avoidance or affirmative defense (Texas) · Go Syfert
← Texas issues

avoidance or affirmative defense in Texas

88 Texas opinions name it 3 courts 1945–2025 10 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (52)

CaseFollowedCited
Reid v. Associated Employers Lloydsgreen
texapp · 1942 · cited in 10 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1946–2009
2 sentences

2009Reid v. Associated Employers Lloyds, 164 S.W.2d 584, 585 (Tex.Civ.App.-Fort Worth 1942, writ ref'd); see Gorman v. Life Ins.

2009“The purpose of Rule 94 . . . is to require the defendant to announce in his pleadings what his defense will be . . . and to give plaintiff the opportunity of knowing what character of proof he may need to meet the defenses pleaded.” Reid v. Associated Employers Lloyds, 164 S.W.2d 584, 585 (Tex.Civ.App.– Fort Worth 1942, writ ref’d); see also Davis v. City of San Antonio, 752 S.W.2d 518, 519 (Tex. 1988).

710
Davis v. City of San Antoniogreen
tex · 1988 · cited in 6 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1990–2009
2 sentences

1992Although the defense is not among the affirmative defenses listed in Tex. R.Civ.P. 94, I agree with the Court that it is, in the language of the rule, “a matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense.” See also Davis v. City of San Antonio, 752 S.W.2d 518, 519-520 (Tex. 1988) (governmental immunity is an affirmative defense).

1992Although the defense is not among the affirmative defenses listed in Tex. R.Civ.P. 94, I agree with the Court that it is, in the language of the rule, "a matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense." See also Davis v. City of San Antonio, 752 S.W.2d 518, 519-520 (Tex. 1988) (governmental immunity is an affirmative defense).

66
The STATE BAR OF TEXAS v. Dolenzgreen
texapp · 1999 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2018
2 sentences

2018Id. at 262-64, 270 (“[W]hether Vail’s consent to his business transaction with Dolenz was made after he received full disclosure . . . is in the nature of an avoidance or affirmative defense to professional misconduct. . . .

2011See Tex. Disciplinary Rules Prof’l Conduct R . 1.06(b), (c); State Bar of Tex. v. Dolenz , 3 S.W.3d 260, 270 (Tex. App. — Dallas 1999, no pet.) (“[T]he exception [Rule 1.06(c)] to the rule [Rule 1.06(b)] is in the nature of an avoidance or affirmative defense to professional misconduct.”).

45
Woods v. William M. Mercer, Inc.green
tex · 1988 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2014
2 sentences

2013P. 94 (requiring the affirmative pleading of any matter “constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense”); Woods, 769 S.W.2d at 518 (holding that the discovery rule must be affirmatively pleaded); Hall v. Stephenson, 919 S.W.2d 454, 465 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1996, writ denied) (stating that a plaintiff must affirmatively plead the Hughes tolling rule); John H.

2013P. 94 (requiring the affirmative pleading of any matter ―constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense‖); Woods, 769 S.W.2d at 518 (holding that the discovery rule must be affirmatively pleaded); Hall v. Stephenson, 919 S.W.2d 454, 465 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996, writ denied) (stating that a plaintiff must affirmatively plead the Hughes tolling rule); John H.

45
Texas Beef Cattle Co. v. Greengreen
tex · 1996 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2015
2 sentences

2015P. 94 (requiring that a party plead various affirmative defenses, including “any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense’’); Tex. Beef Cattle Co. v. Green, 921 S.W.2d 203, 212 (Tex. 1996) (noting that affirmative defenses seek to establish independent reasons why the plaintiff should not recover).

2010See Rodgers v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 151 S.W.3d 602, 615-16 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied) (concluding attorney’s argument that he was not required to submit his advertisement for review because it fit one of the exceptions to Disciplinary Rule 7.07(b) constituted an affirmative defense); State Bar of Tex. v. Dolenz, 3 S.W.3d 260, 267 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1999, no pet.) (concluding *319 attorney’s assertion that the client had consented after full disclosure was a matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense to the allegation that he had entered into an improper busines

33
Robinson v. Granite Equipment Leasing Corp.green
texapp · 1977 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1992–2015
2 sentences

2015Leasing Corp., 553 S.W.2d 633, 637 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1977, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Walter E.

