evidence adduced hearing in Louisiana

109 Louisiana opinions name it 2 courts 1925–2025 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Louisiana courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (12)

Case	Followed	Cited
State v. Chopingreen la · 1979 · cited in 17 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1982–2021 2 sentences 2012In reviewing the correctness of a trial judge’s ruling on a motion to suppress a confession, “we are not limited to the evidence adduced at the hearing(s) on this motion, but rather may consider all pertinent evidence adduced at trial.” State v. Brooks, 92-3331, Slip Op. P. 10 (La.1/17/95), 648 So.2d 366, 372 , citing State v. Chopin, 372 So.2d 1222 , 1223 n. 2 (La.1979) (listing cases). 2003In reviewing the correctness of a trial judge's ruling on a motion to suppress a confession, "we are not limited to the evidence adduced at the hearing(s) on this motion, but rather may consider all pertinent evidence adduced at trial." State v. Brooks, 92-3331, p. 10 (La.1/17/95), 648 So.2d 366, 372 , citing State v. Chopin, 372 So.2d 1222 , 1223 n. 2 (La.1979) ( listing cases ).	4	17
State v. Burkhaltergreen la · 1983 · cited in 9 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1983–2004 2 sentences 2004State v. Burkhalter, 428 So.2d 449 (La. 1983); State v. Higgins, 01-368, p. 5 (La. 2003In determining whether the ruling on a defendant's motion to suppress is correct, an appellate court is not limited to the evidence adduced at the hearing on the motion to suppress, but may also consider pertinent evidence given at the trial. *696 State v. Burkhalter, 428 So.2d 449, 455 (La.1983).	3	9
State v. Bealsgreen la · 1982 · cited in 10 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1983–1994 2 sentences 1994State v. Burkhalter, 428 So.2d 449 (La.1983); State v. Beals, 410 So.2d 745 (La.1982). 1993State v. Beals, 410 So.2d 745, 747 (La.1982).	2	10
State v. Sewardgreen la · 1987 · cited in 5 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1988–1998 2 sentences 1998State v. Seward, 509 So.2d 413 (La.1987); State v. Scott, 573 So.2d 556 (La.App. 5th Cir.1991). 1991LSA-R.S. 15:451; State v. Seward, 509 So.2d 413 , 416 n. 8 (La.1987); State v. *1380 Fisher, 380 So.2d 1340 , 1343 n. 1 (La.1980); State v. Chopin, 372 So.2d 1222 , 1223 n. 2 (La.1979); State v. Schmidt, 359 So.2d 133 , 134 n. 2 (La.1978).	1	5
State v. Fishergreen la · 1980 · cited in 4 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1980–1991 2 sentences 1991LSA-R.S. 15:451; State v. Seward, 509 So.2d 413 , 416 n. 8 (La.1987); State v. 1380 Fisher, 380 So.2d 1340 , 1343 n. 1 (La.1980); State v. Chopin, 372 So.2d 1222 , 1223 n. 2 (La.1979); State v. Schmidt, 359 So.2d 133 , 134 n. 2 (La.1978). 1982*State v. Fisher, 380 So.2d 1340 (La. 1980); State v. Chopin, 372 So.2d 1222 (La. 1979); State v. Schmidt, 359 So.2d 133 (La. 1978); State v. Stewart, 357 So.2d 1111 (La.1978); State v. Shivers, 346 So.2d 657 (La.1977); State v. Smith, 257 La. 1109 , 245 So.2d 327 (1971); State v. Andrus, 250 La. 765 , 199 So.2d 867 (1967).	1	4
State v. Brooksgreen la · 1987 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1987–1988 2 sentences 1988State v. Seward, 509 So.2d 413 (La.1987); State v. Brooks, 505 So.2d 714 (La.1987). 1987Cf. State v. Brooks, 505 So.2d 714, 721-22 (La. 1987); State v. Chopin, 372 So.2d 1222 (La. 1979); State v. Schmidt, 359 So.2d 133 (La. 1978). [9] Dr. Pike was called on behalf of the state in the Johnson-Seward hearing; he was called by the defense at the second hearing on the Seward motion.	1	2
