alibi defense (Texas) · Go Syfert
← Texas issues

alibi defense in Texas

99 Texas opinions name it 3 courts 1972–2026 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (52)

CaseFollowedCited
Doherty v. Stategreen
texapp · 1989 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2015
2 sentences

2015See Butler, 716 S.W.2d at 55-56 (counsel failed to interview or call known fact and alibi witnesses or investigate other exculpatory evidence); Shelton, 841 S.W.2d at 527 (counsel failed to call alibi witness); Doherty v. State, 781 S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1989, no pet.) (counsel failed to subpoena any witnesses, failed to investigate a different possible suspect, an alibi witness, and fact witnesses); see also Ex parte Lilly, 656 S.W.2d 490, 493 (Tex. Crim.

2004See Butler, 716 S.W.2d at 55-56 (counsel failed to interview or call known fact and alibi witnesses or investigate other exculpatory evidence); Shelton, 841 S.W.2d at 527 (counsel failed to call alibi witness); Doherty v. State, 781 S.W.2d 439, 442 (TexApp.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1989, no pet.) (counsel failed to subpoena any witnesses, failed to investigate a different possible suspect, an alibi witness, and fact witnesses); see also Ex parte Lilly, 656 S.W.2d 490, 493 (Tex.Crim.App.1983) (counsel spent only minutes preparing for trial, did not conduct any investigation or call any witnesses); H

44
Butler v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1986 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2015
2 sentences

2015See Butler, 716 S.W.2d at 55-56 (counsel failed to interview or call known fact and alibi witnesses or investigate other exculpatory evidence); Shelton, 841 S.W.2d at 527 (counsel failed to call alibi witness); Doherty v. State, 781 S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1989, no pet.) (counsel failed to subpoena any witnesses, failed to investigate a different possible suspect, an alibi witness, and fact witnesses); see also Ex parte Lilly, 656 S.W.2d 490, 493 (Tex. Crim.

2004Returning to the issue of whether appellant satisfied the first prong of the Strickland test, the court of appeals noted that the failure to adequately investigate or to present an alibi defense has been held to constitute ineffective assistance of counsel on "many occasions." See , e.g. , Butler v. State , 716 S.W.2d 48, 55-56 (Tex. Crim.

44
Shelton v. Stategreen
texapp · 1992 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2015
2 sentences

2015See Butler, 716 S.W.2d at 55-56 (counsel failed to interview or call known fact and alibi witnesses or investigate other exculpatory evidence); Shelton, 841 S.W.2d at 527 (counsel failed to call alibi witness); Doherty v. State, 781 S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1989, no pet.) (counsel failed to subpoena any witnesses, failed to investigate a different possible suspect, an alibi witness, and fact witnesses); see also Ex parte Lilly, 656 S.W.2d 490, 493 (Tex. Crim.

2004See Butler, 716 S.W.2d at 55-56 (counsel failed to interview or call known fact and alibi witnesses or investigate other exculpatory evidence); Shelton, 841 S.W.2d at 527 (counsel failed to call alibi witness); Doherty v. State, 781 S.W.2d 439, 442 (TexApp.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1989, no pet.) (counsel failed to subpoena any witnesses, failed to investigate a different possible suspect, an alibi witness, and fact witnesses); see also Ex parte Lilly, 656 S.W.2d 490, 493 (Tex.Crim.App.1983) (counsel spent only minutes preparing for trial, did not conduct any investigation or call any witnesses); H

34
Strickland v. Washingtongreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2010
2 sentences

2010Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668, 688 , 104 S. Ct. 2052 , 2064 – 65 (1984); Andrews v. State , 159 S.W.3d 98, 102 (Tex. Crim.

2010Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668, 688 , 104 S. Ct. 2052 , 2064 – 65 (1984); Andrews v. State , 159 S.W.3d 98, 102 (Tex. Crim.

34
Ex Parte Lillygreen
texcrimapp · 1983 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2015
2 sentences

2015See Butler, 716 S.W.2d at 55-56 (counsel failed to interview or call known fact and alibi witnesses or investigate other exculpatory evidence); Shelton, 841 S.W.2d at 527 (counsel failed to call alibi witness); Doherty v. State, 781 S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1989, no pet.) (counsel failed to subpoena any witnesses, failed to investigate a different possible suspect, an alibi witness, and fact witnesses); see also Ex parte Lilly, 656 S.W.2d 490, 493 (Tex. Crim.

