defendant argues claim (Connecticut) · Go Syfert
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defendant argues claim in Connecticut

71 Connecticut opinions name it 3 courts 1979–2022 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Connecticut courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (10)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. McClaingreen
conn · 2017 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019Although a Kitchens waiver does not preclude claims of plain error; see State v. McClain, 324 Conn. 802, 815 , 155 A.3d 209 (2017); we disagree that the instruction was plain error.

2019Although a Kitchens waiver does not preclude claims of plain error; see State v. McClain, 324 Conn. 802, 815 , 155 A.3d 209 (2017); we disagree that the instruction was plain error.

22
State v. Gordongreen
connappct · 2002 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017See, e.g., State v. Gordon , 69 Conn.App. 691 , 695, 796 A.2d 1238 (2002).

2017See, e.g., State v. Gordon , 69 Conn.App. 691 , 695, 796 A.2d 1238 (2002).

11
State v. Mukhtaargreen
conn · 2000 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012See, e.g., State v. Mukhtaar, 253 Conn. 280 , 290 n.11, 750 A.2d 1059 (2000).

2012See, e.g., State v. Mukhtaar, 253 Conn. 280 , 290 n.11, 750 A.2d 1059 (2000).

11
State v. Cobbgreen
conn · 1999 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Gaye v. Kramergreen
scotus · 2000 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Choice v. Goordgreen
scotus · 2000 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Zimmerman v. Meloygreen
scotus · 2000 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Burkle v. Superflow Manufacturing Co.green
conn · 1951 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
State v. Whitfordgreen
conn · 2002 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
11
State v. Usrygreen
conn · 1987 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Connecticut. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (70)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Golding green
conn · 1989
2 sentences

2019His claim does not necessarily focus on the propriety of the court’s Chip Smith instruction, but he contends that, in the present case, ‘‘the court’s response to the deadlock note created pressure and exacerbated existing pressures on the jury, particularly the minority view juror(s), and that all the coercive circumstances denied [him of] his right to a fair jury trial.’’ The defendant argues that the claim is reviewable pursuant to the bypass doctrine set forth in State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233 , 239–40, 567 A.2d 823 (1989), as modified by In re Yasiel R., 317 Conn. 773 , 781, 120 A.3d 1188

2019His claim does not necessarily focus on the propriety of the court’s Chip Smith instruction, but he contends that, in the present case, ‘‘the court’s response to the deadlock note created pressure and exacerbated existing pressures on the jury, particularly the minority view juror(s), and that all the coercive circumstances denied [him of] his right to a fair jury trial.’’ The defendant argues that the claim is reviewable pursuant to the bypass doctrine set forth in State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233 , 239–40, 567 A.2d 823 (1989), as modified by In re Yasiel R., 317 Conn. 773 , 781, 120 A.3d 1188

121992–2019
State v. Evans green
conn · 1973
2 sentences

2012On appeal, the defendant argues that the claim is reviewable (1) because he has a constitutionally protected right to review of any and all claims on appeal; (2) under the doctrine set forth in State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 239-40 , 567 A.2d 823 (1989); (3) under the doctrine set forth in State v. Evans, 165 Conn. 61, 70 , 327 A.2d 576 (1973); (4) under the plain error doctrine codified in Practice Book § 60-5; and (5) under the exercise of this court’s inherent supervisory authority over the administration of justice.

2012On appeal, the defendant argues that the claim is reviewable (1) because he has a constitutionally protected right to review of any and all claims on appeal; (2) under the doctrine set forth in State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 239-40 , 567 A.2d 823 (1989); (3) under the doctrine set forth in State v. Evans, 165 Conn. 61, 70 , 327 A.2d 576 (1973); (4) under the plain error doctrine codified in Practice Book § 60-5; and (5) under the exercise of this court’s inherent supervisory authority over the administration of justice.

71986–2012
Sandstrom v. Montana green
scotus · 1979
2 sentences

1995So you need not deal with that element and you need not make that finding.” The defendant argues that this instruction violated the Sandstrom doctrine against a mandatory presumption; Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 517-24 , 99 S. Ct. 2450 , 61 L.