State v. Constantinegreen la · 1978 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009	1	1
State v. Davisgreen la · 1994 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007	1	1
Beasley v. United Statesgreen scotus · 1994 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007	1	1
Brifis v. United Statesgreen scotus · 1994 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007	1	1
State v. Davisgreen la · 1982 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998	1	1
State v. Smalleygreen la · 1992 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Louisiana. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (68)

Case	Cited	Years
State v. Washington neutral lactapp · 2001 2 sentences 2014State v. Washington, 00-1542, p. 12 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/14/01), 782 So.2d 639, 645 , writ denied, 01-940 (La.2/8/02), 807 So.2d 859 . 2013State v. Washington, 00-1542 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/14/01) , 782 So.2d 639, 645 , writ denied, 01-0940 (La.2/8/02), 807 So.2d 859 .	9	2001–2014
State v. Washington green la · 2002 2 sentences 2014State v. Washington, 00-1542, p. 12 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/14/01), 782 So.2d 639, 645 , writ denied, 01-940 (La.2/8/02), 807 So.2d 859 . 2013State v. Washington, 00-1542 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/14/01) , 782 So.2d 639, 645 , writ denied, 01-0940 (La.2/8/02), 807 So.2d 859 .	8	2004–2014
State v. Higgins neutral lactapp · 2001 2 sentences 2008State v. Higgins, 01-368, p. 5 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/17/01), 800 So.2d 918, 921 . 2008State v. Higgins, 01-368, p. 5 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/17/01), 800 So.2d 918, 921 .	7	2003–2008
Heimermann v. Kohler neutral scotus · 2003 2 sentences 2007State v. Higgins, 01-368 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/17/01) , 800 So.2d 918, 921 , writ denied, 01-3267 (La.11/1/02), 828 So.2d 565 , cert. denied, 538 U.S. 1038 , 123 S.Ct. 2082 , 155 L.Ed.2d 1070 (2003). 2006State v. Higgins, 01-368 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/17/01) , 800 So.2d 918, 921 , writ denied, 01-3267 (La.11/1/02), 828 So.2d 565 , cert. denied, 538 U.S. 1038 , 123 S.Ct. 2082 , 155 L.Ed.2d 1070 (2003).	5	2003–2007
Nelms v. Cockrell, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division neutral scotus · 2003 2 sentences 2007State v. Higgins, 01-368 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/17/01) , 800 So.2d 918, 921 , writ denied, 01-3267 (La.11/1/02), 828 So.2d 565 , cert. denied, 538 U.S. 1038 , 123 S.Ct. 2082 , 155 L.Ed.2d 1070 (2003). 2006State v. Higgins, 01-368 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/17/01) , 800 So.2d 918, 921 , writ denied, 01-3267 (La.11/1/02), 828 So.2d 565 , cert. denied, 538 U.S. 1038 , 123 S.Ct. 2082 , 155 L.Ed.2d 1070 (2003).	5	2003–2007
State v. Kelly green la · 2002 2 sentences 2007State v. Higgins, 01-368 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/17/01) , 800 So.2d 918, 921 , writ denied, 01-3267 (La.11/1/02), 828 So.2d 565 , cert. denied, 538 U.S. 1038 , 123 S.Ct. 2082 , 155 L.Ed.2d 1070 (2003). 2006State v. Higgins, 01-368 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/17/01) , 800 So.2d 918, 921 , writ denied, 01-3267 (La.11/1/02), 828 So.2d 565 , cert. denied, 538 U.S. 1038 , 123 S.Ct. 2082 , 155 L.Ed.2d 1070 (2003).	5	2003–2007
