error analysis (Texas) · Go Syfert
← Texas issues

error analysis in Texas

112 Texas opinions name it 5 courts 1915–2026 14 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (53)

CaseFollowedCited
Wooten, Codiem Renoirgreen
texcrimapp · 2013 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2021
2 sentences

2021Wooten v. State, 400 S.W.3d 601, 607 (Tex. Crim.

2018See Wooten v. State, 400 S.W.3d 601, 607 (Tex. Crim.

55
Mitchell v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1996 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1998–1999
2 sentences

1999See Mitchell, 931 S.W.2d at 954 (holding trial court erred in refusing appellant’s request for instruction on burden of proof for extraneous-offense evidence admitted during punishment phase and remanding to court of appeals to conduct Almanza harm analysis); Cormier, 955 S.W.2d at 164 (applying Almanza “egregious harm” standard to failure to define “reasonable doubt” in instruction on burden of proof for extraneous offense evidence admitted during punishment phase); Splawn v. State, 949 S.W.2d 867, 874 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1997, no pet.) (applying Almanza “egregious harm” standard to failure to

1999See Mitchell , 931 S.W.2d at 954 (holding trial court erred in refusing appellant's request for instruction on burden of proof for extraneous-offense evidence admitted during punishment phase and remanding to court of appeals to conduct Almanza harm analysis); Cormier , 955 S.W.2d at 164 (applying Almanza "egregious harm" standard to failure to define "reasonable doubt" in instruction on burden of proof for extraneous offense evidence admitted during punishment phase); Splawn v. State , 949 S.W.2d 867, 874 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1997, no pet.) (applying Almanza "egregious harm" standard to failure

55
Splawn v. Stategreen
texapp · 1997 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1998–1999
2 sentences

1999See Mitchell, 931 S.W.2d at 954 (holding trial court erred in refusing appellant’s request for instruction on burden of proof for extraneous-offense evidence admitted during punishment phase and remanding to court of appeals to conduct Almanza harm analysis); Cormier, 955 S.W.2d at 164 (applying Almanza “egregious harm” standard to failure to define “reasonable doubt” in instruction on burden of proof for extraneous offense evidence admitted during punishment phase); Splawn v. State, 949 S.W.2d 867, 874 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1997, no pet.) (applying Almanza “egregious harm” standard to failure to

1999See Mitchell , 931 S.W.2d at 954 (holding trial court erred in refusing appellant's request for instruction on burden of proof for extraneous-offense evidence admitted during punishment phase and remanding to court of appeals to conduct Almanza harm analysis); Cormier , 955 S.W.2d at 164 (applying Almanza "egregious harm" standard to failure to define "reasonable doubt" in instruction on burden of proof for extraneous offense evidence admitted during punishment phase); Splawn v. State , 949 S.W.2d 867, 874 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1997, no pet.) (applying Almanza "egregious harm" standard to failure

55
Cormier v. Stategreen
texapp · 1997 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1998–1999
2 sentences

1999See Mitchell, 931 S.W.2d at 954 (holding trial court erred in refusing appellant’s request for instruction on burden of proof for extraneous-offense evidence admitted during punishment phase and remanding to court of appeals to conduct Almanza harm analysis); Cormier, 955 S.W.2d at 164 (applying Almanza “egregious harm” standard to failure to define “reasonable doubt” in instruction on burden of proof for extraneous offense evidence admitted during punishment phase); Splawn v. State, 949 S.W.2d 867, 874 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1997, no pet.) (applying Almanza “egregious harm” standard to failure to

1999See Mitchell , 931 S.W.2d at 954 (holding trial court erred in refusing appellant's request for instruction on burden of proof for extraneous-offense evidence admitted during punishment phase and remanding to court of appeals to conduct Almanza harm analysis); Cormier , 955 S.W.2d at 164 (applying Almanza "egregious harm" standard to failure to define "reasonable doubt" in instruction on burden of proof for extraneous offense evidence admitted during punishment phase); Splawn v. State , 949 S.W.2d 867, 874 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1997, no pet.) (applying Almanza "egregious harm" standard to failure

