Respondents motion (California) · Go Syfert
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Respondents motion in California

104 California opinions name it 2 courts 1909–2026 29 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (23)

CaseFollowedCited
Goodwin v. Goodwingreen
calctapp · 1935 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 1961–1964
2 sentences

1964So held in Goodwin v. Goodwin, 5 Cal.App.2d 644, 647 [ 43 P.2d 332 ], Respondents’ brief says: ‘The real, if not the only, question on this appeal is whether or not, after taking judicial notice of the file in the first action, the trial court correctly decided that Ben Oda’s conduct, which resulted in the judgment against him, was not insurable because it was wilful. ...

1964So held in Goodwin v. Goodwin, 5 Cal.App.2d 644, 647 [ 43 P.2d 332 ], Respondents’ brief says: ‘The real, if not the only, question on this appeal is whether or not, after taking judicial notice of the file in the first action, the trial court correctly decided that Ben Oda’s conduct, which resulted in the judgment against him, was not insurable because it was wilful. ...

22
Tahoe National Bank v. Phillipsgreen
cal · 1971 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025“Generally, points not urged in the trial court cannot be raised on appeal.” (Tahoe National Bank v. Phillips (1971) 4 Cal.3d 11, 23, fn. 17 .) Instead, in his opposition to Respondents’ motion, Soofi declared his argument on this topic “hereby is postponed” to “a different hearing.” On appeal, Soofi contends the court should have “offer[ed]” him “an opportunity to be heard” but Soofi had one and declined to take it.

11
People v. Stollgreen
cal · 1989 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025(See People v. Stoll (1989) 49 Cal.3d 1136, 1144, fn. 5 .) Because substantial evidence supports the amount of security ordered, Soofi has not established reversible error.

11
People Ex Rel. Lockyer v. Shamrock Foods Co.green
cal · 2000 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Lockyer v. Shamrock Foods Co. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 415, 422, fn. 2 [“any matter to be judicially noticed must be relevant to a material issue”].) Respondents’ motion for judicial notice of documents filed in Doutherd I, Doutherd’s 2020 DFEH complaint, and an excerpt of legislative history is granted.

11
MinCal Consumer Law Group v. Carlsbad Police Departmentgreen
calctapp · 2013 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Shively v. Bozanichgreen
cal · 2003 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Warren-Guthrie v. Health Netgreen
calctapp · 2000 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Wilson v. Cable News Network, Inc.green
cal · 2019 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Cronus Investments, Inc. v. Concierge Servicesgreen
cal · 2005 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Mangano v. Verity, Inc.green
calctapp · 2009 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Haworth v. Superior Court of Los Angeles Countygreen
cal · 2010 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Cabrera v. Alamgreen
calctapp · 2011 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Advanced Network, Inc. v. Peerless Insurancegreen
calctapp · 2010 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegnagreen
scotus · 2006 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
PMC, Inc. v. Saban Entertainment, Inc.green
calctapp · 1996 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Biljac Associates v. First Interstate Bank of Oregongreen
calctapp · 1990 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp.green
cal · 2003 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
California Manufacturers Ass'n v. Public Utilities Commissiongreen
cal · 1979 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Gerawan Farming, Inc. v. Lyonsgreen
cal · 2000 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Stephen Buckley v. J. Michael Fitzsimmonsgreen
ca7 · 1994 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Boam v. Trident Financial Corp.green
calctapp · 1992 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Financial Corp. of America v. Wilburngreen
calctapp · 1987 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11
Fuhrman v. California Satellite Systemsgreen
calctapp · 1986 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in California. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (57)

CaseCitedYears
Morongo Band of Mission Indians v. State Water Resources Control Board green
cal · 2009
2 sentences

2021Totality of the Circumstances Although adjudicators are presumed to be impartial, “the presumption of impartiality can be overcome” by “a particular combination of circumstances creating an unacceptable risk of bias.” (Morongo, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 741 .) This is sometimes referred to as the “totality-of-the circumstances approach.” (Id. at p. 740.) The trial court also found Respondents’ hearing was unfair based on the totality of the circumstances.