2015Leasing Corp., 553 S.W.2d 633, 637 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1977, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Walter E.

33
Unifund CCR Partners v. Weavergreen
tex · 2008 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010P. 94 ("In pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively . . . any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense"); see e.g., Unifund CCR Partners v. Weaver , 262 S.W.3d 796, 798 (Tex. 2008); Woods v. State , 769 S.W.2d 515, 517-18 (Tex. 1988). 23. 157 Tex. Crim. at 440 ; see also Fitzgerald v. State , 782 S.W.2d 876, 884 (Tex. Crim.

2010P. 94 ("In pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively ... any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense”); see e.g., Unifund CCR Partners v. Weaver, 262 S.W.3d 796, 798 (Tex.2008); Woods v. William M.

33
Fitzgerald v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1990 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010P. 94 ("In pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively . . . any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense"); see e.g., Unifund CCR Partners v. Weaver , 262 S.W.3d 796, 798 (Tex. 2008); Woods v. State , 769 S.W.2d 515, 517-18 (Tex. 1988). 23. 157 Tex. Crim. at 440 ; see also Fitzgerald v. State , 782 S.W.2d 876, 884 (Tex. Crim.

2010P. 94 (“In pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively . . . any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense”); see e.g., Unifund CCR Partners v. Weaver, 262 S.W.3d 796, 798 (Tex. 2008); Woods v. State, 769 S.W.2d 515, 517-18 (Tex. 1988). 23 157 Tex. Crim. at 440 ; see also Fitzgerald v. State, 782 S.W.2d 876, 884 (Tex. Crim.

33
Brantley v. Ettergreen
texapp · 1983 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2010
2 sentences

2010Brantley v. Etter, 662 S.W.2d 752, 757 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1983), writ ref’d n.r.e., 677 S.W.2d 503 (Tex. 1984) (citing Mid-Tex Constr.

2010Brantley v. Etter, 662 S.W.2d 752, 757 (Tex.App.San Antonio 1983), writ ref`d n.r.e., 677 S.W.2d 503 (Tex.1984) (citing Mid-Tex Constr.

33
Jim Walter Homes, Inc. v. Reedgreen
tex · 1986 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005See Jim Walter Homes , 711 S.W.2d at 617-18 .

2005See Jim Walter Homes, 711 S.W.2d at 617-18 .

33
Parks v. Developers Surety & Indemnity Co.green
texapp · 2010 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2022
2 sentences

2022Co., 302 S.W.3d 920 , 923–24 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.); see also Phil.

2010Co. , 302 S.W.3d 920, 924 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.).

23
Shoemake v. Fogel, Ltd.green
tex · 1992 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2025
2 sentences

2025However, “Rule 94’s requirement of pleading is not absolute,” including where a defense “is apparent on the face of the petition and established as a matter of law.” Shoemake v. Fogel, Ltd., 826 S.W.2d 933, 937 (Tex. 1992).

2010P. 94 (noting a party must affirmatively plead any matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense); Shoemake v. Fogel, Ltd,., 826 S.W.2d 933, 937 (Tex.1992); Posey v. Sw.

22
Swinehart v. Stubbeman, McRae, Sealy, Laughlin & Browder, Inc.green
texapp · 2001 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2024
2 sentences

2024P. 94 (“In pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively . . . statute of frauds . . . and any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense.”); Ramji, 2019 WL 2455620 , at *7; Swinehart v. Stubbeman, McRae, Sealy, Laughlin & Browder, Inc., 48 S.W.3d 865, 875 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied). 13 Here, as the trial court noted, Louison did not plead the affirmative defense of statute of frauds.

2023P. 94 (“In pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively . . . statute of frauds . . . and any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense.”); Ramji, 2019 WL 2455620 , at *7; Swinehart v. Stubbeman, McRae, Sealy, Laughlin & Browder, Inc., 48 S.W.3d 865, 875 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied).

