all reasonable inferences from the undisputed facts in favor of the Andazolas, see Strozinsky, 237 Wis. 2d 19, ¶32 , a reasonable jury could find that the Andazolas have satisfied both the objective and subjective prongs of the Anderson test.

2025Whether a claim is fairly debatable “implicates the question whether the facts necessary to evaluate the claim are properly investigated and developed or recklessly ignored and disregarded.” Id. at 691 . ¶42 Here, construing all reasonable inferences from the undisputed facts in favor of the Andazolas, see Strozinsky, 237 Wis. 2d 19, ¶32 , a reasonable jury could find that the Andazolas have satisfied both the objective and subjective prongs of the Anderson test.

21995–2025
State v. Ziedonis green
wisctapp · 2005
2 sentences

2024See State v. Ferguson, 2001 WI App 102, ¶1 , 244 Wis. 2d 17 , 629 N.W.2d 788 (upholding warrantless bedroom search because officers discovered underage drinking in the apartment and feared occupants of a locked room may be injured); State v. Ziedonis, 2005 WI App 249, ¶¶17-34 , 287 Wis. 2d 831 , 707 N.W.2d 565 (upholding warrantless home entry after police received 911 call about the defendant's two vicious dogs on the loose and officers found his back door ajar); State v. Truax, 2009 WI App 60 , ¶¶11- 21, 318 Wis. 2d 113 , 767 N.W.2d 369 (upholding seizure because officer saw defendant abrupt

2024See State v. Ferguson, 2001 WI App 102, ¶1 , 244 Wis. 2d 17 , 629 N.W.2d 788 (upholding warrantless bedroom search because officers discovered underage drinking in the apartment and feared occupants of a locked room may be injured); State v. Ziedonis, 2005 WI App 249, ¶¶17-34 , 287 Wis. 2d 831 , 707 N.W.2d 565 (upholding warrantless home entry after police received 911 call about the defendant's two vicious dogs on the loose and officers found his back door ajar); State v. Truax, 2009 WI App 60 , ¶¶11- 21, 318 Wis. 2d 113 , 767 N.W.2d 369 (upholding seizure because officer saw defendant abrupt

22024–2024
State v. Kelsey C.R. green
wis · 2001
2 sentences

2024See State v. Ferguson, 2001 WI App 102, ¶1 , 244 Wis. 2d 17 , 629 N.W.2d 788 (upholding warrantless bedroom search because officers discovered underage drinking in the apartment and feared occupants of a locked room may be injured); State v. Ziedonis, 2005 WI App 249, ¶¶17-34 , 287 Wis. 2d 831 , 707 N.W.2d 565 (upholding warrantless home entry after police received 911 call about the defendant's two vicious dogs on the loose and officers found his back door ajar); State v. Truax, 2009 WI App 60 , ¶¶11- 21, 318 Wis. 2d 113 , 767 N.W.2d 369 (upholding seizure because officer saw defendant abrupt

2024See State v. Ferguson, 2001 WI App 102, ¶1 , 244 Wis. 2d 17 , 629 N.W.2d 788 (upholding warrantless bedroom search because officers discovered underage drinking in the apartment and feared occupants of a locked room may be injured); State v. Ziedonis, 2005 WI App 249, ¶¶17-34 , 287 Wis. 2d 831 , 707 N.W.2d 565 (upholding warrantless home entry after police received 911 call about the defendant's two vicious dogs on the loose and officers found his back door ajar); State v. Truax, 2009 WI App 60 , ¶¶11- 21, 318 Wis. 2d 113 , 767 N.W.2d 369 (upholding seizure because officer saw defendant abrupt

22024–2024
State v. Truax green
wisctapp · 2009
2 sentences

2024See State v. Ferguson, 2001 WI App 102, ¶1 , 244 Wis. 2d 17 , 629 N.W.2d 788 (upholding warrantless bedroom search because officers discovered underage drinking in the apartment and feared occupants of a locked room may be injured); State v. Ziedonis, 2005 WI App 249, ¶¶17-34 , 287 Wis. 2d 831 , 707 N.W.2d 565 (upholding warrantless home entry after police received 911 call about the defendant's two vicious dogs on the loose and officers found his back door ajar); State v. Truax, 2009 WI App 60 , ¶¶11- 21, 318 Wis. 2d 113 , 767 N.W.2d 369 (upholding seizure because officer saw defendant abrupt