2021Totality of the Circumstances Although adjudicators are presumed to be impartial, “the presumption of impartiality can be overcome” by “a particular combination of circumstances creating an unacceptable risk of bias.” (Morongo, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 741 .) This is sometimes referred to as the “totality-of-the circumstances approach.” (Id. at p. 740.) The trial court also found Respondents’ hearing was unfair based on the totality of the circumstances.

32021–2021
City of Pleasanton v. Board of Administration of Public Employees' Retirement System green
calctapp · 2012
2 sentences

2021BCDC adhered to its procedures in the course of Respondents’ hearing, and its process was similar to the one validated in Pleasanton, supra, 211 Cal.App.4th 522 .

2021BCDC adhered to its procedures in the course of Respondents’ hearing, and its process was similar to the one validated in Pleasanton, supra, 211 Cal.App.4th 522 .

32021–2021
Familian Corp. v. Imperial Bank neutral
calctapp · 1989
2 sentences

2014Specifically, Respondents cited section 3166, which prohibited assignments, before or after receipt of a stop notice, and Familian, supra, 213 Cal.App.3d 681 , which holds that “[ljenders cannot avoid a section 3166 priority by private agreement.” (Id. at p. 686.) Relying on Familian , the trial court determined that Respondents’ stop notice claims took precedence over Lender’s alleged contractual right to pay itself all interest, loan fees and other preallocated expenses.

2014Specifically, Respondents cited section 3166, which prohibits assignments, before or after receipt of a stop notice, and Familian, supra, 213 Cal.App.3d 681 which holds that "lenders cannot avoid a section 3166 priority by private agreement." (Id. at p. 686.) Relying on Familian, the trial court determined that Respondents' stop notice claims took precedence over Lender's alleged contractual right to pay itself all interest, loan fees and other preallocated expenses.

32014–2014
Alexander v. Blue Cross of California green
calctapp · 2001
2 sentences

2021Appellants’ reply did not address the argument. 17 award without a written arbitration agreement; (c) they never agreed to arbitrate; (d) the issues to be arbitrated were unspecified; (e) the proceedings that occurred did not resemble an arbitration; (f) the alleged arbitrator was not a neutral party; (g) the court erred in failing to apply the statute of frauds though the arbitration award disposed of real property; and (h) the court’s confirmation of the award violated the “Elder Adult and Disability Civil Protection Act.”11 In considering an appeal from a judgment confirming an arbitration

2021Appellants’ reply did not address the argument. 17 award without a written arbitration agreement; (c) they never agreed to arbitrate; (d) the issues to be arbitrated were unspecified; (e) the proceedings that occurred did not resemble an arbitration; (f) the alleged arbitrator was not a neutral party; (g) the court erred in failing to apply the statute of frauds though the arbitration award disposed of real property; and (h) the court’s confirmation of the award violated the “Elder Adult and Disability Civil Protection Act.”11 In considering an appeal from a judgment confirming an arbitration

22021–2021
Lee v. Wells Fargo Bank, NA green
calctapp · 2001
2 sentences

2021Respondents’ brief does cite authority, most significantly Bankes v. Lucas (1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 365 , 368–369, superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in Lee v. Wells Fargo Bank (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 1187, 1197 , where, rejecting the identical argument Korchemny makes here, the court held as follows: “Contrary to Bankes’s argument, the filing of a notice of appeal does not deprive the trial court of jurisdiction to award attorney fees and costs post trial. . . . [I]t has 23 been held that a motion for attorney fees is not premature despite the filing of a notice of appeal. [Citations.

