assumption of risk doctrine (Texas) · Go Syfert
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assumption of risk doctrine in Texas

15 Texas opinions name it 2 courts 1972–2025 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (14)

CaseFollowedCited
Estate of Pingree v. Triple T Foods, Inc.green
ksd · 2006 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011See Estate of Pingree v. Triple T Foods, Inc., 430 F.Supp.2d 1226, 1237 (D.Kan.2006); Restatement (Second) Of Contracts § 261, cmt. c.

2011See Estate of Pingree v. Triple T Foods, Inc. , 430 F. Supp. 2d 1226, 1237 (D.

22
Wood v. Kane Boiler Works, Inc.green
tex · 1951 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1972–1974
2 sentences

1972In Wood v. Kane Boiler Works, 150 Tex. 191 , 238 S.W.2d 172 (1951), we recognized the historical limitation of the assumption of risk doctrine to cases arising out of a master-servant or some other contractual relationship.

1972In Wood v. Kane Boiler Works, 150 Tex. 191 , 238 S.W.2d 172 (1951), we recognized the historical limitation of the assumption of risk doctrine to cases arising out of a master-servant or some other contractual relationship.

12
Del Lago Partners, Inc. v. Smithgreen
tex · 2010 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Fordham, 171 P.3d at 28 We have not previously considered whether to adopt a public-safety officer’s rule. 87 In 1996, the issue was presented to us in Juhl v. Airington, but we did not reach it. 88 Justice Gonzalez, joined by Justice Abbott, wrote separately to advocate for adopting the rule consistent with the “trend in other jurisdictions to extend the Rule beyond premises liability based on public policy.” 89 We do so now, 417 (Wilkins, C.J., concurring in part) (“[A]s states have abandoned the assumption of risk doctrine as part of the evolution of comparative negligence, so too have cour

11
Texas Cities Gas Co. v. Dickensgreen
tex · 1943 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Fordham, 171 P.3d at 28 We have not previously considered whether to adopt a public-safety officer’s rule. 87 In 1996, the issue was presented to us in Juhl v. Airington, but we did not reach it. 88 Justice Gonzalez, joined by Justice Abbott, wrote separately to advocate for adopting the rule consistent with the “trend in other jurisdictions to extend the Rule beyond premises liability based on public policy.” 89 We do so now, 417 (Wilkins, C.J., concurring in part) (“[A]s states have abandoned the assumption of risk doctrine as part of the evolution of comparative negligence, so too have cour

11
Randy Austin v. Kroger Texas, L.P.green
tex · 2015 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025Fordham, 171 P.3d at 28 We have not previously considered whether to adopt a public-safety officer’s rule. 87 In 1996, the issue was presented to us in Juhl v. Airington, but we did not reach it. 88 Justice Gonzalez, joined by Justice Abbott, wrote separately to advocate for adopting the rule consistent with the “trend in other jurisdictions to extend the Rule beyond premises liability based on public policy.” 89 We do so now, 417 (Wilkins, C.J., concurring in part) (“[A]s states have abandoned the assumption of risk doctrine as part of the evolution of comparative negligence, so too have cour

11
Pantalone v. Talcottgreen
nyappdiv · 2008 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014See Pantalone, 861 N.Y.S.2d at 167 (holding that a fact issue existed, requiring a jury to determine the application of the doctrine of assumption of risk, when a defendant snowmobile driver violated section 25.03 by speeding).

11
Thomas Fashauer, Jr. v. New Jersey Transit Rail Operations, Incgreen
ca3 · 1995 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
1 sentence

2012See Fashauer v. New Jersey Transit Rail Operations, Inc., 57 F.3d 1269, 1279 (3d Cir. 1995) (stating that when the employee is given a specific order—that is, where he or she is told to perform a specific task in a particular way "he is not contributorily negligent; rather his conduct falls under the abolished doctrine of assumption of risk.").

11
Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass'ngreen
neb · 1951 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
2 sentences

1997See, e.g., Walters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen's Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant's conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass'n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

1997See, e.g., Walters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen's Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant's conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass'n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

11
Moreno v. Marrsgreen
nmctapp · 1985 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
2 sentences

1997See, e.g., Walters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen's Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant's conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass'n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

1997See, e.g., Walters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen's Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant's conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass'n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

11
Steelman v. Lindgreen
nev · 1981 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
2 sentences

1997See, e.g., Walters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen's Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant's conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass'n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

1997See, e.g., Walters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen's Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant's conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass'n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

11
Walters v. Sloangreen
cal · 1977 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
2 sentences

1997See, e.g., Walters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen's Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant's conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass'n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

1997See, e.g., Walters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen's Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant's conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass'n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

11
Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc.green
lactapp · 1987 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
2 sentences

1997See, e.g., Watters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen’s Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant’s conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass’n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

1997See, e.g., Walters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen's Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant's conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass'n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

11
Henderson v. Ford Motor Companygreen
tex · 1974 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1976–1976
2 sentences

1976However, that person's "knowledge" of the risk was undisputed and the holding was based upon a finding that the voluntary encounter of the known and appreciated risk was "reasonable." This insertion of an "unreasonability" element into the assumption of risk doctrine was expressly disapproved in Henderson v. Ford Motor Co., 519 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tex. 1974).