State v. Bell green lactapp · 1998 2 sentences 2002State v. Bell, 97-1134 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/25/98) , 709 So.2d 921, 923 , writ denied, 98-0792 (La.9/16/98), 721 So.2d 477 . 800 In State v. Harris, 00-1930 (La.App. 5 Cir. 4/11/01) , 786 So.2d 798 , this Court set forth the law regarding reasonable suspicion and probable cause: The Fourth Amendment and Article I § 5 of the Louisiana Constitution protect individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures. 2001*State v. Bell, 97-1134 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/25/98) , 709 So.2d 921 , writ denied, 98-0792 (La.9/16/98), 721 So.2d 477 .	5	2000–2002
State v. Brooks green la · 1995 2 sentences 2012In reviewing the correctness of a trial judge’s ruling on a motion to suppress a confession, “we are not limited to the evidence adduced at the hearing(s) on this motion, but rather may consider all pertinent evidence adduced at trial.” State v. Brooks, 92-3331, Slip Op. P. 10 (La.1/17/95), 648 So.2d 366, 372 , citing State v. Chopin, 372 So.2d 1222 , 1223 n. 2 (La.1979) (listing cases). 2003In reviewing the correctness of a trial judge's ruling on a motion to suppress a confession, "we are not limited to the evidence adduced at the hearing(s) on this motion, but rather may consider all pertinent evidence adduced at trial." State v. Brooks, 92-3331, p. 10 (La.1/17/95), 648 So.2d 366, 372 , citing State v. Chopin, 372 So.2d 1222 , 1223 n. 2 (La.1979) ( listing cases ).	4	1995–2012
Powers v. Tennessee green scotus · 2003 2 sentences 2007State v. Higgins, 01-368 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/17/01) , 800 So.2d 918, 921 , writ denied, 01-3267 (La.11/1/02), 828 So.2d 565 , cert. denied, 538 U.S. 1038 , 123 S.Ct. 2082 , 155 L.Ed.2d 1070 (2003). 2006State v. Higgins, 01-368 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/17/01) , 800 So.2d 918, 921 , writ denied, 01-3267 (La.11/1/02), 828 So.2d 565 , cert. denied, 538 U.S. 1038 , 123 S.Ct. 2082 , 155 L.Ed.2d 1070 (2003).	4	2004–2007
State v. Roche green lactapp · 2006 2 sentences 2008State v. Roche, 05-237, pp. 7-8 (La.App. 5 Cir. 4/25/06), 928 So.2d 761, 765 , writ denied, 06-1566 (La.1/8/07), 948 So.2d 120 . 2008State v. Roche, 05-237, pp. 7-8 (La.App. 5 Cir. 4/25/06), 928 So.2d 761, 765 , writ denied, 06-1566 (La.1/8/07), 948 So.2d 120 .	3	2007–2008
State v. Roche green la · 2007 2 sentences 2008State v. Roche, 05-237, pp. 7-8 (La.App. 5 Cir. 4/25/06), 928 So.2d 761, 765 , writ denied, 06-1566 (La.1/8/07), 948 So.2d 120 . 2008State v. Roche, 05-237, pp. 7-8 (La.App. 5 Cir. 4/25/06), 928 So.2d 761, 765 , writ denied, 06-1566 (La.1/8/07), 948 So.2d 120 .	3	2007–2008
State v. Byes green lactapp · 1994 2 sentences 2003State v. Higgins, 01-368 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/17/01) , 800 So.2d 918, 921 , writ denied, 01-3267 (La. 11/1/01), 828 So.2d 565 , cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 123 S.Ct. 2082 , 155 L.Ed.2d 1070 (2003), citing State v. Burkhalter, 428 So.2d 449, 455 (La.1983) and 819 State v. Byes, 94-611 (La.App. 5 Cir. 12/28/94) , 648 So.2d 1073, 1074 . 2001*State v. Burkhalter, 428 So.2d 449, 455 (La.1983); State v. Byes, 94-611 (La.App. 5 Cir. 12/28/94) , 648 So.2d 1073, 1074 .	3	1998–2003