2021Respondents’ brief does cite authority, most significantly Bankes v. Lucas (1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 365 , 368–369, superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in Lee v. Wells Fargo Bank (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 1187, 1197 , where, rejecting the identical argument Korchemny makes here, the court held as follows: “Contrary to Bankes’s argument, the filing of a notice of appeal does not deprive the trial court of jurisdiction to award attorney fees and costs post trial. . . . [I]t has 23 been held that a motion for attorney fees is not premature despite the filing of a notice of appeal. [Citations.

22021–2021
Bankes v. Lucas green
calctapp · 1992
2 sentences

2021Respondents’ brief does cite authority, most significantly Bankes v. Lucas (1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 365 , 368–369, superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in Lee v. Wells Fargo Bank (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 1187, 1197 , where, rejecting the identical argument Korchemny makes here, the court held as follows: “Contrary to Bankes’s argument, the filing of a notice of appeal does not deprive the trial court of jurisdiction to award attorney fees and costs post trial. . . . [I]t has 23 been held that a motion for attorney fees is not premature despite the filing of a notice of appeal. [Citations.

2021Respondents’ brief does cite authority, most significantly Bankes v. Lucas (1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 365 , 368–369, superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in Lee v. Wells Fargo Bank (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 1187, 1197 , where, rejecting the identical argument Korchemny makes here, the court held as follows: “Contrary to Bankes’s argument, the filing of a notice of appeal does not deprive the trial court of jurisdiction to award attorney fees and costs post trial. . . . [I]t has 23 been held that a motion for attorney fees is not premature despite the filing of a notice of appeal. [Citations.

22021–2021
Cooper v. Lavely & Singer Professional Corp. green
calctapp · 2014
2 sentences

2021Appellants’ reply did not address the argument. 17 award without a written arbitration agreement; (c) they never agreed to arbitrate; (d) the issues to be arbitrated were unspecified; (e) the proceedings that occurred did not resemble an arbitration; (f) the alleged arbitrator was not a neutral party; (g) the court erred in failing to apply the statute of frauds though the arbitration award disposed of real property; and (h) the court’s confirmation of the award violated the “Elder Adult and Disability Civil Protection Act.”11 In considering an appeal from a judgment confirming an arbitration

2021Appellants’ reply did not address the argument. 17 award without a written arbitration agreement; (c) they never agreed to arbitrate; (d) the issues to be arbitrated were unspecified; (e) the proceedings that occurred did not resemble an arbitration; (f) the alleged arbitrator was not a neutral party; (g) the court erred in failing to apply the statute of frauds though the arbitration award disposed of real property; and (h) the court’s confirmation of the award violated the “Elder Adult and Disability Civil Protection Act.”11 In considering an appeal from a judgment confirming an arbitration

22021–2021
Smeltzley v. Nicholson Manufacturing Co. green
cal · 1977
2 sentences

2009Co., supra, 18 Cal.3d at page 939 , respondents must show not only that the plaintiff was dilatory but also ‘that defendant suffered prejudice from any such delay.’ Respondents’ motion in this case made no showing whatsoever of any specific prejudice to respondents from the delay between the [time the evidence was developed] and the filing of the amended complaint naming respondents as defendants.

1983Co., supra, 18 Cal.3d at page 939 , respondents must show not only that the plaintiff was dilatory but also “that defendant suffered prejudice from any such delay.” Respondents’ motion in this case made no showing whatsoever of any specific prejudice to respondents from the delay between the filing of the questionnaire with the National Highway Safety Transportation Board and the filing of the amended complaint naming respondents as defendants.

21983–2009
In Re the Estate of Hayne green
· 1913
2 sentences

1962The respondents claim that the Estate of Hayne, 165 Cal. 568 [ 133 P. 277 , Ann.Cas. 1915A 926], covers this situation.

1962The respondents claim that the Estate of Hayne, 165 Cal. 568 [ 133 P. 277 , Ann.Cas. 1915A 926], covers this situation.

