notion doctrine (New York) · Go Syfert
← New York issues

notion doctrine in New York

16 New York opinions name it 5 courts 1913–2026 3 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (10)

CaseFollowedCited
In Re the Estate of Findlaygreen
ny · 1930 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2009–2024
2 sentences

2024However, the notion that the presumption of legitimacy is conclusive, such that a "court would not listen to evidence casting doubt on [the] paternity" of a married woman's husband, was rejected long ago, as recognized by the Court of Appeals in Matter of Findlay , 253 NY at 7 .

2009However, the notion that the presumption of legitimacy is conclusive, such that a “court would not listen to evidence cast ing doubt on [the] paternity” of a married woman’s husband, was rejected long ago, as recognized by the Court of Appeals in Matter of Findlay ( 253 NY at 7 ).

22
Morgan v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1938 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 1968–1969
2 sentences

1969Nevertheless, use of the term ‘ full hearing ’ itself engenders the notion of a hearing in which the parties will be permitted to introduce evidence at least in keeping with minimal due process requirements. (1 Cooper, State Administrative Law 367 [1965] ; see De Bierre v. Darvas, 22 A D 2d 550; Morgan v. United States, 304 U. S. 1, 18-19 [1938]; Morgan v. United States, 298 U. S. 468, 480-481 .) The language certainly indicates an intention that fundamental requirements of fairness be accorded which are the essence of due process.

1968Nevertheless, use of the term "full hearing" itself engenders the notion of a hearing in which the parties will be permitted to introduce evidence at least in keeping with minimal due process requirements. (1 Cooper, State Administrative Law 367 [1965]; see De Bierre v. Darvas , 22 A D 2d 550; *414 Morgan v. United States , 304 U. S. 1, 18-19 [1938]; Morgan v. United States , 298 U. S. 468, 480-481 .) The language certainly indicates an intention that fundamental requirements of fairness be accorded which are the essence of due process.

22
People v. Njokugreen
nyappdiv · 2023 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Even if we did deem the officer's statements objectionable, the latter point clearly informed defense counsel's cross-examination, which sought to emphasize the officer's failure to consider alternative theories and suggest to the jury that the investigation was flawed, which dispels the notion that defense counsel's failure to object "lacked a legitimate strategic purpose" ( People v Saunders , 220 AD3d 812 , 813 [2d Dept 2023], lv denied 40 NY3d 1041 [2023]; see People v Lall , 223 AD3d 1098 , 1110 [3d Dept 2024], lv denied 41 NY3d 984 [2024]; People v Njoku , 218 AD3d 1047, 1052 [3d Dept 20

11
Marilene S. v. David H.green
nyappdiv · 2009 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Rather, the presumption "may be [*4]rebutted by clear and convincing evidence excluding the husband as the father or otherwise tending to disprove legitimacy" ( Matter of Barbara S. v Michael I ., 24 AD3d at 452 ; see Matter of Findlay , 253 NY at 7 ; Matter of Walker v Covington , 287 AD2d at 572 ; Murtagh v Murtagh , 217 AD2d at 539 )." ( Marilene S. v David H. , 63 AD3d 949, 950-951 [2d Dept 2009]).

11
Wayne Ford v. John McGinnis Superintendent, Patrick McGann Deputy Superintendent of Administration, Gordon Lord, Assistant Deputy Superintendentgreen
ca2 · 2003 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020The United States Supreme Court has "reject[ed] the notion that to claim the protection of the Free Exercise Clause, one must be responding to the commands of a particular religious organization" ( Frazee v Illinois Dept. of Employment Security , 489 US 829, 834 ). "[T]he Free Exercise Clause does not demand adherence to a tenet or dogma of an established religious sect" ( id. at 834 ; see F.F. v State of New York , 65 Misc 3d 616 , 632 [Sup Ct, Albany County]; Ford v McGinnis , 352 F3d 582, 589 [2d Cir]).