22
Brazos River Authority v. City of Grahamgreen
tex · 1961 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015P. 94 (in pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively fraud, illegality, and any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense); Brazos River Authority v. Graham, 354 S.W.2d 99, 111 (Tex. 1961) (affirmative defense is waived if not pleaded); Oilwell Div., United States Steel Corp. v. Fryer, 493 S.W.2d 487, 490 (Tex. 1973) (fraud is an affirmative defense); Williams v. Walker, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 3034 , *11, 2004 WL 691637 (Tex.App.–Waco 2004, pet. 22 den.) (forgery is an affirmative defense).

2015P. 94 (in pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively fraud, illegality, and any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense); Brazos River Authority v. Graham, 354 S.W.2d 99, 111 (Tex. 1961) (affirmative defense is waived if not pleaded); Oilwell Div., United States Steel Corp. v. Fryer, 493 S.W.2d 487, 490 (Tex. 1973) (fraud is an affirmative defense); Williams v. Walker, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 3034 , *11, 2004 WL 691637 (Tex.App.–Waco 2004, pet. 22 den.) (forgery is an affirmative defense).

22
Oilwell Division, United States Steel Corp. v. Fryergreen
tex · 1973 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015P. 94 (in pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively fraud, illegality, and any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense); Brazos River Authority v. Graham, 354 S.W.2d 99, 111 (Tex. 1961) (affirmative defense is waived if not pleaded); Oilwell Div., United States Steel Corp. v. Fryer, 493 S.W.2d 487, 490 (Tex. 1973) (fraud is an affirmative defense); Williams v. Walker, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 3034 , *11, 2004 WL 691637 (Tex.App.–Waco 2004, pet. 22 den.) (forgery is an affirmative defense).

2015P. 94 (in pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively fraud, illegality, and any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense); Brazos River Authority v. Graham, 354 S.W.2d 99, 111 (Tex. 1961) (affirmative defense is waived if not pleaded); Oilwell Div., United States Steel Corp. v. Fryer, 493 S.W.2d 487, 490 (Tex. 1973) (fraud is an affirmative defense); Williams v. Walker, 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 3034 , *11, 2004 WL 691637 (Tex.App.–Waco 2004, pet. 22 den.) (forgery is an affirmative defense).

22
In Re Bahngreen
texapp · 2000 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013P. 94 (“In pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively . . . laches . . . and any 9 other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense.”); In re Bahn, 13 S.W.3d 865, 871 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, orig. proceeding).

2013P. 94 (“In pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively . . . laches . . . and any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense.”); In re Bahn , 13 S.W.3d 865, 871 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, orig. proceeding).

22
Quantum Chemical Corp. v. Toenniesgreen
tex · 2001 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012Corp. v. Toennies, 47 S.W.3d 473, 481 (Tex.2001) (“It is the de fendant’s burden to plead and request instructions on an affirmative defense.”).

2012Corp. v. Toennies, 47 S.W.3d 473, 481 (Tex. 2001) (“It is the defendant’s burden to plead and request instructions on an affirmative defense.”).

22
Rodgers v. Commission for Lawyer Disciplinegreen
texapp · 2004 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See Rodgers v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 151 S.W.3d 602 , 615- -9- 04-10-00121-CV 16 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied) (concluding attorney’s argument that he was not required to submit his advertisement for review because it fit one of the exceptions to Disciplinary Rule 7.07(b) constituted an affirmative defense); State Bar of Tex. v. Dolenz, 3 S.W.3d 260, 267 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1999, no pet.) (concluding attorney’s assertion that the client had consented after full disclosure was a matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense to the allegation that he had entered into a

2010See Rodgers v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 151 S.W.3d 602, 615-16 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied) (concluding attorney’s argument that he was not required to submit his advertisement for review because it fit one of the exceptions to Disciplinary Rule 7.07(b) constituted an affirmative defense); State Bar of Tex. v. Dolenz, 3 S.W.3d 260, 267 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1999, no pet.) (concluding *319 attorney’s assertion that the client had consented after full disclosure was a matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense to the allegation that he had entered into an improper busines

22
Decker v. Urrutiagreen
texapp · 1998 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008Decker v. Urrutia , 965 S.W.2d 26, 27-28 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1998), rev'd on other grounds , 992 S.W.2d 440 (Tex. 1999); see Durham v. Uvalde Rock Asphalt Co ., 599 S.W.2d 866, 869 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1980, no writ); see also Centerpoint Energy Houston Elec.