2004See Butler, 716 S.W.2d at 55-56 (counsel failed to interview or call known fact and alibi witnesses or investigate other exculpatory evidence); Shelton, 841 S.W.2d at 527 (counsel failed to call alibi witness); Doherty v. State, 781 S.W.2d 439, 442 (TexApp.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1989, no pet.) (counsel failed to subpoena any witnesses, failed to investigate a different possible suspect, an alibi witness, and fact witnesses); see also Ex parte Lilly, 656 S.W.2d 490, 493 (Tex.Crim.App.1983) (counsel spent only minutes preparing for trial, did not conduct any investigation or call any witnesses); H

33
Edward George McGregor v. Stategreen
texapp · 2012 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2015
2 sentences

2015See McGregor v. State, 394 S.W.3d 90 , 123–24 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. ref’d) (by requesting third-party-culpability issues 25 defendant “is essentially raising the defense of alibi”).

2014See McGregor v. State, 394 S.W.3d 90, 123-24 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet. ref d) (by requesting third-party-culpability issues defendant “is essentially raising the defense of alibi”).

33
Moore v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1985 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–2011
2 sentences

2011Moore v. State , 700 S.W.2d 193, 201 (Tex. Crim.

2007Moore v. State , 700 S.W.2d 193, 201 (Tex. Crim.

33
Dickey v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1983 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1987–2021
2 sentences

2021See Dickey v. State, 646 S.W.2d 232, 233 (Tex. Crim.

2013See Dickey, 646 S.W.2d at 233 (holding that an alibi defense raises an issue regarding identity).

24
Johnson v. Stategreen
texapp · 2004 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2009–2019
2 sentences

2019App. 1974) (holding that eyewitness identification of a defendant was sufficient to support his conviction despite alibi testimony that the jury was free to reject); Johnson v. State, 176 S.W.3d 74, 78 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d) (“Although appellant presented an alibi defense, what weight to give contradictory testimonial evidence is within the sole province of the jury, as it turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.”).

2018See Ford, 509 S.W.2d at 318 ; Kesaria, 148 S.W.3d at 640 ; see also Johnson v. State, 176 S.W.3d 74, 78 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. ref'd) (“Although appellant presented an alibi defense, what weight to give contradictory testimonial evidence is within the sole province of the jury, as it turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.”).

24
Cain v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1997 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2009
2 sentences

2009Johnson , 176 S.W.3d at 78 (citing Cain , 958 S.W.2d at 408–09).

2009Addressing the identification testimony in a neutral light, we observe that while Carlos was tentative in his identification of Powell, (5) Norma was not. (6) Although Powell presented an alibi defense, "what weight to give contradictory testimonial evidence is within the sole province of the jury, as it turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor." Johnson , 176 S.W.3d at 78 (citing Cain , 958 S.W.2d at 408-09 )).

24
Randolph, Emanuell Glenngreen
texcrimapp · 2011 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2026
2 sentences

2026As Randolph instructs, “comments about the failure to testify are permissible if they are a ‘fair response’ to the defendant’s claims or assertions.” Id.

2015Id. at 895 (noting that “the prosecutor may comment upon the testimony actually given during the guilt stage and that is not construed as a comment on the defendant’s choice to remain silent during the punishment stage”).

23
Giesberg v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1998 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2013
2 sentences

2013See Geisberg, 984 S.W.2d at 251 (holding that appellant was not entitled to an alibi instruction because an alibi defense simply contends the appellant did not commit the crime); Ortiz, 93 S.W.3d at 92 (holding that defense theory contending victim committed suicide simply negated an element of the State’s case).

2013See Geisberg, 984 S.W.2d at 251 (holding that appellant was not entitled to an alibi instruction because an alibi defense simply contends the appellant did not commit the crime); Ortiz, 93 S.W.3d at 92 (holding that defense theory contending victim committed suicide simply negated an element of the State’s case).

23
Boutwell v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1985 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1988–1991
2 sentences

1991Extraneous offenses unrelated to the specifics or to any aspect of the alibi defense are not admissible under a theory that they rebut that alibi defense.” Boutwell, 719 S.W.2d at 180 .