1995So you need not deal with that element and you need not make that finding.” The defendant argues that this instruction violated the Sandstrom doctrine against a mandatory presumption; Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 517-24 , 99 S. Ct. 2450 , 61 L.

31988–1995
Doe v. Statewide Grievance Committee green
conn · 1997
2 sentences

2000In support of this, it cites Doe v. Statewide Grievance Committee , 240 Conn. 671 (1997).

2000In support of this, it cites Doe v. Statewide Grievance Committee , 240 Conn. 671 (1997).

22000–2000
O'Leary v. Waterbury Title Co. green
conn · 1933
2 sentences

1996In support of this argument, the defendant cites O'Leary v. Waterbury Title Co., 117 Conn. 39 , 166 A. 673 (1933), for the proposition that "[a] judgment in an action begun and prosecuted against a defendant who is dead when it was begun, is null and void and may be attacked collaterally as well as directly." Id., 43 .

1996In support of this argument, the defendant cites O'Leary v. Waterbury Title Co., 117 Conn. 39 , 166 A. 673 (1933), for the proposition that "[a] judgment in an action begun and prosecuted against a defendant who is dead when it was begun, is null and void and may be attacked collaterally as well as directly." Id., 43 .

21996–1996
Connecticut v. Johnson green
scotus · 1983
2 sentences

1995Ed. 2d 39 (1979); 3 thereby render ing “irrelevant the evidence on the issue because the jury may have relied upon the presumption rather than upon that evidence.” Connecticut v. Johnson, 460 U.S. 73, 85 , 103 S. Ct. 969 , 74 L.

1995Ed. 2d 39 (1979); 3 thereby render ing “irrelevant the evidence on the issue because the jury may have relied upon the presumption rather than upon that evidence.” Connecticut v. Johnson, 460 U.S. 73, 85 , 103 S. Ct. 969 , 74 L.

21993–1995
State v. Ramon A. G. green
conn · 2020
1 sentence

2022We agree with the defendant. ‘‘[O]ur rules of practice permit criminal defendants to preserve claims of instructional error by filing a timely written request to charge.’’ State v. Ramon A. G., 336 Conn. 386, 396 , 246 A.3d 481 (2020); see also Practice Book § 42-16.13 ‘‘[A] party may preserve for appeal a claim that an instruction . . . was . . . defective either by: (1) submitting a written request to charge covering the matter; or (2) taking an exception to the charge as given.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. King, 289 Conn. 496, 505 , 958 A.2d 731 (2008). ‘‘Under either meth

12022–2022
State v. King green
conn · 2008
2 sentences

2022We agree with the defendant. ‘‘[O]ur rules of practice permit criminal defendants to preserve claims of instructional error by filing a timely written request to charge.’’ State v. Ramon A. G., 336 Conn. 386, 396 , 246 A.3d 481 (2020); see also Practice Book § 42-16.13 ‘‘[A] party may preserve for appeal a claim that an instruction . . . was . . . defective either by: (1) submitting a written request to charge covering the matter; or (2) taking an exception to the charge as given.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. King, 289 Conn. 496, 505 , 958 A.2d 731 (2008). ‘‘Under either meth

2022We agree with the defendant. ‘‘[O]ur rules of practice permit criminal defendants to preserve claims of instructional error by filing a timely written request to charge.’’ State v. Ramon A. G., 336 Conn. 386, 396 , 246 A.3d 481 (2020); see also Practice Book § 42-16.13 ‘‘[A] party may preserve for appeal a claim that an instruction . . . was . . . defective either by: (1) submitting a written request to charge covering the matter; or (2) taking an exception to the charge as given.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. King, 289 Conn. 496, 505 , 958 A.2d 731 (2008). ‘‘Under either meth

12022–2022
State v. Belt green
kan · 2008
2 sentences

2022State v. Belt, [ 285 Kan. 949 , 179 P.3d 443 (2008)], which rejected the John Doe warrant in that case because it had only two loci [that were] present in one in 500 people,’’ and the trial court distinguished that case in its memorandum of decision.