55
Smith v. Stategreen
texapp · 1995 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1998–1999
2 sentences

1999See Mitchell, 931 S.W.2d at 954 (holding trial court erred in refusing appellant’s request for instruction on burden of proof for extraneous-offense evidence admitted during punishment phase and remanding to court of appeals to conduct Almanza harm analysis); Cormier, 955 S.W.2d at 164 (applying Almanza “egregious harm” standard to failure to define “reasonable doubt” in instruction on burden of proof for extraneous offense evidence admitted during punishment phase); Splawn v. State, 949 S.W.2d 867, 874 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1997, no pet.) (applying Almanza “egregious harm” standard to failure to

1999See Mitchell , 931 S.W.2d at 954 (holding trial court erred in refusing appellant's request for instruction on burden of proof for extraneous-offense evidence admitted during punishment phase and remanding to court of appeals to conduct Almanza harm analysis); Cormier , 955 S.W.2d at 164 (applying Almanza "egregious harm" standard to failure to define "reasonable doubt" in instruction on burden of proof for extraneous offense evidence admitted during punishment phase); Splawn v. State , 949 S.W.2d 867, 874 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1997, no pet.) (applying Almanza "egregious harm" standard to failure

55
Almanza v. Statered
texcrimapp · 1985 · cited in 8 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–2025
2 sentences

2014Appellant did not object to the instruction at trial so we review the error under the standard set forth in Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim.

2012We review whether Solis was harmed by the error under the standard set out in Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157 (Tex. Crim.

38
Ambrose, Cynthiagreen
texcrimapp · 2016 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See State v. Ambrose, 487 S.W.3d 587, 589 (Tex.Crim.App.2016) (affirming court of appeals’s decision that assumed without deciding that jury instructions were erroneous and that then performed harm analysis); Herring v. State, 147 S.W.3d 390, 394 (Tex.Crim.App.2004) (affirming court of appeals’s decision that assumed arguendo that trial court erred by refusing to exclude evidence of exact description of appellant’s prior crime during guilt-innocence and that then performed harm analysis); see also Wooten v. State, 400 S.W.3d 601, 607 (Tex.Crim.App.2013) ("Finding our harm analysis thus disposi

2016See State v. Ambrose, No. PD-0143-15, 2016 WL 1696455, at *1 (Tex. Crim.

33
Luquis v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2002 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2015
2 sentences

2015In Luquis v. State, 72 S.W.3d 355, 368 (Tex. Crim.

2014In Luquis v. State, 72 S.W.3d 355, 368 (Tex. Crim.

33
Potier v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2002 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See Potier v. State, 68 S.W.3d 657, 659 (Tex. Crim.

2010See Potier v. State, 68 S.W.3d 657, 659 (Tex.Crim.App.2002); see also Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 18-19 , 87 S.Ct. 1920, 1922-23 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967) (Sixth Amendment insures compulsory process to obtain favorable witnesses).

33
Mathis v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2002 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1997–2005
2 sentences

2005See Mathis v. State, 67 S.W.3d 918, 922 (Tex. Crim.App.2002).

1997App. P . 33.1. Â But Hackett had already obtained an adverse ruling on his motion to quash. Â Need there be more? Â Or is this more of a presentment requirement and because the request for continuance was not made, we have nothing to review? Â No error, no harm. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â An argument can be made for either analysis. Â For example, in cases where defendants have been denied a challenge for cause, the request for more peremptory strikes has been characterized as a part of a preservation requirement and as a part of a harm analysis. Â If used as a preservation requirement, there is no nee

33
Ex Parte Chabotgreen
texcrimapp · 2009 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012See Chabot , 300 S.W.3d at 772 ; Ex parte Ghahremani , 332 S.W.3d 470, 478 (Tex. Crim.

2012See Chabot, 300 S.W.3d at 772 ; Ex parte Ghahremani, 332 S.W.3d 470, 478 (Tex.Crim.App.2011).

22
Ex Parte Ghahremanigreen
texcrimapp · 2011 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012See Chabot , 300 S.W.3d at 772 ; Ex parte Ghahremani , 332 S.W.3d 470, 478 (Tex. Crim.

2012See Chabot, 300 S.W.3d at 772 ; Ex parte Ghahremani, 332 S.W.3d 470, 478 (Tex.Crim.App.2011).