1988The Boutwell opinion went on to hold that the “expansion” in McDonald and Johnston was erroneous and that it was inappropriate to admit evidence of extraneous sex offenses committed by the defendant against a third party to show “probability” and “unnatural attention.” In Boutwell, supra, at 179 (opinion on rehearing), it was stated: “We reiterate the ‘probability’ and ‘unnatural attention’ language as justification for admitting extraneous sexual acts between a defendant and a third party is inappropriate and incorrect.

23
Drake v. Stategreen
texapp · 1993 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2022
2 sentences

2022Drake v. State, 860 S.W.2d 182, 185 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, pet. ref’d).

2004Drake v. State , 860 S.W.2d 182, 185 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, pet. ref’d).

22
Jordan v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1994 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2013
2 sentences

2013App. 2000) (holding that the appellant‘s bare assertions, including those of ineffective assistance of counsel, did not entitle him to a hearing on his motion for new trial; the appellant did not allege what further investigation counsel should have conducted, who his alibi witness was, or how an alibi defense could have been persuasive); Jordan, 883 S.W.2d at 665 (holding that the appellant‘s affidavit was conclusory in nature because he failed to say why counsel‘s investigation was deficient, or what any further investigation would have revealed; therefore, the motion for new trial was not s

2007App. 2000) (holding that trial court did not err in refusing a hearing when motion for new trial and affidavit failed to explain what investigation trial counsel should have conducted regarding alibi witness, who appellant = s alleged alibi witness was, or how an alibi defense could have been persuasive given the evidence); Jordan v. State, 883 S.W.2d 664, 665 (Tex. Crim.

22
In Re KJOgreen
texapp · 2000 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008See In re K.J.O., 27 S.W.3d 340, 345 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2000, pet. denied) (concluding attorney wholly failed to investigate the appellant’s involvement in offense and reasonable probability existed that had appellant’s trial counsel questioned the available wit nesses, appellant could have established an alibi and the result of the proceeding would have been different); Thomas, 768 S.W.2d at 337 (holding claim for ineffective assistance of counsel was supported by attorney’s failure to call witnesses for defense of consent in case of aggravated sexual assault).

2008See In re K.J.O., 27 S.W.3d at 345 .

22
State v. Thomasgreen
texapp · 1989 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008See In re K.J.O., 27 S.W.3d 340, 345 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2000, pet. denied) (concluding attorney wholly failed to investigate the appellant’s involvement in offense and reasonable probability existed that had appellant’s trial counsel questioned the available wit nesses, appellant could have established an alibi and the result of the proceeding would have been different); Thomas, 768 S.W.2d at 337 (holding claim for ineffective assistance of counsel was supported by attorney’s failure to call witnesses for defense of consent in case of aggravated sexual assault).

2008See In re K.J.O. , 27 S.W.3d 340, 345 (Tex. App. C Dallas 2000, pet. denied) (concluding attorney wholly failed to investigate the appellant = s involvement in offense and reasonable probability existed that had appellant = s trial counsel questioned the available witnesses, appellant could have established an alibi and the result of the proceeding would have been different); Thomas , 768 S.W.2d at 337 (holding claim for ineffective assistance of counsel was supported by attorney = s failure to call witnesses for defense of consent in case of aggravated sexual assault).

22
Bruce v. Stategreen
texapp · 1985 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002Mayfield v. State, 803 S.W.2d 859, 867 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1991, no pet.); Bruce v. State, 707 S.W.2d 651, 652 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1985, pet. ref'd).

2002Mayfield v. State , 803 S.W.2d 859, 867 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1991, no pet.); Bruce v. State , 707 S.W.2d 651, 652 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1985, pet. ref'd).

22
Mayfield v. Stategreen
texapp · 1991 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002Mayfield v. State, 803 S.W.2d 859, 867 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1991, no pet.); Bruce v. State, 707 S.W.2d 651, 652 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1985, pet. ref'd).

2002Mayfield v. State , 803 S.W.2d 859, 867 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1991, no pet.); Bruce v. State , 707 S.W.2d 651, 652 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1985, pet. ref'd).