2008Decker v. Urrutia, 965 S.W.2d 26, 27-28 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998), rev’d on other grounds, 992 S.W.2d 440 (Tex.1999); see Durham v. Uvalde Rock Asphalt Co., 599 S.W.2d 866, 869 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1980, no writ); see also CenterPoint Energy Houston Elec.

22
Durham v. Uvalde Rock Asphalt Co.green
texapp · 1980 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008Decker v. Urrutia , 965 S.W.2d 26, 27-28 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1998), rev'd on other grounds , 992 S.W.2d 440 (Tex. 1999); see Durham v. Uvalde Rock Asphalt Co ., 599 S.W.2d 866, 869 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1980, no writ); see also Centerpoint Energy Houston Elec.

2008Decker v. Urrutia, 965 S.W.2d 26, 27-28 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998), rev’d on other grounds, 992 S.W.2d 440 (Tex.1999); see Durham v. Uvalde Rock Asphalt Co., 599 S.W.2d 866, 869 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1980, no writ); see also CenterPoint Energy Houston Elec.

22
Cole v. Johnsongreen
texapp · 2005 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006P. 94 (stating party shall set forth affirmatively release and any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense); Cole v. Johnson, 157 S.W.3d 856, 862 (Tex.App.Fort Worth 2005, no pet.) (stating hold-harmless agreement is synonymous with release). 19 In summary, we hold the evidence is legally sufficient to support the trial court’s implied finding that Pro-Tech promised to perform mold remediation, post-remediation testing, and to remediate the home’s contents and rebuild the structure, but did not do so.

2006P. 94 (stating party shall set forth affirmatively release and any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense); Cole v. Johnson , 157 S.W.3d 856, 862 (Tex. App. C Fort Worth 2005, no pet.) (stating hold-harmless agreement is synonymous with release). [19] In summary, we hold the evidence is legally sufficient to support the trial court = s implied finding that Pro-Tech promised to perform mold remediation, post-remediation testing, and to remediate the home = s contents and rebuild the structure, but did not do so.

22
Mirta Zorrilla v. Aypco Construction II, LLC and Jose Luis Munozgreen
tex · 2015 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2021
2 sentences

2021II, LLC, 469 S.W.3d 143, 155 (Tex. 2015) (quoting TEX.

2019II, LLC , 469 S.W.3d 143 , 155-56 (Tex. 2015) (quoting affirmative defense , BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2009)).

14
Kimbro v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1952 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010P. 94 ("In pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively . . . any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense"); see e.g., Unifund CCR Partners v. Weaver , 262 S.W.3d 796, 798 (Tex. 2008); Woods v. State , 769 S.W.2d 515, 517-18 (Tex. 1988). 23. 157 Tex. Crim. at 440 ; see also Fitzgerald v. State , 782 S.W.2d 876, 884 (Tex. Crim.

2010P. 94 (“In pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively . . . any other matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense”); see e.g., Unifund CCR Partners v. Weaver, 262 S.W.3d 796, 798 (Tex. 2008); Woods v. State, 769 S.W.2d 515, 517-18 (Tex. 1988). 23 157 Tex. Crim. at 440 ; see also Fitzgerald v. State, 782 S.W.2d 876, 884 (Tex. Crim.

13
Carter v. Eighth Ward Bankgreen
nysupct · 1900 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010App. 1990) (“Necessity is a traditional defense at common law, and is now included in most revised penal codes.”). 24 Kimbro, 157 Tex. Crim. 440 . 25 Id. (citing Carter v. The Eighth Ward Bank, 67 N.Y.S. 300 (N.Y.

