recognized exceptions requirement (Texas) · Go Syfert
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recognized exceptions requirement in Texas

22 Texas opinions name it 4 courts 1919–2018 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (19)

CaseFollowedCited
Kolb v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1976 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1984–2015
2 sentences

2015Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 222 (1973); Kolb v. State, 532 S.W.2d 87, 89 (Tex. Crim.

1994Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 222 , 93 S.Ct. 2041, 2045 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973); Juarez v. State, 758 S.W.2d 772, 776 (Tex.Crim.App.1988); Kolb v. State, 532 S.W.2d 87, 89 (Tex.Crim.App.1976).

33
Juarez v. Statered
texcrimapp · 1988 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1993–1994
2 sentences

1994Schneckloth v. Bustamante , 412 U.S. 218, 222 (1973); Juarez v. State , 758 S.W.2d 772, 776 (Tex. Crim.

1994Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 222 , 93 S.Ct. 2041, 2045 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973); Juarez v. State, 758 S.W.2d 772, 776 (Tex.Crim.App.1988); Kolb v. State, 532 S.W.2d 87, 89 (Tex.Crim.App.1976).

33
Schneckloth v. Bustamontegreen
scotus · 1973 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1984–2015
2 sentences

2015Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 222 (1973); Kolb v. State, 532 S.W.2d 87, 89 (Tex. Crim.

1994Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 222 , 93 S.Ct. 2041, 2045 , 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973); Juarez v. State, 758 S.W.2d 772, 776 (Tex.Crim.App.1988); Kolb v. State, 532 S.W.2d 87, 89 (Tex.Crim.App.1976).

25
In Re J.O.A.green
tex · 2009 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 339 (Tex.2009). 3 .The notice of appeal was due by August 3, 2010, appellate counsel was not appointed until August 10, 2010, and the order appoint *758 ing counsel was not signed until September 1, 2010.

2011See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 339 (Tex.2009). [3] The notice of appeal was due by August 3, 2010, appellate counsel was not appointed until August 10, 2010, and the order appointing counsel was not signed until September 1, 2010.

22
Myers v. Stategreen
texapp · 1984 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–1993
2 sentences

1993United States v. Sheppard, 901 F.2d 1230, 1234 (5th Cir.1990); United States v. Fike, 449 F.2d 191, 193-94 (5th Cir.1971); State v. Fortier, 113 Ariz. 332 , 553 P.2d 1206, 1209-10 (1976); People v. Sesslin, 68 Cal.2d 418 , 67 Cal.Rptr. 409, 416 , 439 P.2d 321, 328 (1968); State v. Kennedy, 290 Or. 493 , 624 P.2d 99, 103-04 (1981). " Notwithstanding an illegal arrest, one of the recognized exceptions to the requirement of both a warrant and probable cause for a valid search is a search authorized by consent freely and voluntarily given." Myers v. State, 680 S.W.2d 825, 827 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 19

1993“Notwithstanding an illegal arrest, one of the recognized exceptions to the requirement of both a warrant and probable cause for a valid search is a search authorized by consent freely and voluntarily given.” Myers v. State, 680 S.W.2d 825, 827 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 1984, pet. ref’d) (emphasis added).

22
Meekins v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018Meekins v. State, 340 S.W.3d 454, 458 (Tex. Crim.

11
Montelongo v. Goodallgreen
texapp · 1990 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
1 sentence

2008See Woolard v. Mobil Pipe Line Co., 479 F.2d 557 (5th Cir.1973); Parker v. Highland Park, Inc., 565 S.W.2d 512 (Tex.1978); Brown v. Frontier Theatres, Inc., 369 S.W.2d 299 (Tex.1963); Montelongo v. Goodall, 788 S.W.2d 717, 719 (Tex.App.-Austin 1990, no writ).