11
Nyaga v. Ashcroft, Attorney Generalgreen
scotus · 2003 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014The intervenors have failed to demonstrate that they have detrimentally changed their position since the original determinations or that they would otherwise be prejudiced by the delay in seeking renewal and the modification of the initial determinations (see Skrodelis v Norbergs, 272 AD2d 316, 316-317 [2d Dept 2000]; cf. Matter of Linker, 23 AD3d 186, 189 [1st Dept 2005]; see generally Saratoga County Chamber of Commerce v Pataki, 100 NY2d 801 [2003], cert denied 540 US 1017 [2003]).

11
Saratoga County Chamber of Commerce, Inc. v. Patakigreen
ny · 2003 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014The intervenors have failed to demonstrate that they have detrimentally changed their position since the original determinations or that they would otherwise be prejudiced by the delay in seeking renewal and the modification of the initial determinations (see Skrodelis v Norbergs, 272 AD2d 316, 316-317 [2d Dept 2000]; cf. Matter of Linker, 23 AD3d 186, 189 [1st Dept 2005]; see generally Saratoga County Chamber of Commerce v Pataki, 100 NY2d 801 [2003], cert denied 540 US 1017 [2003]).

11
In re the Estate of Linkergreen
nyappdiv · 2005 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014The intervenors have failed to demonstrate that they have detrimentally changed their position since the original determinations or that they would otherwise be prejudiced by the delay in seeking renewal and the modification of the initial determinations (see Skrodelis v Norbergs, 272 AD2d 316, 316-317 [2d Dept 2000]; cf. Matter of Linker, 23 AD3d 186, 189 [1st Dept 2005]; see generally Saratoga County Chamber of Commerce v Pataki, 100 NY2d 801 [2003], cert denied 540 US 1017 [2003]).

11
Arias-Paulino v. Academy Bus Tours, Inc.green
nyappdiv · 2008 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014By the same token, the court must reject the intervenors’ notion that the doctrine of laches bars the request for renewal (see Ferguson, 59 AD3d at 389 ; see generally Arias-Paulino v Academy Bus Tours, Inc., 48 AD3d 350 [1st Dept 2008]).

11
Skrodelis v. Norbergsgreen
nyappdiv · 2000 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014The intervenors have failed to demonstrate that they have detrimentally changed their position since the original determinations or that they would otherwise be prejudiced by the delay in seeking renewal and the modification of the initial determinations (see Skrodelis v Norbergs, 272 AD2d 316, 316-317 [2d Dept 2000]; cf. Matter of Linker, 23 AD3d 186, 189 [1st Dept 2005]; see generally Saratoga County Chamber of Commerce v Pataki, 100 NY2d 801 [2003], cert denied 540 US 1017 [2003]).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (34)

CaseCitedYears
Muir v. Calabro green
nyappdiv · 1995
2 sentences

2024Rather, the presumption "may be [*4]rebutted by clear and convincing evidence excluding the husband as the father or otherwise tending to disprove legitimacy" ( Matter of Barbara S. v Michael I ., 24 AD3d at 452 ; see Matter of Findlay , 253 NY at 7 ; Matter of Walker v Covington , 287 AD2d at 572 ; Murtagh v Murtagh , 217 AD2d at 539 )." ( Marilene S. v David H. , 63 AD3d 949, 950-951 [2d Dept 2009]).

2009Rather, the presumption “may be rebutted by clear and convincing evidence excluding the husband as the father or otherwise tending to disprove legitimacy” (Matter of Barbara S. v Michael I., 24 AD3d at 452 ; see Matter of Findlay, 253 NY at 7 ; Matter of Walker v Covington, 287 AD2d at 572 ; Murtagh v Murtagh, 217 AD2d at 539 ).

22009–2024
Barbara S. v. Michael I. green
nyappdiv · 2005
2 sentences

2024Rather, the presumption "may be [*4]rebutted by clear and convincing evidence excluding the husband as the father or otherwise tending to disprove legitimacy" ( Matter of Barbara S. v Michael I ., 24 AD3d at 452 ; see Matter of Findlay , 253 NY at 7 ; Matter of Walker v Covington , 287 AD2d at 572 ; Murtagh v Murtagh , 217 AD2d at 539 )." ( Marilene S. v David H. , 63 AD3d 949, 950-951 [2d Dept 2009]).