State v. Bell green la · 1998 2 sentences 2002State v. Bell, 97-1134 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/25/98) , 709 So.2d 921, 923 , writ denied, 98-0792 (La.9/16/98), 721 So.2d 477 . 800 In State v. Harris, 00-1930 (La.App. 5 Cir. 4/11/01) , 786 So.2d 798 , this Court set forth the law regarding reasonable suspicion and probable cause: The Fourth Amendment and Article I § 5 of the Louisiana Constitution protect individuals against unreasonable searches and seizures. 2001*State v. Bell, 97-1134 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/25/98) , 709 So.2d 921 , writ denied, 98-0792 (La.9/16/98), 721 So.2d 477 .	3	2000–2002
State v. Schmidt green la · 1978 2 sentences 1991LSA-R.S. 15:451; State v. Seward, 509 So.2d 413 , 416 n. 8 (La.1987); State v. 1380 Fisher, 380 So.2d 1340 , 1343 n. 1 (La.1980); State v. Chopin, 372 So.2d 1222 , 1223 n. 2 (La.1979); State v. Schmidt, 359 So.2d 133 , 134 n. 2 (La.1978). 1987*Cf. State v. Brooks, 505 So.2d 714, 721-22 (La. 1987); State v. Chopin, 372 So.2d 1222 (La. 1979); State v. Schmidt, 359 So.2d 133 (La. 1978). [9] Dr. Pike was called on behalf of the state in the Johnson-Seward hearing; he was called by the defense at the second hearing on the Seward motion.	3	1982–1991
State v. Leger green la · 2006 2 sentences 2016State v. Leger, 05-0011 (La.7/10/06), 936 So.2d 108, 122 . 2015State v. Leger, 05-0011 (La.7/10/06), 936 So.2d 108, 122 .	2	2015–2016
State v. Raines green lactapp · 2001 2 sentences 2008State v. Raines , 00-1941 at p. 5, 788 So.2d at 639-40 . 2006State v. Raines, 788 So.2d at 639-640 .	2	2006–2008
State v. Thomas green lactapp · 2005 2 sentences 2007Thomas, 904 So.2d at 902 . 2006State v. Thomas, 04-1341 (La.App.5/31/05), 904 So.2d 896, 902 , writ denied, 05-2002 (La.2/17/06), 924 So.2d 1013 . [4] The victim described the perpetrator's shirt to the 911 operator as a blue checkered shirt.	2	2006–2007
State v. Green green la · 1995 2 sentences 2003State v. Green, 94-0887, pp. 10-11 (La.5/22/95), 655 So.2d 272, 280-81 , writ denied, 00-3351 (La.8/24/01), 795 So.2d 339 . 1998State v. Green, 94-0887, p. 11 (La.5/22/95); 655 So.2d 272, 280 .	2	1998–2003
McDougall v. North Carolina green scotus · 1983 2 sentences 1988State v. Narcisse, 426 So.2d 118 (La.1983), cert. denied 464 U.S. 865 , 104 S.Ct. 202 , 78 L.Ed.2d 176 , rehearing denied, 464 U.S. 1004 , 104 S.Ct. 515 , 78 L.Ed.2d 702 (1983). 1987State v. Narcisse, 426 So.2d 118 (La.1983), cert. denied 464 U.S. 865 , 104 S.Ct. 202 , 78 L.Ed.2d 176 (1983).	2	1987–1988
State v. Narcisse green la · 1983 2 sentences 1988State v. Narcisse, 426 So.2d 118 (La.1983), cert. denied 464 U.S. 865 , 104 S.Ct. 202 , 78 L.Ed.2d 176 , rehearing denied, 464 U.S. 1004 , 104 S.Ct. 515 , 78 L.Ed.2d 702 (1983). 1987State v. Narcisse, 426 So.2d 118 (La.1983), cert. denied 464 U.S. 865 , 104 S.Ct. 202 , 78 L.Ed.2d 176 (1983).	2	1987–1988
State v. Leierer green la · 1962	2	1965–1965
State v. Lebleu green la · 1943 2 sentences 1965For this reason such evidence cannot be considered (State v. LeBleu, 203 La. 337 , 14 So.2d 17 , State v. Gaines et al., 223 La. 711 , 66 So.2d 618 , and State v. Watson, 247 La. 102 , 170 So.2d 107 , and the cases cited therein) ; the issue involved must be determined only from an examination of the facts as recited in the per curiams of the trial judge (State v. Sullivan, 159 La. 589 , 105 So. 631 , State v. Cannon, 231 La. 877 , 93 So.2d 200 , State v. Edwards, 232 La. 577 , 94 So.2d 674 , City of Monroe v. Sharpe, 235 La. 1005 , 106 So.2d 450 , State v. Leierer, 