11
Mrs. Gilbert Lee Woolard, a Widow v. Mobil Pipe Line Companygreen
ca5 · 1973 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
1 sentence

2008See Woolard v. Mobil Pipe Line Co., 479 F.2d 557 (5th Cir.1973); Parker v. Highland Park, Inc., 565 S.W.2d 512 (Tex.1978); Brown v. Frontier Theatres, Inc., 369 S.W.2d 299 (Tex.1963); Montelongo v. Goodall, 788 S.W.2d 717, 719 (Tex.App.-Austin 1990, no writ).

11
Gunnells v. Healthplan Services, Inc.green
ca4 · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007Draft No. 5, 1978)); see also Gunnells v. Healthplan Servs., Inc., 348 F.3d 417, 432 (4th Cir. 2003) (rejecting contention that plaintiffs’ individual direct claims would be barred because a class action, “of course, is one of the recognized exceptions to the rule against claim-splitting”) (citing 18 James Wm.

11
United States v. Maurice Deteige Sheppardgreen
ca5 · 1990 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
1 sentence

1993United States v. Sheppard, 901 F.2d 1230, 1234 (5th Cir.1990); United States v. Fike, 449 F.2d 191, 193-94 (5th Cir.1971); State v. Fortier, 113 Ariz. 332 , 553 P.2d 1206, 1209-10 (1976); People v. Sesslin, 68 Cal.2d 418 , 67 Cal.Rptr. 409, 416 , 439 P.2d 321, 328 (1968); State v. Kennedy, 290 Or. 493 , 624 P.2d 99, 103-04 (1981). " Notwithstanding an illegal arrest, one of the recognized exceptions to the requirement of both a warrant and probable cause for a valid search is a search authorized by consent freely and voluntarily given." Myers v. State, 680 S.W.2d 825, 827 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 19

11
People v. Sesslingreen
cal · 1968 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993United States v. Sheppard, 901 F.2d 1230, 1234 (5th Cir.1990); United States v. Fike, 449 F.2d 191, 193-94 (5th Cir.1971); State v. Fortier, 113 Ariz. 332 , 553 P.2d 1206, 1209-10 (1976); People v. Sesslin, 68 Cal.2d 418 , 67 Cal.Rptr. 409, 416 , 439 P.2d 321, 328 (1968); State v. Kennedy, 290 Or. 493 , 624 P.2d 99, 103-04 (1981). " Notwithstanding an illegal arrest, one of the recognized exceptions to the requirement of both a warrant and probable cause for a valid search is a search authorized by consent freely and voluntarily given." Myers v. State, 680 S.W.2d 825, 827 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 19

1993United States v. Sheppard, 901 F.2d 1230, 1234 (5th Cir.1990); United States v. Fike, 449 F.2d 191, 193-94 (5th Cir.1971); State v. Fortier, 113 Ariz. 332 , 553 P.2d 1206, 1209-10 (1976); People v. Sesslin, 68 Cal.2d 418 , 67 Cal.Rptr. 409, 416 , 439 P.2d 321, 328 (1968); State v. Kennedy, 290 Or. 493 , 624 P.2d 99, 103-04 (1981). " Notwithstanding an illegal arrest, one of the recognized exceptions to the requirement of both a warrant and probable cause for a valid search is a search authorized by consent freely and voluntarily given." Myers v. State, 680 S.W.2d 825, 827 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 19

11
State v. Kennedygreen
or · 1981 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993United States v. Sheppard, 901 F.2d 1230, 1234 (5th Cir.1990); United States v. Fike, 449 F.2d 191, 193-94 (5th Cir.1971); State v. Fortier, 113 Ariz. 332 , 553 P.2d 1206, 1209-10 (1976); People v. Sesslin, 68 Cal.2d 418 , 67 Cal.Rptr. 409, 416 , 439 P.2d 321, 328 (1968); State v. Kennedy, 290 Or. 493 , 624 P.2d 99, 103-04 (1981). " Notwithstanding an illegal arrest, one of the recognized exceptions to the requirement of both a warrant and probable cause for a valid search is a search authorized by consent freely and voluntarily given." Myers v. State, 680 S.W.2d 825, 827 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 19