22
Bustamante, Victor v. Stategreen
texapp · 2002 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011See Bustamante v. State, 109 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2002, no pet.) (op. on remand) (trial court’s instruction “actually compounded the error as the instruction itself is another comment on the defendant’s failure to testify”).

2011See Bustamante v. State , 109 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tex. App.--El Paso 2002, no pet.) (op. on remand) (trial court's instruction "actually compounded the error as the instruction itself is another comment on the defendant's failure to testify").

22
Washington v. Texasgreen
scotus · 1967 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See Potier v. State, 68 S.W.3d 657, 659 (Tex.Crim.App.2002); see also Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 18-19 , 87 S.Ct. 1920, 1922-23 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967) (Sixth Amendment insures compulsory process to obtain favorable witnesses).

2010See Potier v. State, 68 S.W.3d 657, 659 (Tex.Crim.App.2002); see also Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 18-19 , 87 S.Ct. 1920, 1922-23 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967) (Sixth Amendment insures compulsory process to obtain favorable witnesses).

22
Bluitt v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2004 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006See id.; Bluitt v. State, 137 S.W.3d 51, 53 (Tex. Crim.

2006See id .; Bluitt v. State , 137 S.W.3d 51, 53 (Tex. Crim.

22
Jimenez v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2000 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006See Jimenez, 32 S.W.3d at 237 .

2006See Jimenez , 32 S.W.3d at 237 .

22
Tong v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2000 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005Accord Tong v. State , 25 S.W.3d 707, 718 (Tex. Crim.

2005Accord Tong v. State , 25 S.W.3d 707, 718 (Tex. Crim.

22
Young v. Statered
texcrimapp · 2000 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004See Young v. State , 8 S.W.3d 656, 666-67 (Tex. Crim.

2004See Young v. State , 8 S.W.3d 656, 666-67 (Tex. Crim.

22
Yates v. Stategreen
texapp · 1996 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
2 sentences

1999See Mitchell, 931 S.W.2d at 954 (holding trial court erred in refusing appellant’s request for instruction on burden of proof for extraneous-offense evidence admitted during punishment phase and remanding to court of appeals to conduct Almanza harm analysis); Cormier, 955 S.W.2d at 164 (applying Almanza “egregious harm” standard to failure to define “reasonable doubt” in instruction on burden of proof for extraneous offense evidence admitted during punishment phase); Splawn v. State, 949 S.W.2d 867, 874 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1997, no pet.) (applying Almanza “egregious harm” standard to failure to

1999See Mitchell , 931 S.W.2d at 954 (holding trial court erred in refusing appellant's request for instruction on burden of proof for extraneous-offense evidence admitted during punishment phase and remanding to court of appeals to conduct Almanza harm analysis); Cormier , 955 S.W.2d at 164 (applying Almanza "egregious harm" standard to failure to define "reasonable doubt" in instruction on burden of proof for extraneous offense evidence admitted during punishment phase); Splawn v. State , 949 S.W.2d 867, 874 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1997, no pet.) (applying Almanza "egregious harm" standard to failure

22
Escovedo v. Stategreen
texapp · 1995 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998See Mitchell , 931 S.W.2d at 954 (holding trial court erred in refusing appellant's request for instruction on burden of proof for extraneous-offense evidence admitted during punishment phase and remanding to court of appeals to conduct Almanza harm analysis); Cormier v. State , 955 S.W.2d 161, 164 (Tex. App.--Austin 1997, no pet.) (applying Almanza "egregious harm" standard to failure to define "reasonable doubt" in instruction on burden of proof for extraneous offense evidence admitted during punishment phase); Splawn v. State , 949 S.W.2d 867, 874 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1997, no pet.) (applying

1998See Mitchell, 931 S.W.2d at 954 (holding trial court erred in refusing appellant’s request for instruction on burden of proof for extraneous-offense evidence admitted during punishment phase and remanding to court of appeals to conduct Almanza harm analysis); Cormier v. State, 955 S.W.2d 161, 164 (Tex.App.—Austin 1997, no pet.) (applying Al-manza “egregious harm” standard to failure to define “reasonable doubt” in instruction on burden of proof for extraneous offense evidence admitted during punishment phase); Splawn v. State, 949 S.W.2d 867, 874 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1997, no pet.) (applying Alman