2009Rather, the presumption “may be rebutted by clear and convincing evidence excluding the husband as the father or otherwise tending to disprove legitimacy” (Matter of Barbara S. v Michael I., 24 AD3d at 452 ; see Matter of Findlay, 253 NY at 7 ; Matter of Walker v Covington, 287 AD2d at 572 ; Murtagh v Murtagh, 217 AD2d at 539 ).

22009–2024
Walker v. Covington green
nyappdiv · 2001
2 sentences

2024Rather, the presumption "may be [*4]rebutted by clear and convincing evidence excluding the husband as the father or otherwise tending to disprove legitimacy" ( Matter of Barbara S. v Michael I ., 24 AD3d at 452 ; see Matter of Findlay , 253 NY at 7 ; Matter of Walker v Covington , 287 AD2d at 572 ; Murtagh v Murtagh , 217 AD2d at 539 )." ( Marilene S. v David H. , 63 AD3d 949, 950-951 [2d Dept 2009]).

2009Rather, the presumption “may be rebutted by clear and convincing evidence excluding the husband as the father or otherwise tending to disprove legitimacy” (Matter of Barbara S. v Michael I., 24 AD3d at 452 ; see Matter of Findlay, 253 NY at 7 ; Matter of Walker v Covington, 287 AD2d at 572 ; Murtagh v Murtagh, 217 AD2d at 539 ).

22009–2024
Matter of Adoption of Baade green
sd · 1990
2 sentences

2004(See, Matter of Adoption of Baade, 462 NW2d 485 [SD 1990]; Quinn v Walters, 117 Or App 579 , 845 P2d 206 [1993]; Matter of Baby Boy Doe, 123 Idaho 464 , 849 P2d 925 [1993]; Michael J., Jr. v Michael J., Sr., 198 Ariz 154, 7 P3d 960 [2000]; In re Elliot, 218 Mich App 196 , 554 NW2d 32 [1996].) But an analysis of Holyfield which focuses on its language about the tribe’s interests under the ICWA extends Holyfield too far.

2004In his decision Justice Brennan wrote: "Congress was concerned not solely about the interests of Indian children and families, but also about the impact on the tribes themselves of the large numbers of Indian children adopted by non-Indians." ( Holyfield at 49 .) Although Holyfield does not discuss the EIF exception, courts have cited the case as authority for the notion that the doctrine is bad law, because it conflicts with the emphasis Justice Brennan placed on the tribe's interests. ( See, Matter of Adoption of Baade , 462 NW2d 485 [SD 1990]; Quinn v Walters , 117 Or App 579 , 845 P2d 206

22004–2004
Matter of Baby Boy Doe green
idaho · 1993
2 sentences

2004In his decision Justice Brennan wrote: "Congress was concerned not solely about the interests of Indian children and families, but also about the impact on the tribes themselves of the large numbers of Indian children adopted by non-Indians." ( Holyfield at 49 .) Although Holyfield does not discuss the EIF exception, courts have cited the case as authority for the notion that the doctrine is bad law, because it conflicts with the emphasis Justice Brennan placed on the tribe's interests. ( See, Matter of Adoption of Baade , 462 NW2d 485 [SD 1990]; Quinn v Walters , 117 Or App 579 , 845 P2d 206

2004In his decision Justice Brennan wrote: "Congress was concerned not solely about the interests of Indian children and families, but also about the impact on the tribes themselves of the large numbers of Indian children adopted by non-Indians." ( Holyfield at 49 .) Although Holyfield does not discuss the EIF exception, courts have cited the case as authority for the notion that the doctrine is bad law, because it conflicts with the emphasis Justice Brennan placed on the tribe's interests. ( See, Matter of Adoption of Baade , 462 NW2d 485 [SD 1990]; Quinn v Walters , 117 Or App 579 , 845 P2d 206

22004–2004
Michael J., Jr. v. Michael J., Sr. green
arizctapp · 2000
2 sentences

2004(See, Matter of Adoption of Baade, 462 NW2d 485 [SD 1990]; Quinn v Walters, 117 Or App 579 , 845 P2d 206 [1993]; Matter of Baby Boy Doe, 123 Idaho 464 , 849 P2d 925 [1993]; Michael J., Jr. v Michael J., Sr., 198 Ariz 154, 7 P3d 960 [2000]; In re Elliot, 218 Mich App 196 , 554 NW2d 32 [1996].) But an analysis of Holyfield which focuses on its language about the tribe’s interests under the ICWA extends Holyfield too far.