242 La. 961 , 140 So.2d 375 1965For this reason such evidence cannot be considered (State v. LeBleu, 203 La. 337 , 14 So.2d 17 , State v. Gaines et al., 223 La. 711 , 66 So.2d 618 , and State v. Watson, 247 La. 102 , 170 So.2d 107 , and the cases cited therein) ; the issue involved must be determined only from an examination of the facts as recited in the per curiams of the trial judge (State v. Sullivan, 159 La. 589 , 105 So. 631 , State v. Cannon, 231 La. 877 , 93 So.2d 200 , State v. Edwards, 232 La. 577 , 94 So.2d 674 , City of Monroe v. Sharpe, 235 La. 1005 , 106 So.2d 450 , State v. Leierer, 242 La. 961 , 140 So.2d 375	2	1965–1965
State v. Sullivan green la · 1925 2 sentences 1965For this reason such evidence cannot be considered (State v. LeBleu, 203 La. 337 , 14 So.2d 17 , State v. Gaines et al., 223 La. 711 , 66 So.2d 618 , and State v. Watson, 247 La. 102 , 170 So.2d 107 , and the cases cited therein) ; the issue involved must be determined only from an examination of the facts as recited in the per curiams of the trial judge (State v. Sullivan, 159 La. 589 , 105 So. 631 , State v. Cannon, 231 La. 877 , 93 So.2d 200 , State v. Edwards, 232 La. 577 , 94 So.2d 674 , City of Monroe v. Sharpe, 235 La. 1005 , 106 So.2d 450 , State v. Leierer, 242 La. 961 , 140 So.2d 375 1965For this reason such evidence cannot be considered (State v. LeBleu, 203 La. 337 , 14 So.2d 17 , State v. Gaines et al., 223 La. 711 , 66 So.2d 618 , and State v. Watson, 247 La. 102 , 170 So.2d 107 , and the cases cited therein) ; the issue involved must be determined only from an examination of the facts as recited in the per curiams of the trial judge (State v. Sullivan, 159 La. 589 , 105 So. 631 , State v. Cannon, 231 La. 877 , 93 So.2d 200 , State v. Edwards, 232 La. 577 , 94 So.2d 674 , City of Monroe v. Sharpe, 235 La. 1005 , 106 So.2d 450 , State v. Leierer, 242 La. 961 , 140 So.2d 375	2	1965–1965
State v. McAllister green la · 1963 2 sentences 1965For this reason such evidence cannot be considered (State v. LeBleu, 203 La. 337 , 14 So.2d 17 , State v. Gaines et al., 223 La. 711 , 66 So.2d 618 , and State v. Watson, 247 La. 102 , 170 So.2d 107 , and the cases cited therein) ; the issue involved must be determined only from an examination of the facts as recited in the per curiams of the trial judge (State v. Sullivan, 159 La. 589 , 105 So. 631 , State v. Cannon, 231 La. 877 , 93 So.2d 200 , State v. Edwards, 232 La. 577 , 94 So.2d 674 , City of Monroe v. Sharpe, 235 La. 1005 , 106 So.2d 450 , State v. Leierer, 242 La. 961 , 140 So.2d 375 1965For this reason such evidence cannot be considered (State v. Le-Bleu, 203 La. 337 , 14 So.2d 17 , State v. Gaines et al., 223 La. 711 , 66 So.2d 618 , and State v. Watson, La., 170 So.2d 107 , and the cases cited therein); the issue involved must be determined only from an examination of the facts as recited in the per curiams of the trial judge (State v. Sullivan, 159 La. 589 , 105 So. 631 , State v. Cannon, 231 La. 877 , 93 So.2d 200 , State v. Edwards, 232 La. 577 , 94 So.2d 674 , City of Monroe v. Sharpe, 235 La. 1005 , 106 So.2d 450 , State v. Leierer, 242 La. 961 , 140 So.2d 375 , State	2	1965–1965
State v. Edwards neutral la · 1957	2	1965–1965
State v. Howard green la · 1963	2	1965–1965
State v. Cannon green la · 1957	2	1965–1965