22
Tareq Alkayyali v. the State of Texasgreen
texapp · 2023 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025The court of appeals addressed this error first, finding its resolution dispositive in this case. 11 Appellant contended that this error in the instruction allowed the jury to convict him of murder without requiring the jury to find that he caused Moussa’s death. 12 While the State agreed there was error in the jury charge, it argued that Appellant did not suffer egregious harm as a result. 13 11 Alkayyali v. State, 668 S.W.3d 445 , 452 n.9 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2023, pet. granted). 12 Id. at 452 . 13 Id.

2025The court of appeals addressed this error first, finding its resolution dispositive in this case. 11 Appellant contended that this error in the instruction allowed the jury to convict him of murder without requiring the jury to find that he caused Moussa’s death. 12 While the State agreed there was error in the jury charge, it argued that Appellant did not suffer egregious harm as a result. 13 11 Alkayyali v. State, 668 S.W.3d 445 , 452 n.9 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2023, pet. granted). 12 Id. at 452 . 13 Id.

12
Bruno v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1993 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013Turner v. State , No. 04-03-00436-CR, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 7587 , at *18 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 25, 2004, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (citing Bruno , 845 S.W.2d at 913). 6.

2013Turner v. State, No. 04-03-00436-CR, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 7587 , at *18 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 25, 2004, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (citing Bruno, 845 S.W.2d at 913 ). 6 See also Louis v. State, 393 S.W.3d 246, 253 (Tex. Crim.

12
Ford Motor Co. v. Ledesmagreen
tex · 2007 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011Ford Motor Co. v. Ledesma, 242 S.W.3d 32 , 43–44 (Tex. 2007); State Dep’t of Highways & Pub.

2011Ford Motor Co. v. Ledesma, 242 S.W.3d 32, 43-44 (Tex.2007); State Dep’t of Highways & Pub.

12
Harris v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1989 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1991–2005
2 sentences

2005Id.

1991Harris, 790 S.W.2d 568, 585 (Tex.Cr.App.1989).

12
Cardenas v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2000 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
11
Kentucky v. Stincergreen
scotus · 1987 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Tillman, Larry Joseph Jr.green
texcrimapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Linton v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Proenza, Abraham Jacobgreen
texcrimapp · 2017 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
Rojas v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
Bella Palma, Llc v. Mark Younggreen
tex · 2020 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Vincent Depaul Stredic v. Stategreen
texapp · 2020 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Berry v. Segallgreen
texapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
United States v. Placegreen
scotus · 1983 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Jack B. Anglin Co., Inc. v. Tippsgreen
tex · 1992 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Amador v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Kasem v. Dion-Kindem CA2/4green
calctapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Skinner v. Stonegreen
ca2 · 1983 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Lombardo v. Huysentruytgreen
calctapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Herring v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (27)

CaseCitedYears
Cockrell v. State green
texcrimapp · 1996
2 sentences

2010Id.

2010Id.

42009–2010
Allen v. United States green
scotus · 1896
2 sentences

2015In a case where a timely objection would not have 3 Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492 , 17 S.Ct. 154 , 41 L.Ed. 528 (1896). - 12 - prevented the error and an instruction to disregard would not have cured the harm flowing from the error, a party may skip the first two steps and request a mistrial.

2015In a case where a timely objection would not have 3 Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492 , 17 S.Ct. 154 , 41 L.Ed. 528 (1896). - 12 - prevented the error and an instruction to disregard would not have cured the harm flowing from the error, a party may skip the first two steps and request a mistrial.

22015–2015
Unkart, Rodney Gale green
texcrimapp · 2013
2 sentences

2015Unkart, 400 S.W.3d at 99 .

2015Unkart, 400 S.W.3d at 99 .

22015–2015
Martinez v. State green
texcrimapp · 2000
2 sentences

2010Martinez v. State, 22 S.W.3d 504 , 507 n.7 (Tex. Crim.

2010Martinez v. State , 22 S.W.3d 504 , 507 n.7 (Tex. Crim.