2010Mercer, Inc., 769 S.W.2d 515, 517-18 (Tex. 1988). [23] 157 Tex.Crim. at 440 , 249 S.W.2d 919 ; see also Fitzgerald v. State, 782 S.W.2d 876, 884 (Tex.Crim.App.1990) ("Necessity is a traditional defense at common law, and is now included in most revised penal codes."). [24] Kimbro, 157 Tex.Crim. at 440 , 249 S.W.2d 919 . [25] Id. (citing Carter v. The Eighth Ward Bank, 33 Misc. 128 , 67 N.Y.S. 300 (N.Y.S.Ct.1900)) (emphasis in original). [26] Shaw, 243 S.W.3d at 659 ; Ex parte Nailor, 149 S.W.3d at 132-33 ; Giesberg v. State, 984 S.W.2d 245, 249-50 (Tex.Crim.App.1998); Sanders v. State, 707 S.W

12
Williams v. Glashgreen
tex · 1990 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Raider Ranch, LP and Raider Ranch, GP, LLC v. Lugano, Ltd., A&L Sharif Family, LP, and Mamoush, Ltd.green
texapp · 2019 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Rice Food Markets, Inc. v. Williamsgreen
texapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Kinnear v. Texas Commission on Human Rights Ex Rel. Halegreen
tex · 2000 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Willacy Cnty. Appraisal Dist. v. Sebastian Cotton & Grain, Ltd.green
tex · 2018 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Heblen Kanan, Pharr Plantation Inc. and Pharr Plantation Management Co., Ltd. v. Plantation Homeowner's Association, Inc.green
texapp · 2013 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
New York Party Shuttle, LLC v. John Bilellogreen
texapp · 2013 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Ramsey v. Grizzlegreen
texapp · 2010 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Carl Storck and Vicki Storck v. Tres Lagos Property Owners Association, Inc.green
texapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Ex Parte Rieckgreen
texcrimapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Hewitt v. Biscarogreen
texapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Genesis Tax Loan Services, Inc. v. Kothmanngreen
tex · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Hall v. Stephensongreen
texapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Shaw v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
Giesberg v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
Posey v. Southwestern Bell Yellow Pages, Inc.green
texapp · 1994 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (28)

CaseCitedYears
Johnson Engineers, Inc. v. Tri-Water Supply Corp. green
texapp · 1979
2 sentences

2015Penalty is, in the language of the rule, a “matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense.” Johnson, 582 S.W.2d at 557 ; Oetting, 553 S.W.2d at 795–796; Robinson v. Granite Equip.

2015Penalty is, in the language of the rule, a “matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense.” Johnson, 582 S.W.2d at 557 ; Oetting, 553 S.W.2d at 795–796; Robinson v. Granite Equip.

31992–2015
Oetting v. Flake Uniform & Linen Service, Inc. green
texapp · 1977
2 sentences

2015Penalty is, in the language of the rule, a “matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense.” Johnson, 582 S.W.2d at 557 ; Oetting, 553 S.W.2d at 795–796; Robinson v. Granite Equip.

2015Penalty is, in the language of the rule, a “matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense.” Johnson, 582 S.W.2d at 557 ; Oetting, 553 S.W.2d at 795–796; Robinson v. Granite Equip.

31992–2015
Brantley v. Etter green
tex · 1984
2 sentences

2010Brantley v. Etter, 662 S.W.2d 752, 757 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1983), writ ref’d n.r.e., 677 S.W.2d 503 (Tex. 1984) (citing Mid-Tex Constr.

2010Brantley v. Etter, 662 S.W.2d 752, 757 (Tex.App.San Antonio 1983), writ ref`d n.r.e., 677 S.W.2d 503 (Tex.1984) (citing Mid-Tex Constr.

32008–2010
Gorman v. Life Insurance Co. of North America green
tex · 1991
2 sentences

2009“Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 94 requires that matters constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense must be set forth affirmatively.” Gorman, 811 S.W.2d at 546 n.8.