1993United States v. Sheppard, 901 F.2d 1230, 1234 (5th Cir.1990); United States v. Fike, 449 F.2d 191, 193-94 (5th Cir.1971); State v. Fortier, 113 Ariz. 332 , 553 P.2d 1206, 1209-10 (1976); People v. Sesslin, 68 Cal.2d 418 , 67 Cal.Rptr. 409, 416 , 439 P.2d 321, 328 (1968); State v. Kennedy, 290 Or. 493 , 624 P.2d 99, 103-04 (1981). " Notwithstanding an illegal arrest, one of the recognized exceptions to the requirement of both a warrant and probable cause for a valid search is a search authorized by consent freely and voluntarily given." Myers v. State, 680 S.W.2d 825, 827 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 19

11
United States v. Eugene M. Fikegreen
ca5 · 1972 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
1 sentence

1993United States v. Sheppard, 901 F.2d 1230, 1234 (5th Cir.1990); United States v. Fike, 449 F.2d 191, 193-94 (5th Cir.1971); State v. Fortier, 113 Ariz. 332 , 553 P.2d 1206, 1209-10 (1976); People v. Sesslin, 68 Cal.2d 418 , 67 Cal.Rptr. 409, 416 , 439 P.2d 321, 328 (1968); State v. Kennedy, 290 Or. 493 , 624 P.2d 99, 103-04 (1981). " Notwithstanding an illegal arrest, one of the recognized exceptions to the requirement of both a warrant and probable cause for a valid search is a search authorized by consent freely and voluntarily given." Myers v. State, 680 S.W.2d 825, 827 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 19

11
State v. Fortiergreen
ariz · 1976 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993United States v. Sheppard, 901 F.2d 1230, 1234 (5th Cir.1990); United States v. Fike, 449 F.2d 191, 193-94 (5th Cir.1971); State v. Fortier, 113 Ariz. 332 , 553 P.2d 1206, 1209-10 (1976); People v. Sesslin, 68 Cal.2d 418 , 67 Cal.Rptr. 409, 416 , 439 P.2d 321, 328 (1968); State v. Kennedy, 290 Or. 493 , 624 P.2d 99, 103-04 (1981). " Notwithstanding an illegal arrest, one of the recognized exceptions to the requirement of both a warrant and probable cause for a valid search is a search authorized by consent freely and voluntarily given." Myers v. State, 680 S.W.2d 825, 827 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 19

1993United States v. Sheppard, 901 F.2d 1230, 1234 (5th Cir.1990); United States v. Fike, 449 F.2d 191, 193-94 (5th Cir.1971); State v. Fortier, 113 Ariz. 332 , 553 P.2d 1206, 1209-10 (1976); People v. Sesslin, 68 Cal.2d 418 , 67 Cal.Rptr. 409, 416 , 439 P.2d 321, 328 (1968); State v. Kennedy, 290 Or. 493 , 624 P.2d 99, 103-04 (1981). " Notwithstanding an illegal arrest, one of the recognized exceptions to the requirement of both a warrant and probable cause for a valid search is a search authorized by consent freely and voluntarily given." Myers v. State, 680 S.W.2d 825, 827 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 19

11
Modine Manufacturing Co. v. North East Independent School Districtgreen
texapp · 1973 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
1 sentence

1987Posey Corp., 566 S.W.2d 86, 89-90 (Tex.Civ.App.—Waco 1978, writ ref’d n.r. e.); Modine Manufacturing Co. v. North East Independent School District, 503 S.W.2d 833, 845 (Tex.Civ.App.—Beaumont 1973, writ ref’d n.r.e.).