2022State v. Belt, [ 285 Kan. 949 , 179 P.3d 443 (2008)], which rejected the John Doe warrant in that case because it had only two loci [that were] present in one in 500 people,’’ and the trial court distinguished that case in its memorandum of decision.

12022–2022
Payne v. Robinson green
conn · 1988
2 sentences

2020Specifically, the defendant argues that an exception to the general inapplicability of the exclusionary rule in probation revocation hearings is warranted under the state constitution when officers conduct a search of a probationer after learning of that individual’s probation status.5 In support of this argument, the defendant cites Payne v. Robinson, 207 Conn. 565 , 541 A.2d 504 , cert. denied, 488 U.S. 898 , 109 S. Ct. 242 , 102 L.

2020Specifically, the defendant argues that an exception to the general inapplicability of the exclusionary rule in probation revocation hearings is warranted under the state constitution when officers conduct a search of a probationer after learning of that individual’s probation status.5 In support of this argument, the defendant cites Payne v. Robinson, 207 Conn. 565 , 541 A.2d 504 , cert. denied, 488 U.S. 898 , 109 S. Ct. 242 , 102 L.

12020–2020
State v. Tierinni neutral
conn · 2018
2 sentences

2020On appeal, the defendant argues that his claim is preserved because he ‘‘objected to the inclusion of the instruction’’ and that the ‘‘trial court noted the defen- dant’s objection.’’ The state responds that the defen- dant’s argument ‘‘misunderstands the law regarding preservation of claims.’’ The state, citing to Practice Book § 42-1617 and State v. Tierinni, 165 Conn. App. 839 , 854–55, 140 A.3d 377 (2016), aff’d, 329 Conn. 289 , 185 A.3d 591 (2018), contends that ‘‘in order to obtain appellate review, our rules not only require a timely objection, but they require the appellate claim to be

2020On appeal, the defendant argues that his claim is preserved because he ‘‘objected to the inclusion of the instruction’’ and that the ‘‘trial court noted the defen- dant’s objection.’’ The state responds that the defen- dant’s argument ‘‘misunderstands the law regarding preservation of claims.’’ The state, citing to Practice Book § 42-1617 and State v. Tierinni, 165 Conn. App. 839 , 854–55, 140 A.3d 377 (2016), aff’d, 329 Conn. 289 , 185 A.3d 591 (2018), contends that ‘‘in order to obtain appellate review, our rules not only require a timely objection, but they require the appellate claim to be

12020–2020
State v. Tierinni neutral
connappct · 2016
2 sentences

2020On appeal, the defendant argues that his claim is preserved because he ‘‘objected to the inclusion of the instruction’’ and that the ‘‘trial court noted the defen- dant’s objection.’’ The state responds that the defen- dant’s argument ‘‘misunderstands the law regarding preservation of claims.’’ The state, citing to Practice Book § 42-1617 and State v. Tierinni, 165 Conn. App. 839 , 854–55, 140 A.3d 377 (2016), aff’d, 329 Conn. 289 , 185 A.3d 591 (2018), contends that ‘‘in order to obtain appellate review, our rules not only require a timely objection, but they require the appellate claim to be

2020On appeal, the defendant argues that his claim is preserved because he ‘‘objected to the inclusion of the instruction’’ and that the ‘‘trial court noted the defen- dant’s objection.’’ The state responds that the defen- dant’s argument ‘‘misunderstands the law regarding preservation of claims.’’ The state, citing to Practice Book § 42-1617 and State v. Tierinni, 165 Conn. App. 839 , 854–55, 140 A.3d 377 (2016), aff’d, 329 Conn. 289 , 185 A.3d 591 (2018), contends that ‘‘in order to obtain appellate review, our rules not only require a timely objection, but they require the appellate claim to be

12020–2020
Plyler v. Evatt green
scotus · 1988
1 sentence

2020Specifically, the defendant argues that an exception to the general inapplicability of the exclusionary rule in probation revocation hearings is warranted under the state constitution when officers conduct a search of a probationer after learning of that individual’s probation status.5 In support of this argument, the defendant cites Payne v. Robinson, 207 Conn. 565 , 541 A.2d 504 , cert. denied, 488 U.S. 898 , 109 S. Ct. 242 , 102 L.