22010–2010
Griffin v. State green
texcrimapp · 1989
2 sentences

2003Arguing that the videotaped confessions given to Texas law enforcement were fruits of the Chicago statement, and thus should not have been admitted, appellant asserts that the remaining evidence of his guilt was “tenuous.” In Griffin v. State, 765 S.W.2d 422 (Tex.Crim.App.1989), this Court addressed the validity of the “cat out of the bag” theory.

2003Arguing that the videotaped confessions given to Texas law enforcement were fruits of the Chicago statement, and thus should not have been admitted, appellant asserts that the remaining evidence of his guilt was "tenuous." In Griffin v. State , 765 S.W.2d 422 (Tex. Crim.

22003–2003
Airline Motor Coaches, Inc. v. Fields neutral
texapp · 1942
2 sentences

1942It held further that the definition was not erroneous. 159 S.W.2d 187 .

1942It held further that the definition was not erroneous. 159 S. W. (2d) 187 .

21942–1942
United States v. Martin Gonzalez Munoz green
ca5 · 1998
12025–2025
United States v. Rivera-Rodriguez green
ca1 · 2014
12025–2025
Dr. Behzad Nazari, D.D.S. v. State green
tex · 2018
12025–2025
Zuckerman v. State green
texcrimapp · 1979
12024–2024
Suburban Utility Corp. v. Public Utility Commission green
tex · 1983
12022–2022
Sterling v. State green
texcrimapp · 1990
12022–2022
Kothe v. State green
texcrimapp · 2004
12020–2020
Michiana Easy Livin' Country, Inc. v. Holten green
tex · 2005
12015–2015
Poindexter v. State red
texcrimapp · 2005
12015–2015
DiGiuseppe v. Lawler green
tex · 2008
12015–2015
Ex Parte Cavazos green
texcrimapp · 2006
12015–2015
Raw Hide Oil & Gas, Inc. v. Maxus Exploration Co. green
texapp · 1988
12015–2015
Evans v. State green
texcrimapp · 2006
12015–2015
Bryan Keith Burrell v. State green
texapp · 2014
12015–2015
State Farm Lloyds v. Dora Gulley green
texapp · 2012
12015–2015
Traylor v. State green
texapp · 2001
12013–2013
Cocke v. State green
texcrimapp · 2006
12013–2013
Phillips v. Bramlett green
tex · 2009
12012–2012
Pearson v. State green
texcrimapp · 1999
12012–2012
Vasquez v. State green
texapp · 2011
12012–2012
Standard Fire Insurance Co. v. Reese green
tex · 1979
12006–2006

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Penal Code § 19.03 (6) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 7.02 (6) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 12.42 (4) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 19.02 (4) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 19.04 (4) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 21.02 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 112 (1915–2026) CA 106 (1878–2026) MS 70 (1870–2026) MO 69 (1864–2020) IL 63 (1895–2026) WA 49 (1926–2026) IN 42 (1905–2024) OR 40 (1963–2026) FL 32 (1923–2024) OK 32 (1914–2024) MN 28 (1921–2026) LA 28 (1940–2024) NJ 26 (1912–2026) KY 24 (1883–2023) MA 24 (1907–2018) MI 22 (1894–2025) OH 21 (1927–2026) NM 20 (1923–2024) NC 19 (1913–2018) KS 19 (1887–2026) HI 17 (1992–2025) PA 17 (1914–2026) NE 16 (1882–2024) WI 15 (1975–2024) IA 15 (1859–2026) TN 13 (1927–2017) NY 12 (1885–2012) GA 12 (1935–2024) NV 12 (1914–2024) ND 10 (1900–2024) MD 10 (1978–2026) AL 9 (1884–2008) AR 9 (1892–1994) AZ 8 (1968–2024) SC 6 (1909–2022) CO 6 (1873–2026) VA 6 (1899–2024) UT 5 (1987–2020) WV 5 (1923–2025) DE 5 (2015–2018) ME 5 (1981–2014) ID 5 (1935–2003) VT 5 (1893–1993) DC 4 (1947–1992) WY 4 (1916–2017) MT 3 (1906–2011) AK 3 (1991–2018) VI 2 (2002–2009) SD 2 (1900–1901)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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