2024See State v. Ferguson, 2001 WI App 102, ¶1 , 244 Wis. 2d 17 , 629 N.W.2d 788 (upholding warrantless bedroom search because officers discovered underage drinking in the apartment and feared occupants of a locked room may be injured); State v. Ziedonis, 2005 WI App 249, ¶¶17-34 , 287 Wis. 2d 831 , 707 N.W.2d 565 (upholding warrantless home entry after police received 911 call about the defendant's two vicious dogs on the loose and officers found his back door ajar); State v. Truax, 2009 WI App 60 , ¶¶11- 21, 318 Wis. 2d 113 , 767 N.W.2d 369 (upholding seizure because officer saw defendant abrupt

22024–2024
Anderson v. MSI Preferred Insurance green
wis · 2005
2 sentences

2019Step 2: Reasonableness of the total cost of collection ¶44 The second step of the Anderson analysis requires a court to “evaluate the total cost of collection and determine whether that sum is reasonable.” Anderson, 281 Wis. 2d 66, ¶40 .

2019Step 2: Reasonableness of the total cost of collection ¶44 The second step of the Anderson analysis requires a court to “evaluate the total cost of collection and determine whether that sum is reasonable.” Anderson, 281 Wis. 2d 66, ¶40 .

22018–2019
Crawford v. Marion County Election Board green
scotus · 2008
2 sentences

2014The complainants, who represented among others, "groups of elderly, disabled, poor, and minority voters," alleged that the law "substantially burdens the right to vote in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment" and that it will "arbitrarily disfranchise qualified voters who do not possess the required identification and will place an unjustified burden on those who cannot readily obtain such identification." Id. at 187 . ¶36 In upholding the constitutionality of the Indiana statute, six members of the Court applied the Burdick/Anderson analysis, although the lead opinion, authored by Justice St

2014The complainants, who represented among others, "groups of elderly, disabled, poor, and minority voters," alleged that the law "substantially burdens the right to vote in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment" and that it will "arbitrarily disfranchise qualified voters who do not possess the required identification and will place an unjustified burden on those who cannot readily obtain such identification." Id. at 187 . ¶36 In upholding the constitutionality of the Indiana statute, six members of the Court applied the Burdick/Anderson analysis, although the lead opinion, authored by Justice St

22014–2014
City of Waukesha v. Godfrey green
wis · 1969
2 sentences

2014Anderson's friend testified at trial that he had once observed Anderson taking an unidentified medication three times a week, but the Strattera was prescribed as a daily medication. 17 No. 2011AP1467-CR intentionally consumes drugs should be held to have intended all the consequences of the resulting intoxicated condition," since "individual volition played a major part in producing that condition." In Gardner, we extended this rationale to cases involving the interaction between alcohol and prescription medications. ¶35 Anderson's claim shares similarities with the defendant's argument in God

2014Anderson's friend testified at trial that he had once observed Anderson taking an unidentified medication three times a week, but the Strattera was prescribed as a daily medication. 17 No. 2011AP1467-CR intentionally consumes drugs should be held to have intended all the consequences of the resulting intoxicated condition," since "individual volition played a major part in producing that condition." In Gardner, we extended this rationale to cases involving the interaction between alcohol and prescription medications. ¶35 Anderson's claim shares similarities with the defendant's argument in God

22014–2014
Strozinsky v. School District of Brown Deer green
wis · 2000
2 sentences

2025Whether a claim is fairly debatable “implicates the question whether the facts necessary to evaluate the claim are properly investigated and developed or recklessly ignored and disregarded.” Id. at 691 . ¶42 Here, construing all reasonable inferences from the undisputed facts in favor of the Andazolas, see Strozinsky, 237 Wis. 2d 19, ¶32 , a reasonable jury could find that the Andazolas have satisfied both the objective and subjective prongs of the Anderson test.

2025Whether a claim is fairly debatable “implicates the question whether the facts necessary to evaluate the claim are properly investigated and developed or recklessly ignored and disregarded.” Id. at 691 . ¶42 Here, construing all reasonable inferences from the undisputed facts in favor of the Andazolas, see Strozinsky, 237 Wis. 2d 19, ¶32 , a reasonable jury could find that the Andazolas have satisfied both the objective and subjective prongs of the Anderson test.