1976However, that person’s “knowledge” of . the risk was undisputed and the holding was based upon a finding that the voluntary encounter of the known and appreciated risk was “reasonable.” This insertion of an “unreasonability” element into the assumption of risk doctrine was expressly disapproved in Henderson v. Ford Motor Co., 519 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tex. 1974).

11
Halepeska v. Callihan Interests, Inc.red
tex · 1963 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1976–1976
2 sentences

1976Halepeska v. Callihan Interests, Inc., 371 S.W.2d 368, 379 (Tex.1963).

1976Halepeska v. Callihan Interests, Inc., supra. Sometimes, however, that person may know such facts as to be charged with knowledge of the danger.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (14)

CaseCitedYears
Farley v. MM Cattle Company green
tex · 1975
2 sentences

2011With the adoption of [cjomparative negligence, the defense of contributory negligence and the defense of “Assumption of Risk” were both merged with comparative negligence and those defenses were abolished in Texas as confirmed in Farley v. MM Cattle Co., 529 S.W.2d 751 (Tex.1975), [sic] See also Chapter 33 of the Civil Practices and Remedies Code as Amended, 1995.

1993Farley v. M M Cattle Co. , 529 S.W.2d 751 (Tex. 1975).

31993–2011
Fordham v. Oldroyd green
utah · 2007
1 sentence

2025Fordham, 171 P.3d at 28 We have not previously considered whether to adopt a public-safety officer’s rule. 87 In 1996, the issue was presented to us in Juhl v. Airington, but we did not reach it. 88 Justice Gonzalez, joined by Justice Abbott, wrote separately to advocate for adopting the rule consistent with the “trend in other jurisdictions to extend the Rule beyond premises liability based on public policy.” 89 We do so now, 417 (Wilkins, C.J., concurring in part) (“[A]s states have abandoned the assumption of risk doctrine as part of the evolution of comparative negligence, so too have cour

12025–2025
Norfolk Southern Railway Co. v. Sorrell green
scotus · 2007
2 sentences

2016Co. v. Sorrell, 549 U.S. 158, 168 , 127 S.Ct. 799 , 166 L.Ed.2d 638 (2007) (“In Gottshall we ‘cataloged’ the ways in which FELA expressly departed from the common law: It abolished the fellow servant rule, rejected contributory negligence in favor of comparative negligence, prohibited employers from contracting around the Act, and abolished the assumption of risk defense.”).

2016Co. v. Sorrell, 549 U.S. 158, 168 , 127 S.Ct. 799 , 166 L.Ed.2d 638 (2007) (“In Gottshall we ‘cataloged’ the ways in which FELA expressly departed from the common law: It abolished the fellow servant rule, rejected contributory negligence in favor of comparative negligence, prohibited employers from contracting around the Act, and abolished the assumption of risk defense.”).

12016–2016
Connell v. Payne green
texapp · 1991
1 sentence

2014We further noted that the rationale for abolishing the assumption of risk defense did not apply in express consent cases. 1 Id.

12014–2014
Chrismon v. Brown green
texapp · 2008
1 sentence

2013Chrismon v. Brown, 246 S.W.3d 102 , 111 n. 9 (Tex.App.Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.) ("[T]here is a meaningful distinction between implied assumption of the risk — an affirmative defense that applies even if the defendant is negligent — and the inherent-risk doctrine, which is not an affirmative defense but a legal standard for determining whether a sports participant owes a duty at all.”). 39 .

12013–2013
Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co. v. Crouch green
va · 1968
2 sentences

1997See, e.g., Walters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen's Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant's conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass'n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

1997See, e.g., Walters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen's Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant's conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass'n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

11997–1997
Crouch v. Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co. green
scotus · 1968
2 sentences

1997See, e.g., Walters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen's Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant's conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass'n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

1997See, e.g., Walters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen's Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant's conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass'n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

11997–1997
Graham v. Colon green
scotus · 1968
2 sentences

1997See, e.g., Watters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen’s Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant’s conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass’n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

1997See, e.g., Walters v. Sloan, 20 Cal.3d 199 , 142 Cal.Rptr. 152 , 571 P.2d 609, 612 (1977) (holding that police officer summoned to party who suffered injuries while attempting to arrest drunken minor could not recover because he assumed risk); Chinigo v. Geismar Marine, Inc., 512 So.2d 487, 490-92 (La.Ct.App.1987) (concluding that Firemen's Rule bars only ordinary negligence actions based on assumption of risk and allowing police officer investigating chemical leak to recover when defendant's conduct was wanton); Wax v. Co-Operative Refinery Ass'n, 154 Neb. 805 , 49 N.W.2d 707, 709-10 (1951) (

11997–1997
Rhoads v. Service MacHine Company green
ared · 1971
2 sentences

1976Rhoads v. Service Machine Co., 329 F.Supp. 367 (E.D.Ark.1971).