2004In his decision Justice Brennan wrote: "Congress was concerned not solely about the interests of Indian children and families, but also about the impact on the tribes themselves of the large numbers of Indian children adopted by non-Indians." ( Holyfield at 49 .) Although Holyfield does not discuss the EIF exception, courts have cited the case as authority for the notion that the doctrine is bad law, because it conflicts with the emphasis Justice Brennan placed on the tribe's interests. ( See, Matter of Adoption of Baade , 462 NW2d 485 [SD 1990]; Quinn v Walters , 117 Or App 579 , 845 P2d 206

22004–2004
Quinn v. Walters green
orctapp · 1993
2 sentences

2004In his decision Justice Brennan wrote: "Congress was concerned not solely about the interests of Indian children and families, but also about the impact on the tribes themselves of the large numbers of Indian children adopted by non-Indians." ( Holyfield at 49 .) Although Holyfield does not discuss the EIF exception, courts have cited the case as authority for the notion that the doctrine is bad law, because it conflicts with the emphasis Justice Brennan placed on the tribe's interests. ( See, Matter of Adoption of Baade , 462 NW2d 485 [SD 1990]; Quinn v Walters , 117 Or App 579 , 845 P2d 206

2004In his decision Justice Brennan wrote: "Congress was concerned not solely about the interests of Indian children and families, but also about the impact on the tribes themselves of the large numbers of Indian children adopted by non-Indians." ( Holyfield at 49 .) Although Holyfield does not discuss the EIF exception, courts have cited the case as authority for the notion that the doctrine is bad law, because it conflicts with the emphasis Justice Brennan placed on the tribe's interests. ( See, Matter of Adoption of Baade , 462 NW2d 485 [SD 1990]; Quinn v Walters , 117 Or App 579 , 845 P2d 206

22004–2004
In Re Elliott green
michctapp · 1996
2 sentences

2004In his decision Justice Brennan wrote: "Congress was concerned not solely about the interests of Indian children and families, but also about the impact on the tribes themselves of the large numbers of Indian children adopted by non-Indians." ( Holyfield at 49 .) Although Holyfield does not discuss the EIF exception, courts have cited the case as authority for the notion that the doctrine is bad law, because it conflicts with the emphasis Justice Brennan placed on the tribe's interests. ( See, Matter of Adoption of Baade , 462 NW2d 485 [SD 1990]; Quinn v Walters , 117 Or App 579 , 845 P2d 206

2004In his decision Justice Brennan wrote: "Congress was concerned not solely about the interests of Indian children and families, but also about the impact on the tribes themselves of the large numbers of Indian children adopted by non-Indians." ( Holyfield at 49 .) Although Holyfield does not discuss the EIF exception, courts have cited the case as authority for the notion that the doctrine is bad law, because it conflicts with the emphasis Justice Brennan placed on the tribe's interests. ( See, Matter of Adoption of Baade , 462 NW2d 485 [SD 1990]; Quinn v Walters , 117 Or App 579 , 845 P2d 206

22004–2004
Morgan v. United States green
scotus · 1936
2 sentences

1969Nevertheless, use of the term ‘ full hearing ’ itself engenders the notion of a hearing in which the parties will be permitted to introduce evidence at least in keeping with minimal due process requirements. (1 Cooper, State Administrative Law 367 [1965] ; see De Bierre v. Darvas, 22 A D 2d 550; Morgan v. United States, 304 U. S. 1, 18-19 [1938]; Morgan v. United States, 298 U. S. 468, 480-481 .) The language certainly indicates an intention that fundamental requirements of fairness be accorded which are the essence of due process.

1968Nevertheless, use of the term "full hearing" itself engenders the notion of a hearing in which the parties will be permitted to introduce evidence at least in keeping with minimal due process requirements. (1 Cooper, State Administrative Law 367 [1965]; see De Bierre v. Darvas , 22 A D 2d 550; *414 Morgan v. United States , 304 U. S. 1, 18-19 [1938]; Morgan v. United States , 298 U. S. 468, 480-481 .) The language certainly indicates an intention that fundamental requirements of fairness be accorded which are the essence of due process.