11
Mira-Pak, Inc. v. G. E. Posey Corp.green
texapp · 1978 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
1 sentence

1987Posey Corp., 566 S.W.2d 86, 89-90 (Tex.Civ.App.—Waco 1978, writ ref’d n.r. e.); Modine Manufacturing Co. v. North East Independent School District, 503 S.W.2d 833, 845 (Tex.Civ.App.—Beaumont 1973, writ ref’d n.r.e.).

11
Oats v. Dublin National Bankgreen
tex · 1936 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
2 sentences

1987One of the recognized exceptions to the rule that there may be no contribution or indemnity between wrongdoers is that “an agent, who in the performance of duties for his principal incurs liability for an act not morally wrong, may have indemnity from the principal.” Oats v. Dublin National Bank, 127 Tex. 2, 11-12 , 90 S.W.2d 824, 829 (1936); Bellefonte Underwriters Insurance Co. v. Brown, 663 S.W.2d 562, 572 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1983), aff'd in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 704 S.W.2d 742 (Tex.1986); see Mira-Pak, Inc. v. G.E.

1987One of the recognized exceptions to the rule that there may be no contribution or indemnity between wrongdoers is that “an agent, who in the performance of duties for his principal incurs liability for an act not morally wrong, may have indemnity from the principal.” Oats v. Dublin National Bank, 127 Tex. 2, 11-12 , 90 S.W.2d 824, 829 (1936); Bellefonte Underwriters Insurance Co. v. Brown, 663 S.W.2d 562, 572 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1983), aff'd in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 704 S.W.2d 742 (Tex.1986); see Mira-Pak, Inc. v. G.E.

11
Bellefonte Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Browngreen
texapp · 1983 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
1 sentence

1987One of the recognized exceptions to the rule that there may be no contribution or indemnity between wrongdoers is that “an agent, who in the performance of duties for his principal incurs liability for an act not morally wrong, may have indemnity from the principal.” Oats v. Dublin National Bank, 127 Tex. 2, 11-12 , 90 S.W.2d 824, 829 (1936); Bellefonte Underwriters Insurance Co. v. Brown, 663 S.W.2d 562, 572 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1983), aff'd in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 704 S.W.2d 742 (Tex.1986); see Mira-Pak, Inc. v. G.E.

11
Cascio v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1943 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1944–1944
1 sentence

1944See Cascio v. State, 171 S. W. (2d) 356 , for a full discussion of the admissibility of this character of evidence.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (15)

CaseCitedYears
Enix v. State neutral
texcrimapp · 1928
2 sentences

1935It must show that the testimony complained of actually involved an extraneous crime, and show facts negativing the idea that it was within one of the recognized exceptions to the rule excluding proof of extraneous crimes; hence the bill is insufficient where it does not negative the fact that motive was an issue, or does not show that the proof was not materially related to some issue involved in the case at bar, or was not admissible as part of the res gestae or part of a system.” In support of the text many authorities are cited, among them being Enix v. State, 16 S. W. (2d) 818 ; Spillman v

1935It must show that the testimony complained of actually involved an extraneous crime, and show facts negativing the idea that it was within one of the recognized exceptions to the rule excluding proof of extraneous crimes; hence the bill is insufficient where it does not negative the fact that motive was an issue, or does not show that the proof was not materially related to some issue involved in the case at bar, or was not admissible as a part of the res gestae or part of a system.” In support of the text many authorities are cited, among them being Enix v. State, 16 S. W. (2d) 818 ; Spillman

31932–1935
James v. State green
texcrimapp · 1911
2 sentences

1935It must show that the testimony complained of actually involved an extraneous crime, and show facts negativing the idea that it was within one of the recognized exceptions to the rule excluding proof of extraneous crimes; hence the bill is insufficient where it does not negative the fact that motive was an issue, or does not show that the proof was not materially related to some issue involved in the case at bar, or was not admissible as a part of the res gestae or part of a system.” In the case of James v. State, 138 S. W., 612 , the accused was on trial for selling intoxicating liquor on the