State v. Gaines green la · 1953 2 sentences 1965For this reason such evidence cannot be considered (State v. LeBleu, 203 La. 337 , 14 So.2d 17 , State v. Gaines et al., 223 La. 711 , 66 So.2d 618 , and State v. Watson, 247 La. 102 , 170 So.2d 107 , and the cases cited therein) ; the issue involved must be determined only from an examination of the facts as recited in the per curiams of the trial judge (State v. Sullivan, 159 La. 589 , 105 So. 631 , State v. Cannon, 231 La. 877 , 93 So.2d 200 , State v. Edwards, 232 La. 577 , 94 So.2d 674 , City of Monroe v. Sharpe, 235 La. 1005 , 106 So.2d 450 , State v. Leierer, 242 La. 961 , 140 So.2d 375 1965For this reason such evidence cannot be considered (State v. LeBleu, 203 La. 337 , 14 So.2d 17 , State v. Gaines et al., 223 La. 711 , 66 So.2d 618 , and State v. Watson, 247 La. 102 , 170 So.2d 107 , and the cases cited therein) ; the issue involved must be determined only from an examination of the facts as recited in the per curiams of the trial judge (State v. Sullivan, 159 La. 589 , 105 So. 631 , State v. Cannon, 231 La. 877 , 93 So.2d 200 , State v. Edwards, 232 La. 577 , 94 So.2d 674 , City of Monroe v. Sharpe, 235 La. 1005 , 106 So.2d 450 , State v. Leierer, 242 La. 961 , 140 So.2d 375	2	1965–1965
State v. Watson green la · 1964	2	1965–1965
City of Monroe v. Sharpe neutral la · 1958	2	1965–1965
Patterson v. Lewis green scotus · 1999	1	2025–2025
Lacy v. Ameritech Mobile Communications, Inc. green scotus · 1999	1	2025–2025
State v. Brumfield green la · 1998	1	2025–2025
Rodgers v. Rodgers neutral lactapp · 2015	1	2017–2017
State v. Williams green la · 2006	1	2012–2012
State v. Williams green lactapp · 2005	1	2012–2012
State v. Sanders green la · 2006	1	2012–2012
Horton v. McCary green la · 1994	1	2011–2011
State v. Lewis green lactapp · 2004	1	2010–2010
Miranda v. Arizona green scotus · 1966	1	2008–2008

Statutes the citing opinions construe

LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:64 (23) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 15:451 (19) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 40:967 (18) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 40:966 (13) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 3 (12) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:30 (11) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:95.1 (11) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:2 (10) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 1 (9) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 15:529.1 (8) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:42 (7) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 15:438 (7)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 555 (1936–2026) TX 128 (1916–2024) LA 109 (1925–2025) GA 89 (1904–2021) OH 69 (1925–2024) IL 61 (1913–2025) CA 58 (1914–2026) MO 25 (1960–2023) VA 23 (1992–2020) FL 21 (1955–2019) AL 20 (1891–2015) PA 19 (1900–2022) CT 15 (1975–2015) TN 13 (1997–2022) NC 11 (1936–2021) IN 11 (1909–2015) NJ 9 (1960–2026) CO 8 (1980–2024) NE 8 (1898–2021) DC 8 (1976–2015) MA 7 (1945–2025) AZ 7 (1965–1998) AR 6 (1903–1997) WV 6 (1933–1989) RI 6 (1967–2023) MN 5 (1936–1989) OK 5 (1958–2024) MD 5 (1975–2013) WA 5 (1939–2020) KS 5 (1906–2020) WY 5 (1941–2008) ID 5 (1952–1978) ME 4 (1993–2021) NM 4 (1981–1990) IA 4 (1932–1978) MS 4 (1973–1997) HI 4 (1953–2024) MI 3 (1983–2024) NV 3 (1938–1994) OR 3 (1972–2008) WI 2 (1972–1984) MT 2 (1928–1935) KY 2 (1967–2024) ND 2 (1955–1963) DE 2 (1921–2020)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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