1976Rhoads v. Service Machine Go., 329 F.Supp. 367 (E.D.Ark.1971).

11976–1976
Hillman-Kelley v. Pittman green
texapp · 1972
2 sentences

1976See: Henderson v. Ford Motor Co., supra, at 91; Hillman-Kelley v. Pittman, supra, 489 S.W.2d at 693 , and J. & W.

1976See: Henderson at 91 ; Hillman-Kelley v. Pittman, supra, 489 S.W.2d at 693 , and J. & W.

11976–1976
A. L. Messick and Wife, Elma Messick v. General Motors Corporation green
ca5 · 1972
2 sentences

1976The injured person was warned of the risk, but was held not to have assumed that risk, in Messick v. General Motors Corp., 460 F.2d 485 (5th Cir. 1972).

1976The injured person was warned of the risk, but was held not to have assumed that risk, in Messick v. General Motors Corp., 460 F.2d 485 (5th Cir. 1972).

11976–1976
Ellis v. Moore green
tex · 1966
2 sentences

1976Ellis v. Moore, supra. Again, the test is subjective.

1976Ellis v. Moore, supra. Again, the test is subjective.

11976–1976
Marshall v. Ranne green
tex · 1974
2 sentences

1974Marshall v. Ranne, 511 S.W.2d 255 (Tex.1974); Wood v. Kane Boiler Works, 150 Tex. 191, 201 , 238 S.W.2d 172, 178 (1951); Biscayne Texas Properties v. Miner, 502 S.W.2d 225 (Tex.Civ.App.1973, writ ref’d n. r. e.); Noel: Defective Products: Abnormal Use, Contributory Negligence, and Assumption of Risk, 25 Vand.L.Rev. 93, 126 (1972).

1974Marshall v. Ranne, 511 S.W.2d 255 (Tex.1974); Wood v. Kane Boiler Works, 150 Tex. 191, 201 , 238 S.W.2d 172, 178 (1951); Biscayne Texas Properties v. Miner, 502 S.W.2d 225 (Tex.Civ.App.1973, writ ref'd n. r. e.); Noel: Defective Products: Abnormal Use, Contributory Negligence, and Assumption of Risk, 25 Vand.L.Rev. 93, 126 (1972).

11974–1974
Biscayne Texas Properties v. Miner neutral
texapp · 1973
2 sentences

1974Marshall v. Ranne, 511 S.W.2d 255 (Tex.1974); Wood v. Kane Boiler Works, 150 Tex. 191, 201 , 238 S.W.2d 172, 178 (1951); Biscayne Texas Properties v. Miner, 502 S.W.2d 225 (Tex.Civ.App.1973, writ ref’d n. r. e.); Noel: Defective Products: Abnormal Use, Contributory Negligence, and Assumption of Risk, 25 Vand.L.Rev. 93, 126 (1972).

1974Marshall v. Ranne, 511 S.W.2d 255 (Tex.1974); Wood v. Kane Boiler Works, 150 Tex. 191, 201 , 238 S.W.2d 172, 178 (1951); Biscayne Texas Properties v. Miner, 502 S.W.2d 225 (Tex.Civ.App.1973, writ ref'd n. r. e.); Noel: Defective Products: Abnormal Use, Contributory Negligence, and Assumption of Risk, 25 Vand.L.Rev. 93, 126 (1972).

11974–1974

Where else courts name it

NY 313 (1927–2026) CA 206 (1909–2025) IL 55 (1909–2023) PA 45 (1910–2024) OH 42 (1941–2025) GA 39 (1934–2025) MD 34 (1963–2017) MI 29 (1910–2021) MS 29 (1955–2018) MN 28 (1952–2019) WA 26 (1948–2025) IA 24 (1903–2022) KS 23 (1915–2026) LA 21 (1937–2004) MO 20 (1904–1995) VA 17 (1916–2017) CT 16 (1942–2020) TX 15 (1972–2025) AZ 14 (1966–2013) IN 13 (1901–2011) NC 13 (1902–2025) FL 13 (1915–2013) UT 11 (1916–2021) OR 9 (1908–1984) NE 9 (1984–2020) CO 9 (1959–2020) WV 9 (1972–2001) DC 9 (1980–2013) ID 8 (1968–2025) SC 8 (1965–2025) HI 8 (1965–2023) NM 7 (1961–1996) MT 7 (1906–2016) AL 6 (1951–1994) NJ 6 (1911–2026) MA 6 (1907–2015) VT 6 (1912–1994) OK 6 (1913–1997) DE 6 (1978–2022) ND 6 (1923–1990) WY 6 (1967–2012) RI 6 (1980–2014) SD 5 (1935–2008) WI 4 (1949–2024) TN 4 (1928–1998) AR 4 (1932–2019) KY 4 (1952–2005) AK 4 (1968–1991) NH 2 (1924–2010) NV 2 (2017–2017)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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