21968–1969
People v. Zaire R. neutral
nyappdiv · 2023
1 sentence

2026Even if we did deem the officer's statements objectionable, the latter point clearly informed defense counsel's cross-examination, which sought to emphasize the officer's failure to consider alternative theories and suggest to the jury that the investigation was flawed, which dispels the notion that defense counsel's failure to object "lacked a legitimate strategic purpose" ( People v Saunders , 220 AD3d 812 , 813 [2d Dept 2023], lv denied 40 NY3d 1041 [2023]; see People v Lall , 223 AD3d 1098 , 1110 [3d Dept 2024], lv denied 41 NY3d 984 [2024]; People v Njoku , 218 AD3d 1047, 1052 [3d Dept 20

12026–2026
Missouri v. Frye green
scotus · 2012
1 sentence

2022Defendant’s theory on appeal that the promised sentence, as clearly recorded by the parties and the court at the sentence proceeding, conflicted with his understanding of the consequences of his plea depends on the notion that defense counsel failed to advise his client of the sentence offer (see Missouri v Frye, 566 US 134 [2012]) and then made a false representation at the outset of the sentencing proceeding.

12022–2022
Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security green
scotus · 1989
2 sentences

2020The United States Supreme Court has "reject[ed] the notion that to claim the protection of the Free Exercise Clause, one must be responding to the commands of a particular religious organization" ( Frazee v Illinois Dept. of Employment Security , 489 US 829, 834 ). "[T]he Free Exercise Clause does not demand adherence to a tenet or dogma of an established religious sect" ( id. at 834 ; see F.F. v State of New York , 65 Misc 3d 616 , 632 [Sup Ct, Albany County]; Ford v McGinnis , 352 F3d 582, 589 [2d Cir]).

2020The United States Supreme Court has "reject[ed] the notion that to claim the protection of the Free Exercise Clause, one must be responding to the commands of a particular religious organization" ( Frazee v Illinois Dept. of Employment Security , 489 US 829, 834 ). "[T]he Free Exercise Clause does not demand adherence to a tenet or dogma of an established religious sect" ( id. at 834 ; see F.F. v State of New York , 65 Misc 3d 616 , 632 [Sup Ct, Albany County]; Ford v McGinnis , 352 F3d 582, 589 [2d Cir]).

12020–2020
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah green
scotus · 1993
1 sentence

2020In First Amendment jurisprudence, as articulated by the United States Supreme Court, laws specifically targeting religious conduct are subject to strict scrutiny; they "must be justified by a compelling governmental interest and must be narrowly tailored to advance that interest" ( Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v Hialeah , 508 US 520, 531-532 ).

12020–2020
In re Suffolk County Department of Social Services green
nyappdiv · 2013
1 sentence

2016(Gentile v Gentile, 31 AD3d 1158 [4th Dept 2006]; Matter of Tafuro v Tafuro, 102 AD3d 877 [2d Dept 2013] [mother’s express waiver of her future child support payments was valid and enforceable when contained in a letter to the father].) A waiver of a contractual claim to maintenance—a cost of living adjustment (COLA) in maintenance under a separation agreement—can also be inferred from inaction.

12016–2016
Gentile v. Gentile green
nyappdiv · 2006
1 sentence

2016(Gentile v Gentile, 31 AD3d 1158 [4th Dept 2006]; Matter of Tafuro v Tafuro, 102 AD3d 877 [2d Dept 2013] [mother’s express waiver of her future child support payments was valid and enforceable when contained in a letter to the father].) A waiver of a contractual claim to maintenance—a cost of living adjustment (COLA) in maintenance under a separation agreement—can also be inferred from inaction.

12016–2016
Ferguson v. Shu Ham Lam green
nyappdiv · 2009
1 sentence

2014By the same token, the court must reject the intervenors’ notion that the doctrine of laches bars the request for renewal (see Ferguson, 59 AD3d at 389 ; see generally Arias-Paulino v Academy Bus Tours, Inc., 48 AD3d 350 [1st Dept 2008]).