12025–2025
State v. McCallum green
wis · 1997
1 sentence

2021“If the defendant proves these four criteria by clear and convincing evidence, the [trial] court must determine whether a reasonable probability exists that a different result would be reached in a trial.” Id. ¶30 It its decision denying Anderson’s supplemental postconviction motion, the trial court focused on that final requirement, finding that there was not a reasonable probability that a jury hearing all of the evidence, “including [Anderson’s] purported newly discovered evidence,” would have reasonable doubt 12 No. 2020AP2131-CR regarding Anderson’s guilt.6 However, in reviewing Anderson’

12021–2021
In RE MARRIAGE OF COOK v. Cook green
wis · 1997
2 sentences

2021We are bound by that precedent, see Cook v. Cook, 208 Wis. 2d 166, 189-90 , 560 N.W.2d 246 (1997), and therefore we decline the State’s request to apply the doctrine of judicial estoppel in this case. ¶28 Thus, we turn to Anderson’s claim that Pickens’ affidavit constitutes newly discovered evidence.

2021We are bound by that precedent, see Cook v. Cook, 208 Wis. 2d 166, 189-90 , 560 N.W.2d 246 (1997), and therefore we decline the State’s request to apply the doctrine of judicial estoppel in this case. ¶28 Thus, we turn to Anderson’s claim that Pickens’ affidavit constitutes newly discovered evidence.

12021–2021
State v. Escalona-Naranjo green
wis · 1994
2 sentences

2020In an order entered March 21, 2019, the circuit court denied Anderson’s motion on the basis that his claims were procedurally barred under State v. Escalona-Naranjo, 185 Wis. 2d 168 , 517 N.W.2d 157 (1994).

2020In an order entered March 21, 2019, the circuit court denied Anderson’s motion on the basis that his claims were procedurally barred under State v. Escalona-Naranjo, 185 Wis. 2d 168 , 517 N.W.2d 157 (1994).

12020–2020
Corput v. Pekin Ins. Co. green
wisctapp · 2018
2 sentences

2019When performing this step of the Anderson analysis, a court “is typically guided by the respective attorneys’ fee agreements.” Vande Corput, 384 Wis. 2d 252, ¶27 . ¶18 In this case, both EMC and the Sinklers entered into contingency fee agreements with their respective attorneys.

2019When performing this step of the Anderson analysis, a court “is typically guided by the respective attorneys’ fee agreements.” Vande Corput, 384 Wis. 2d 252, ¶27 . ¶18 In this case, both EMC and the Sinklers entered into contingency fee agreements with their respective attorneys.

12019–2019
State v. Schulpius green
wis · 2006
2 sentences

2015Accordingly, under the rationale set forth in Anderson's brief. .., and the established exceptions to the mootness doctrine, see, e.g., In re Commitment of Schulpius, 2006 WI 1, ¶ 15 , 287 Wis. 2d 44 , 707 N.W.2d 495 , the State agrees that this case is as appropriate a vehicle as any to review the question presented.

2015Accordingly, under the rationale set forth in Anderson's brief. .., and the established exceptions to the mootness doctrine, see, e.g., In re Commitment of Schulpius, 2006 WI 1, ¶ 15 , 287 Wis. 2d 44 , 707 N.W.2d 495 , the State agrees that this case is as appropriate a vehicle as any to review the question presented.

12015–2015
State v. Dull green
wisctapp · 1997
2 sentences

2008The Anderson requirement that police must be engaged in a "bona fide community caretaker activity" is met only if the police activity is "totally divorced from the detection, investigation, or acquisition of evidence relating to the violation of a criminal statute." State v. Dull, 211 Wis. 2d 652, 658 , 565 N.W.2d 575 (Ct. App. 1997) (internal quotation marks omitted; quoting Anderson, 142 Wis. 2d at 166 (quoting Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 441 (1973))). ¶ 13.

2008The Anderson requirement that police must be engaged in a "bona fide community caretaker activity" is met only if the police activity is "totally divorced from the detection, investigation, or acquisition of evidence relating to the violation of a criminal statute." State v. Dull, 211 Wis. 2d 652, 658 , 565 N.W.2d 575 (Ct. App. 1997) (internal quotation marks omitted; quoting Anderson, 142 Wis. 2d at 166 (quoting Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 441 (1973))). ¶ 13.

12008–2008
State v. Paterson green
wisctapp · 1998
2 sentences

2008Id. at 534 n.1 In Paterson , we found it unnecessary to resolve the question because, even assuming the police were engaged in a *487 bona fide community caretaker activity, the balancing part of the Anderson test was not met.

2008Id. at 534 n.1 In Paterson , we found it unnecessary to resolve the question because, even assuming the police were engaged in a *487 bona fide community caretaker activity, the balancing part of the Anderson test was not met.