1935It must show that the testimony complained of actually involved an extraneous crime, and show facts negativing the idea that it was within one of the recognized exceptions to the rule excluding proof of extraneous crimes; hence the bill is insufficient where it does not negative the fact that motive was an issue, or does not show that the proof was not materially related to some issue involved in the case at bar, or was not admissible as a part of the res gestae or part of a system.” In support of the text many authorities are cited, among them being Enix v. State, 16 S. W. (2d) 818 ; Spillman

31935–1935
Matthews v. State neutral
texcrimapp · 1924
2 sentences

1935It must show that the testimony complained of actually involved an extraneous crime, and show facts negativing the idea that it was within one of the recognized exceptions to the rule excluding proof of extraneous crimes; hence the bill is insufficient where it does not negative the fact that motive was an issue, or does not show that the proof was not materially related to some issue involved in the case at bar, or was not admissible as part of the res gestae or part of a system.” In support of the text many authorities are cited, among them being Enix v. State, 16 S. W. (2d) 818 ; Spillman v

1935It must show that the testimony complained of actually involved an extraneous crime, and show facts negativing the idea that it was within one of the recognized exceptions to the rule excluding proof of extraneous crimes; hence the bill is insufficient where it does not negative the fact that motive was an issue, or does not show that the proof was not materially related to some issue involved in the case at bar, or was not admissible as a part of the res gestae or part of a system.” In support of the text many authorities are cited, among them being Enix v. State, 16 S. W. (2d) 818 ; Spillman

21935–1935
Spillman v. State neutral
texcrimapp · 1927
2 sentences

1935It must show that the testimony complained of actually involved an extraneous crime, and show facts negativing the idea that it was within one of the recognized exceptions to the rule excluding proof of extraneous crimes; hence the bill is insufficient where it does not negative the fact that motive was an issue, or does not show that the proof was not materially related to some issue involved in the case at bar, or was not admissible as part of the res gestae or part of a system.” In support of the text many authorities are cited, among them being Enix v. State, 16 S. W. (2d) 818 ; Spillman v

1935It must show that the testimony complained of actually involved an extraneous crime, and show facts negativing the idea that it was within one of the recognized exceptions to the rule excluding proof of extraneous crimes; hence the bill is insufficient where it does not negative the fact that motive was an issue, or does not show that the proof was not materially related to some issue involved in the case at bar, or was not admissible as a part of the res gestae or part of a system.” In support of the text many authorities are cited, among them being Enix v. State, 16 S. W. (2d) 818 ; Spillman

21935–1935
Perez v. Wyeth Laboratories Inc. green
nj · 1999
1 sentence

2010Id. 48 The situation presented is more similar to the recognized exceptions to the doctrine, where courts considering the issue have found it was unreasonable for a manufacturer to rely on an intermediary to convey a warning, given that direct advertising and changes in the provision of healthcare impact the doctor’s role and promote more active involvement by the patient.

12010–2010
Parker v. Highland Park, Inc. green
tex · 1978
1 sentence

2008See Woolard v. Mobil Pipe Line Co., 479 F.2d 557 (5th Cir.1973); Parker v. Highland Park, Inc., 565 S.W.2d 512 (Tex.1978); Brown v. Frontier Theatres, Inc., 369 S.W.2d 299 (Tex.1963); Montelongo v. Goodall, 788 S.W.2d 717, 719 (Tex.App.-Austin 1990, no writ).

12008–2008
Brown v. Frontier Theatres, Inc. green
tex · 1963
1 sentence

2008See Woolard v. Mobil Pipe Line Co., 479 F.2d 557 (5th Cir.1973); Parker v. Highland Park, Inc., 565 S.W.2d 512 (Tex.1978); Brown v. Frontier Theatres, Inc., 369 S.W.2d 299 (Tex.1963); Montelongo v. Goodall, 788 S.W.2d 717, 719 (Tex.App.-Austin 1990, no writ).