21962–1962
People v. Berkeley Chiropractic College neutral
calctapp · 1930
2 sentences

1933Respondents’ motion to dismiss should, therefore, be granted (General Motors etc. Co. v. Holman, 63 Cal. App. 17 [ 217 Pac. 1086 ]; People v. Berkeley Chiropractic College, 103 Cal. App. 139 [ 283 Pac. 981 ] ; Union Trust Co. of San Diego v. Novotny, 125 Cal. App. 417 [ 13 Pac. (2d) 974 ]).

1933Respondents’ motion to dismiss should, therefore, be granted (General Motors etc. Co. v. Holman, 63 Cal. App. 17 [ 217 Pac. 1086 ]; People v. Berkeley Chiropractic College, 103 Cal. App. 139 [ 283 Pac. 981 ] ; Union Trust Co. of San Diego v. Novotny, 125 Cal. App. 417 [ 13 Pac. (2d) 974 ]).

21933–1933
Union Trust Co. v. Novotny neutral
calctapp · 1932
2 sentences

1933Respondents’ motion to dismiss should, therefore, be granted (General Motors etc. Co. v. Holman, 63 Cal. App. 17 [ 217 Pac. 1086 ]; People v. Berkeley Chiropractic College, 103 Cal. App. 139 [ 283 Pac. 981 ] ; Union Trust Co. of San Diego v. Novotny, 125 Cal. App. 417 [ 13 Pac. (2d) 974 ]).

1933Respondents' motion to dismiss should, therefore, be granted ( General Motors etc. Co. v. Holman, 63 Cal.App. 17 [ 217 P. 1086 ]; People v. Berkeley Chiropractic College, 103 Cal.App. 139 [ 283 P. 981 ]; Union Trust Co. of San Diego v. Novotny, 125 Cal.App. 417 [ 13 P.2d 974 ]).

21933–1933
General Motors Acceptance Corp. v. Holman neutral
calctapp · 1923
2 sentences

1933Respondents’ motion to dismiss should, therefore, be granted (General Motors etc. Co. v. Holman, 63 Cal. App. 17 [ 217 Pac. 1086 ]; People v. Berkeley Chiropractic College, 103 Cal. App. 139 [ 283 Pac. 981 ] ; Union Trust Co. of San Diego v. Novotny, 125 Cal. App. 417 [ 13 Pac. (2d) 974 ]).

1933Respondents’ motion to dismiss should, therefore, be granted (General Motors etc. Co. v. Holman, 63 Cal. App. 17 [ 217 Pac. 1086 ]; People v. Berkeley Chiropractic College, 103 Cal. App. 139 [ 283 Pac. 981 ] ; Union Trust Co. of San Diego v. Novotny, 125 Cal. App. 417 [ 13 Pac. (2d) 974 ]).

21933–1933
Union Trust Co. v. Novotny green
calctapp · 1932
2 sentences

1933Respondents’ motion to dismiss should, therefore, be granted (General Motors etc. Co. v. Holman, 63 Cal. App. 17 [ 217 Pac. 1086 ]; People v. Berkeley Chiropractic College, 103 Cal. App. 139 [ 283 Pac. 981 ] ; Union Trust Co. of San Diego v. Novotny, 125 Cal. App. 417 [ 13 Pac. (2d) 974 ]).

1933Respondents' motion to dismiss should, therefore, be granted ( General Motors etc. Co. v. Holman, 63 Cal.App. 17 [ 217 P. 1086 ]; People v. Berkeley Chiropractic College, 103 Cal.App. 139 [ 283 P. 981 ]; Union Trust Co. of San Diego v. Novotny, 125 Cal.App. 417 [ 13 P.2d 974 ]).

21933–1933
Estate of Hinckley green
· 1881
2 sentences

1909Code, sec. 4468; Estate of Hinckley, 58 Cal. 457 .) It is conceded by the respondents that the principle of the Fair case has no application to trusts to convey to charitable uses.