12008–2008
Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church & School Freistadt v. Tower Insurance Co. green
wisctapp · 2002
2 sentences

2003Co., 2002 WI App 46, ¶ 26 , 251 Wis. 2d 212 , 641 N.W.2d 504 . [5] While the Anderson test is phrased somewhat differently than the standard jury instruction that was given on punitive damages, the jury instruction adequately covered the factors that the jury should have considered here.

2003Co., 2002 WI App 46, ¶ 26 , 251 Wis. 2d 212 , 641 N.W.2d 504 . [5] While the Anderson test is phrased somewhat differently than the standard jury instruction that was given on punitive damages, the jury instruction adequately covered the factors that the jury should have considered here.

12003–2003
State v. Johnson green
wisctapp · 1993
2 sentences

2001However, the application of the Anderson standard was clarified in State v. Johnson, 181 Wis. 2d 470 , 510 N.W.2d 811 (Ct. App. 1993).

2001However, the application of the Anderson standard was clarified in State v. Johnson, 181 Wis. 2d 470 , 510 N.W.2d 811 (Ct. App. 1993).

12001–2001
United States v. Hector Morales Cervantes, AKA Benito C. Carillo green
ca9 · 2000
2 sentences

2001Recently, the Ninth Circuit United States Court of Appeals, in United States v. Cervantes, 219 F.3d 882 (9th Cir. 2000), adopted a three-part test for determining whether a warrantless entry into a home pursuant to the "emergency doctrine" is a Fourth Amendment violation.

2001Recently, the Ninth Circuit United States Court of Appeals, in United States v. Cervantes, 219 F.3d 882 (9th Cir. 2000), adopted a three-part test for determining whether a warrantless entry into a home pursuant to the "emergency doctrine" is a Fourth Amendment violation.

12001–2001
Pensiero v. Lingle green
ca3 · 1988
2 sentences

1995Like the Seventh Circuit, the Third Circuit in Mary Ann Pensiero, Inc. v. Lingle, 847 F.2d 90 (3d Cir. 1988), distinguished between motions for statutory attorney fees and sanctions under Rule 11.

1995We hold in this case only that Anderson's motion was not timely filed. [6] Like the Seventh Circuit, the Third Circuit in Mary Ann Pensiero, Inc. v. Lingle, 847 F.2d 90 (3d Cir. 1988), distinguished between motions for statutory attorney fees and sanctions under Rule 11.

11995–1995
Kerkman v. Hintz green
wis · 1988
2 sentences

1995Wis. Stat. § 907.02 (1993-94); Kerkman v. Hintz, 142 Wis. 2d 404, 422-23 , 418 N.W.2d 795 (1988).

1995Wis. Stat. § 907.02 (1993-94); Kerkman v. Hintz, 142 Wis. 2d 404, 422-23 , 418 N.W.2d 795 (1988).

11995–1995
State v. Whitaker green
wisctapp · 1992
11993–1993
Brewer v. Williams green
scotus · 1977
11980–1980
Barrera v. State green
wis · 1980
11980–1980

Statutes the citing opinions construe

WI § Wis. Stat. § 808.10 (5) WI § Wis. Stat. § 752.35 (3) WI § Wis. Stat. § 802.08 (3) WI § Wis. Stat. § 809.61 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 210 (1970–2026) TX 60 (1952–2025) WI 25 (1980–2026) MI 22 (1973–2026) OH 22 (1982–2025) FL 19 (1988–2018) GA 18 (1941–2026) PA 17 (1972–2024) WA 17 (1993–2024) IN 17 (1977–2026) IA 17 (1860–2026) MO 15 (1990–2021) MT 10 (1988–2024) UT 9 (1987–2026) DC 8 (1992–2015) DE 8 (2015–2025) AL 7 (1996–2013) MS 7 (2000–2026) KS 7 (1989–2026) AZ 7 (1977–2024) NJ 7 (1991–2021) VA 7 (1992–2023) MN 7 (1989–2019) AK 7 (1981–2014) IL 7 (1991–2026) ID 6 (1991–2025) SD 6 (1996–2025) SC 6 (1998–2026) ND 5 (1980–2004) CO 5 (1995–2026) AR 5 (1893–2024) KY 5 (1969–2025) NE 4 (1990–2024) RI 4 (1973–2012) OK 4 (1994–2007) CT 4 (1990–2020) TN 3 (2000–2020) MD 3 (2008–2017) NY 3 (1999–2025) ME 3 (2001–2020) LA 3 (1987–2002) NM 2 (2000–2021) NC 2 (1944–2006) NH 2 (2006–2007) NV 2 (2013–2019)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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