12008–2008
Bellefonte Underwriters Insurance Co. v. Brown green
tex · 1986
1 sentence

1987One of the recognized exceptions to the rule that there may be no contribution or indemnity between wrongdoers is that “an agent, who in the performance of duties for his principal incurs liability for an act not morally wrong, may have indemnity from the principal.” Oats v. Dublin National Bank, 127 Tex. 2, 11-12 , 90 S.W.2d 824, 829 (1936); Bellefonte Underwriters Insurance Co. v. Brown, 663 S.W.2d 562, 572 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1983), aff'd in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 704 S.W.2d 742 (Tex.1986); see Mira-Pak, Inc. v. G.E.

11987–1987
Harle v. Krchnak green
texapp · 1967
1 sentence

1978Irick v. Andrew, 545 S.W.2d 557 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston (14th Dist.) 1976, writ ref. n. r. e.); Hunter v. Robison, 488 S.W.2d 555 (Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1972, writ ref. n. r. e.); Harle v. Krchnak, supra. In the case at bar, Mrs. Williford has alleged she has “suffered severe pain and numbness in her lower lip and her jaw; she has sustained a loss of feeling and sensation in her jaw; she has sustained a loss and/or diminishment of her ability to speak and express herself, causing her great pain and suffering and mental anguish in the past and will in all probability continue to sustain pain and su

11978–1978
Hunter v. Robison green
texapp · 1972
1 sentence

1978Irick v. Andrew, 545 S.W.2d 557 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston (14th Dist.) 1976, writ ref. n. r. e.); Hunter v. Robison, 488 S.W.2d 555 (Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1972, writ ref. n. r. e.); Harle v. Krchnak, supra. In the case at bar, Mrs. Williford has alleged she has “suffered severe pain and numbness in her lower lip and her jaw; she has sustained a loss of feeling and sensation in her jaw; she has sustained a loss and/or diminishment of her ability to speak and express herself, causing her great pain and suffering and mental anguish in the past and will in all probability continue to sustain pain and su

11978–1978
Irick v. Andrew green
texapp · 1976
1 sentence

1978Irick v. Andrew, 545 S.W.2d 557 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston (14th Dist.) 1976, writ ref. n. r. e.); Hunter v. Robison, 488 S.W.2d 555 (Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1972, writ ref. n. r. e.); Harle v. Krchnak, supra. In the case at bar, Mrs. Williford has alleged she has “suffered severe pain and numbness in her lower lip and her jaw; she has sustained a loss of feeling and sensation in her jaw; she has sustained a loss and/or diminishment of her ability to speak and express herself, causing her great pain and suffering and mental anguish in the past and will in all probability continue to sustain pain and su

11978–1978
Detroit Automatic Scale Co. v. G. B. R. Smith Milling Co. green
texapp · 1919
11941–1941
Oil Well Supply Co. v. Texanna Production Co. green
texapp · 1924
11941–1941
Culmer v. Wilson green
utah · 1896
11936–1936
Kelley Island Lime & Transport Co. v. Masterson green
tex · 1906
11919–1919

Where else courts name it

IL 23 (1913–2024) TX 22 (1919–2018) NY 18 (1879–2024) MO 13 (1938–2018) VA 12 (1988–2024) MI 9 (1972–1996) OH 8 (1966–2013) PA 8 (1990–2023) CA 8 (1922–2017) OK 8 (1916–1997) NJ 7 (1932–2021) AL 7 (1927–1988) TN 7 (2008–2025) FL 7 (1996–2020) GA 6 (1947–1988) CT 6 (1904–2001) IA 4 (1903–1991) KS 4 (1919–2009) OR 3 (1975–2014) AZ 3 (1968–2020) NC 3 (1910–1976) MD 3 (1979–2004) MN 3 (1996–2000) WY 2 (1986–2008) MS 2 (1968–1988) ND 2 (1930–1982) CO 2 (1992–2002) ME 2 (2009–2017)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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