1909Code, sec. 4468; Estate of Hinckley, 58 Cal. 457 .) It is conceded by the respondents that the principle of the Fair case has no application to trusts to convey to charitable uses.

21909–1909
North Coast Business Park v. Nielsen Construction Co. green
calctapp · 1993
1 sentence

2026On appeal, we will not consider “possible theories not fully developed or factually presented to the trial court.” (North Coast Business Park v. Nielsen Construction Co. (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 22, 31 , italics omitted.) For this reason, this theory newly advanced by Respondents, will not be considered. 9 DISPOSITION The judgment is reversed and the matter is remanded with directions to the trial court to vacate its order granting Respondents’ motion for summary adjudication and enter a new order denying such motion as to the intentional interference with contract claim brought by Leung against

12026–2026
Holmes v. Summer green
calctapp · 2010
1 sentence

2026(Holmes, supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 1525 .) For this reason, we conclude the trial court erred in granting Respondents’ motion for nonsuit since it focused only on the duty to disclose under section 2079.16.

12026–2026
DELL'OCA v. Bank of New York & Trust Co. green
calctapp · 2008
1 sentence

2026In fact, EFD’s reply continues the trend: the leading argument therein is that a respondent’s “ ‘failure to respond to an argument raised in the opening brief waives any objection.’ (Rudick v. State Bd. of Optometry (2019) 41 Cal.App.5th 77 , 90 [(Rudick)].)” The Rudick case includes no 6 For example, EFD claims that in Dell’Oca v. Bank of New York Trust Co., N.A. (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 531 , the court held that an offset was “improper,” but in fact the court expressly declined to resolve the offset issue raised on appeal.

12026–2026
Friends of Mammoth v. Town of Mammoth Lakes Redevelopment Agency green
calctapp · 2000
1 sentence

2024Adopted by the local legislative body (a city council or county board of supervisors), the plan establishes long-term planning goals as well as implementation policies and procedures for the redevelopment of a designated project area. . . .’ [Citation.]” (Friends of Mammoth v. Town of Mammoth Lakes Redevelopment Agency (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 511, 529 .) The redevelopment plan at issue in the instant case originally was entitled the “Redevelopment Plan for the Hoover Redevelopment Project,” but the City refers to it today as the 13 Respondents’ motion to strike also seeks to strike appellants’ m

12024–2024
Harrington v. Payroll Entertainment Services, Inc. green
calctapp · 2008
1 sentence

2024(See Harrington, supra, 160 Cal.App.4th at p. 594 ; Karton v. Ari Design & Construction, Inc. (2021) 61 Cal.App.5th 734 , 743–750 [reviewing factors a trial court may weigh when determining a reasonable fee].) DISPOSITION The orders denying Appellant’s motion for attorney fees and granting Respondents’ motion to tax costs are reversed, and the cause is remanded to the trial court to exercise its discretion to determine a “reasonable” fee for Appellant’s attorney, as well as Appellant’s costs under Labor Code section 1194, subdivision (a).

12024–2024
Save Stanislaus Area Farm Economy v. Board of Supervisors green
calctapp · 1993
1 sentence

2024(Save Stanislaus Area Farm Economy v. Board of Supervisors (1993) 13 Cal.App.4th 141 , 146– 148.) The Petition seeks “a declaration that the City owned property leased to the Gun Club is subject to land use regulations by the City, under its contracting powers, and the County’s jurisdiction and a determination that there is no immunity under Government Code §53090 and 53091.” Respondents’ motion for judgment on the pleadings argued that the Joint Powers Agreement fully addresses which entity will enforce the applicable land use or zoning regulations as to this property, and therefore, there is

12024–2024
Toeppe v. City of San Diego green
calctapp5d · 2017
2 sentences

2024In addition, our analysis does not change when we consider Toeppe, supra, 13 Cal.App.5th 921 as Helm urges us to do.

2024In addition, our analysis does not change when we consider Toeppe, supra, 13 Cal.App.5th 921 as Helm urges us to do.