12014–2014
In re the Adoption of Baby Boy C. neutral
nycfamct · 2004
1 sentence

2004In his decision Justice Brennan wrote: "Congress was concerned not solely about the interests of Indian children and families, but also about the impact on the tribes themselves of the large numbers of Indian children adopted by non-Indians." ( Holyfield at 49 .) Although Holyfield does not discuss the EIF exception, courts have cited the case as authority for the notion that the doctrine is bad law, because it conflicts with the emphasis Justice Brennan placed on the tribe's interests. ( See, Matter of Adoption of Baade , 462 NW2d 485 [SD 1990]; Quinn v Walters , 117 Or App 579 , 845 P2d 206

12004–2004
Matter of SC green
okla · 1992
1 sentence

2004In his decision Justice Brennan wrote: "Congress was concerned not solely about the interests of Indian children and families, but also about the impact on the tribes themselves of the large numbers of Indian children adopted by non-Indians." ( Holyfield at 49 .) Although Holyfield does not discuss the EIF exception, courts have cited the case as authority for the notion that the doctrine is bad law, because it conflicts with the emphasis Justice Brennan placed on the tribe's interests. ( See, Matter of Adoption of Baade , 462 NW2d 485 [SD 1990]; Quinn v Walters , 117 Or App 579 , 845 P2d 206

12004–2004
Supreme Burglar Alarm Corp. v. Kaplan neutral
nyappdiv · 1980
11988–1988
People v. Sledge green
nyappdiv · 1982
1 sentence

1988Cases such as People v Cook (supra), People v Sledge ( 90 AD2d 588 , supra), and People v Alfano ( 75 AD2d 584 ), upon which the defendant relies, effectively dispel the notion that the waiver of indictment process may be invoked at the prosecutor’s whim.

11988–1988
People v. Cook green
nyappdiv · 1983
1 sentence

1988Cases such as People v Cook (supra), People v Sledge ( 90 AD2d 588 , supra), and People v Alfano ( 75 AD2d 584 ), upon which the defendant relies, effectively dispel the notion that the waiver of indictment process may be invoked at the prosecutor’s whim.

11988–1988
Underleak v. Scott green
minn · 1912
11986–1986
Ga Nun v. . Palmer green
ny · 1916
11986–1986
Miles v. Monroe green
ark · 1910
11986–1986
Smith v. . Reid green
ny · 1892
11986–1986
Vasquez v. Coughlin green
nyappdiv · 1986
11986–1986
Wykoff v. Resig green
innd · 1985
11986–1986
Parker v. . Fenwick neutral
· 1908
11986–1986
Peranzo v. Coughlin green
nysd · 1985
11986–1986
Heuermann v. McDoel green
ill · 1909
11986–1986
Flood v. Bollmeier green
iowa · 1913
11986–1986
Uni-Serv Corp. v. Frede green
nycivct · 1966
11983–1983
Uni-Serv Corp. v. Frede neutral
nyappterm · 1967
11983–1983
People v. Baldwin green
nysupct · 1889
11913–1913

Where else courts name it

CA 37 (1971–2025) IL 23 (1978–2024) CT 21 (1986–2021) FL 16 (1954–2013) NY 16 (1913–2026) TX 15 (1985–2022) MD 11 (1973–2019) IN 11 (1989–2020) MI 9 (1995–2018) NJ 9 (1893–2025) AL 9 (1958–2017) UT 9 (2005–2022) OH 8 (1988–2022) WA 8 (1983–2015) GA 6 (2008–2022) MS 6 (1990–2024) KS 6 (1993–2014) PA 5 (1981–2024) CO 5 (1990–2014) IA 5 (2015–2023) NM 5 (1991–2010) MN 4 (1976–2017) DC 4 (1986–2000) NC 4 (1987–2016) VA 4 (1998–2017) MA 3 (1996–2026) LA 3 (1983–2014) KY 3 (2014–2018) WI 3 (1973–2021) MO 3 (1991–2018) NE 2 (2015–2025) WV 2 (2009–2012) TN 2 (2021–2022) ID 2 (1991–2014) AZ 2 (1979–2024) OR 2 (2004–2008) VT 2 (1995–2024)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check