2009"Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 94 requires that matters constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense must be set forth affirmatively." Gorman , 811 S.W.2d at 546 n.8.

32009–2009
Urrutia v. Decker green
tex · 1999
2 sentences

2008Decker v. Urrutia , 965 S.W.2d 26, 27-28 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1998), rev'd on other grounds , 992 S.W.2d 440 (Tex. 1999); see Durham v. Uvalde Rock Asphalt Co ., 599 S.W.2d 866, 869 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1980, no writ); see also Centerpoint Energy Houston Elec.

2008Decker v. Urrutia, 965 S.W.2d 26, 27-28 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998), rev’d on other grounds, 992 S.W.2d 440 (Tex.1999); see Durham v. Uvalde Rock Asphalt Co., 599 S.W.2d 866, 869 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1980, no writ); see also CenterPoint Energy Houston Elec.

22008–2008
Puckett v. U.S. Fire Insurance Co. green
tex · 1984
2 sentences

2006Id.

2006Id.

22006–2006
Mohammed T. Jamshed v. McLane Express, INC. D/B/A the C. D. Hartnett Company green
texapp · 2014
12025–2025
Gerald Byron Barras v. Leslea Loring Barras green
texapp · 2013
12023–2023
Cincinnati Life Insurance Co. v. Cates green
tex · 1996
12019–2019
Honeycutt v. Billingsley green
texapp · 1999
12018–2018
950 Corbindale, L.P. v. Kotts Capital Holdings Ltd. Partnership green
texapp · 2010
12017–2017
Roark v. STALLWORTH OIL AND GAS, INC green
tex · 1991
12016–2016
Man Engines & Components, Inc. and Man Nutzfahrzeuge Aktiengesellschaft v. Doug Shows green
tex · 2014
12015–2015
Ulico Casualty Co. v. Allied Pilots Ass'n green
tex · 2008
12013–2013
Wackenhut Corrections Corp. v. De La Rosa green
texapp · 2009
12013–2013
Ex Parte Nailor green
texcrimapp · 2004
12010–2010
Johnston v. McKinney American, Inc. green
texapp · 2000
12007–2007
TCI Cablevision of Dallas, Inc. v. Owens green
texapp · 2000
12004–2004
Tacon Mech. Contractors v. Grant Sheet Metal, Inc. green
texapp · 1994
12000–2000
Wilson v. Remmel Cattle Co., Inc. green
texapp · 1976
11980–1980
First National Bank in Dallas v. Zimmerman green
tex · 1969
11979–1979
Blount v. Windley green
scotus · 1877
11973–1973
Sustala v. North Side Ready-Mix Concrete Co. green
texapp · 1958
11971–1971
Safety Casualty Co. v. Teets green
texapp · 1946
11960–1960
Luther Transfer & Storage, Inc. v. Walton green
tex · 1956
11960–1960
Federal Underwriters Exchange v. Craighead green
texapp · 1943
11955–1955
Gieb v. Goebel Brewing Co. green
texapp · 1943
11955–1955
City of Coleman v. Kenley green
texapp · 1943
11947–1947

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Lab. Code § 21.2585 (4) USC § 11u.s.c.362 (4) TX § Tex. Prop. Code § 22.001 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 88 (1945–2025) OH 41 (1990–2025) WA 20 (1994–2026) MO 15 (1956–2025) FL 12 (1958–2018) NC 11 (1981–2024) MS 10 (1997–2021) AL 9 (1988–2013) SC 9 (1987–2021) UT 8 (1982–2024) ND 8 (1972–2021) SD 7 (1976–2025) OR 6 (2011–2025) RI 6 (1980–2019) MT 6 (1997–2015) NJ 6 (1994–2021) CO 6 (1945–2025) AR 5 (1988–2020) WV 5 (1995–2023) NV 5 (1973–2012) KY 4 (2005–2023) MA 4 (2002–2025) WI 3 (1993–2019) NM 3 (1967–2008) HI 3 (1996–2016) WY 3 (1977–1994) MN 3 (1992–2015) TN 3 (1981–2019) DC 2 (1986–1987) VT 2 (1988–2005)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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