12024–2024
Tate v. District of Columbia green
cadc · 2010
1 sentence

2023Respondents’ brief does, however, cite one case that upholds warrantless tows for unpaid tickets on another ground: Tate, supra, 627 F.3d at page 909 , characterized the District of Columbia’s towing regulations as a “progressive forfeiture” scheme and upheld warrantless tows on that basis.

12023–2023
Garrison v. Superior Court green
calctapp · 2005
1 sentence

2023In Garrison v. Superior Court (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 253 2 Respondents’ brief points out that the ADR agreement contains no delegation clause.

12023–2023
Del E. Webb Corp. v. Structural Materials Co. green
calctapp · 1981
1 sentence

2023Webb Corp. v. Structural Materials Co., supra, 123 Cal.App.3d at p. 604 .) Because we affirm the trial court’s order sustaining the demurrer on these grounds, we do not consider the alternative grounds in Respondents’ brief.

12023–2023
Jameson v. Desta green
cal · 2018
1 sentence

2023(Jameson v. Desta (2018) 5 Cal.5th 594 , 608–609 [“[I]t is a fundamental principle of appellate procedure that a trial court judgment is ordinarily presumed to be correct and the burden is on an appellant to demonstrate, on the basis of the record presented to the appellate court, that the trial court committed an error that justifies reversal of the judgment.”].) 10 DISPOSITION The appeal from the order granting Respondents’ motion for good faith determination is dismissed.

12023–2023
Kapsimallis v. Allstate Insurance green
calctapp · 2002
1 sentence

2023Co. (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 667, 672 .) The court dismissed the action with prejudice.

12023–2023
Shapiro v. Clark green
calctapp · 2008
12022–2022
County of Santa Clara v. Superior Court of Santa Clara County green
calctapp · 2009
12022–2022
Ellerbee v. County of Los Angeles green
calctapp · 2010
12022–2022
Fraser-Yamor Agency, Inc. v. County of Del Norte green
calctapp · 1977
12022–2022
Baral v. Schnitt green
cal · 2016
12022–2022
Warden v. Brown green
calctapp · 1960
12022–2022
Christoff v. Nestle USA, Inc. green
cal · 2009
12021–2021
Hartt v. County of Los Angeles green
calctapp · 2011
12021–2021
Duchrow v. Forrest green
calctapp · 2013
12021–2021
Crocker National Bank v. City & County of San Francisco green
cal · 1989
12016–2016
Coachella Valley Mosquito & Vector Control District v. California Public Employment Relations Board green
cal · 2005
12015–2015
In Re Marriage of Falcone & Fyke green
calctapp · 2008
12015–2015
Wantuch v. Davis green
calctapp · 1995
12015–2015
Nelson v. Avondale Homeowners Assn. green
calctapp · 2009
12015–2015

Where else courts name it

CA 104 (1909–2026) NY 102 (1887–2026) MO 70 (1872–2025) SC 44 (1933–2025) WA 26 (1895–2025) MD 20 (1991–2021) PA 19 (1925–2023) FL 18 (1930–2019) OH 17 (1999–2024) IL 14 (1888–2025) MT 12 (1917–2007) WV 12 (2003–2024) ID 10 (1922–2015) WI 9 (1873–2018) TX 9 (1962–2015) NM 9 (1993–2020) OR 7 (1907–2025) CT 7 (1986–2011) AL 6 (1939–2016) CO 5 (1955–2012) MN 5 (1924–2001) NC 4 (2010–2022) HI 4 (1930–2015) RI 4 (1878–2020) ME 3 (1854–2019) MI 3 (1918–2025) ND 3 (1919–1929) MA 3 (1896–2015) NE 3 (1893–2021) DE 3 (1934–2021) KY 3 (1999–2016) OK 2 (1915–2017) LA 2 (1950–2024) NJ 2 (1967–1974) SD 2 (1919–1932)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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