22
Hines v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1978 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1992–1997
2 sentences

1997Poullard v. State, 833 S.W.2d 273, 277 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. refd), citing Hines v. State, 571 S.W.2d 322, 325 (Tex.Crim.App., 1978).

1992Hines v. State, 571 S.W.2d 322, 325 (Tex.Crim.App.1978); Baize, 790 S.W.2d at 64 .

22
Esparza v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2009 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2021
2 sentences

2021See id. at 922 .

2017Id. at 916-17 .

12
Arney v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1979 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1997–1998
2 sentences

1998Arney v. State, 580 S.W.2d 836, 840 (Tex.Cr.App.1979); and Windham v. State, 162 Tex.Crim. 580 , 288 S.W.2d 73, 76 (1956). [1] Narrowing when an alibi instruction is required, this Court held the instruction must only be given when the defendant additionally offers affirmative evidence as to his presence elsewhere.

1998Arney v. State, 580 S.W.2d 836, 840 (Tex.Cr.App.1979); and Windham v. State, 162 Tex.Crim. 580 , 288 S.W.2d 73, 76 (1956). 1 Narrowing when an alibi instruction is required, this Court held the instruction must only be given when the defendant additionally offers affirmative evidence as to his presence elsewhere.

12
Wintters v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1981 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1987–1991
2 sentences

1991Dickey, 646 S.W.2d at 233 ; Wintters v. State, 616 S.W.2d 197, 200 (Tex.Crim.App.1981); Wysner v. State, 763 S.W.2d 790, 792 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1987, pet. ref’d).

1987Dickey v. State, 646 S.W.2d at 233 ; Wintters v. State, 616 S.W.2d 197 (Tex.Crim.App.1981); Jones v. State, 587 S.W.2d at 120.

12
Lumpkin v. Stategreen
texapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Petrick v. Stategreen
texapp · 1992 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Deaton v. Stategreen
texapp · 1997 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
Perez v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
McFarland v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Ford v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1974 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Ex Parte Patricia Foster Skeltongreen
texapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Davis v. Alaskagreen
scotus · 1974 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Kroger Texas Ltd. Partnership v. Suberugreen
tex · 2006 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Klapesky v. Stategreen
texapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Keeter v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Ortiz v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Flowers v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Rocky Mountain Radar, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commissiongreen
scotus · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Giesberg v. Texasgreen
scotus · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Walters v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Hudson v. Stategreen
texapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (28)

CaseCitedYears
Brown v. State green
texcrimapp · 1988
2 sentences

2025Id. at 740 .

2007Id. at 740 .

42003–2025
In the Matter of I.R. green
texapp · 2003
2 sentences

2007Id.

2006Id.

42006–2007
Silva v. State green
texapp · 1996
2 sentences

2004In Silva , on which appellant elsewhere relies, the defendant Silva presented an alibi defense at trial, contending he was not at the crime scene and the State's witness who identified him as being there was mistaken. 933 S.W.2d at 718 .

2004In Silva , on which appellant elsewhere relies, the defendant Silva presented an alibi defense at trial, contending he was not at the crime scene and the State’s witness who identified him as being there was mistaken. 933 S.W.2d at 718 .

32004–2004
Vaughn v. State green
texcrimapp · 1975
2 sentences

1979The State asserts only that the transaction was admissible because it “tended to refute the alibi defense by reflecting on the credibility of the alibi witnesses,” and “the ultimate issue in this case was whose witnesses were telling the truth.” The only case cited in the State’s brief is Vaughn v. State, 530 S.W.2d 558 (Tex.Cr.

1979Collins v. State, 548 S.W.2d 368 (Tex.Cr.App.1976); Vaughn v. State, 530 S.W.2d 558 (Tex.Cr.App.1975); Lee v. State, supra. Since in the case at bar appellant denied that he committed the offense and offered an alibi defense, identity is a controverted issue.

31979–1983
Vessels v. State green
texcrimapp · 1971
2 sentences

1983See Rubio, supra, (defendant in rape case later raised defense of consent); Jones v. State, 587 S.W.2d 115 (Tex.Cr.App.1979) (defendant subsequently raised an alibi defense in a rape case); Vessels v. State, 467 S.W.2d 259 (Tex.Cr.App.1971) (defendant subsequently presented an alibi defense).

1980Thus, in Vessels v. State, Tex.Cr.App., 467 S.W.2d 259 , we held that where no question of identity was presented, error, if any, in the introduction of two extraneous offenses was rendered harmless when the defendant subsequently presented an alibi defense.

31979–1983
Robert Wilson v. United States green
cadc · 1968
2 sentences

2007Id . (citing Wilson v. United States , 391 F.2d 460 (D.C.

2007Id. (citing Wilson v. United States, 391 F.2d 460 (D.C.Cir.1968)).

22007–2007
Williams v. State green
texcrimapp · 1974
2 sentences

1995In Williams v. State, 504 S.W.2d 477 (Tex.Cr.App.1974), this Court again upheld the denial of a new trial on lack of probable truth where there were discrepancies in the new evidence and circumstances which might cast a shadow on its veracity.

1979In Williams v. State, 504 S.W.2d 477 (Tex.Cr.App.1974), this Court again upheld the denial of a new trial on lack of probable truth where there were .discrepancies in the new evidence and circumstances which might cast a shadow on its veracity.

21979–1995
Ransom v. State green
texcrimapp · 1974
21975–1979
Stone v. State green
texapp · 2000
12018–2018
Garcia v. State green
texapp · 2009
12018–2018
Kesaria v. State green
texapp · 2004
12018–2018
James Earl Lemons v. State green
texapp · 2013
12018–2018
Brown v. State green
texapp · 1998
12018–2018
Sullivan v. Louisiana green
scotus · 1993
12015–2015
Carrero-Vasquez v. State green
mdctspecapp · 2013
12015–2015
Harley Maurice Bryan v. United States green
ca5 · 1967
12015–2015
Robert L. Strauss v. United States green
ca5 · 1967
12015–2015
Leonard L. Bursten v. United States green
ca5 · 1968
12015–2015
Lankord v. State green
texcrimapp · 1923
12015–2015
Crawford v. Washington green
scotus · 2004
12014–2014
Page v. State green
texcrimapp · 2004
12012–2012
Jabari v. State green
texapp · 2008
12012–2012
Jackson v. State green
texcrimapp · 1977
12007–2007
Espinosa v. State green
texapp · 2006
12007–2007
Wallace v. State green
texcrimapp · 2003
12007–2007
Ward v. State green
texapp · 2001
12006–2006
Howland v. State green
· 1999
12004–2004
Siqueiros v. State green
texcrimapp · 1985
12002–2002

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Penal Code § 6.03 (6) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 1.07 (5) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 29.02 (5) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 22.02 (4) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 29.03 (4) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 30.02 (4) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 19.02 (3) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 21.11 (3) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 22.01 (3) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 42.092 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 337 (1910–2026) IL 273 (1934–2026) PA 213 (1933–2026) CA 167 (1922–2026) GA 158 (1911–2025) MI 140 (1926–2026) MO 131 (1893–2025) TX 99 (1972–2026) OH 96 (1977–2026) MS 94 (1951–2025) TN 86 (1970–2026) IN 85 (1902–2019) NJ 77 (1964–2026) CT 70 (1974–2024) FL 65 (1935–2025) WA 49 (1949–2025) KS 47 (1938–2025) MD 46 (1974–2022) MA 41 (1970–2023) WI 40 (1967–2026) OR 39 (1926–2026) AL 36 (1922–2025) AZ 35 (1945–2026) IA 34 (1911–2023) NC 31 (1973–2024) DC 29 (1972–2008) CO 28 (1947–2025) WV 28 (1930–2021) NM 26 (1968–2025) VA 24 (1978–2026) UT 23 (1911–2022) SC 22 (1974–2023) NE 21 (1897–2024) DE 20 (1979–2025) LA 20 (1975–2025) SD 16 (1945–2007) OK 16 (1933–1998) HI 15 (1983–2017) NH 15 (1984–2024) MN 14 (1953–2023) MT 12 (1978–2017) VT 11 (1979–2014) ID 10 (1972–2025) AK 10 (1978–2025) WY 9 (1977–2004) ND 7 (1980–2018) NV 7 (1971–2020) AR 6 (1983–2017) KY 5 (1961–2023) ME 4 (1977–2013) GU 3 (1978–2022) RI 3 (1979–1986)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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