12020–2020
Daloia v. Rose green
scotus · 1988
1 sentence

2020Specifically, the defendant argues that an exception to the general inapplicability of the exclusionary rule in probation revocation hearings is warranted under the state constitution when officers conduct a search of a probationer after learning of that individual’s probation status.5 In support of this argument, the defendant cites Payne v. Robinson, 207 Conn. 565 , 541 A.2d 504 , cert. denied, 488 U.S. 898 , 109 S. Ct. 242 , 102 L.

12020–2020
Ochoa-Ochoa v. United States green
scotus · 1988
1 sentence

2020Specifically, the defendant argues that an exception to the general inapplicability of the exclusionary rule in probation revocation hearings is warranted under the state constitution when officers conduct a search of a probationer after learning of that individual’s probation status.5 In support of this argument, the defendant cites Payne v. Robinson, 207 Conn. 565 , 541 A.2d 504 , cert. denied, 488 U.S. 898 , 109 S. Ct. 242 , 102 L.

12020–2020
State v. Arroyo green
conn · 2009
2 sentences

2016This argument, however, is simply another way to phrase a claim of inconsistency, and our Supreme Court in Arroyo specifically rejected the argument that a claim of inconsistency in verdicts may be considered on appeal under the alternative rubric that " 'the jury's conclusion was not reasonably and logically reached' "; State v. Arroyo , supra, 292 Conn. at 580 , 973 A.2d 1254 ; because of inconsistency.

2016This argument, however, is simply another way to phrase a claim of inconsistency, and our Supreme Court in Arroyo specifically rejected the argument that a claim of inconsistency in verdicts may be considered on appeal under the alternative rubric that " 'the jury's conclusion was not reasonably and logically reached' "; State v. Arroyo , supra, 292 Conn. at 580 , 973 A.2d 1254 ; because of inconsistency.

12016–2016
State v. Lutters green
conn · 2004
2 sentences

2016It is well established that ‘‘courts do not apply the rule of lenity unless a reasonable doubt persists about a statute’s intended scope even after resort to the language and structure, legislative history, and motivating policies of the statute.’’ (Empha- sis omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Lutters, 270 Conn. 198, 219 , 853 A.2d 434 (2004).

2016It is well established that ‘‘courts do not apply the rule of lenity unless a reasonable doubt persists about a statute’s intended scope even after resort to the language and structure, legislative history, and motivating policies of the statute.’’ (Empha- sis omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Lutters, 270 Conn. 198, 219 , 853 A.2d 434 (2004).

12016–2016
Sokolowski v. Medi Mart, Inc. green
connappct · 1991
2 sentences

2012Additionally, the defendant argues that the claim is reviewable pursuant to Sokolowski v. Medi Mart, Inc., 24 Conn. App. 276, 279-80 , 587 A.2d 1056 (1991), because the evidence at issue was introduced after the court cautioned the state that expert witnesses may not testify regarding the victim’s credibility.

2012Additionally, the defendant argues that the claim is reviewable pursuant to Sokolowski v. Medi Mart, Inc., 24 Conn. App. 276, 279-80 , 587 A.2d 1056 (1991), because the evidence at issue was introduced after the court cautioned the state that expert witnesses may not testify regarding the victim’s credibility.

12012–2012
Turner v. Safley green
scotus · 1987
2 sentences

2012He maintains that his claim is analogous “to the arguments made in many habeas cases . . . that prison officials are impeding on prisoners’ constitutional rights under the guise of safety concerns” and cites Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78 , 107 S. Ct. 2254 , 96 L.

2012He maintains that his claim is analogous “to the arguments made in many habeas cases . . . that prison officials are impeding on prisoners’ constitutional rights under the guise of safety concerns” and cites Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78 , 107 S. Ct. 2254 , 96 L.

12012–2012
Hillman v. Town of Greenwich green
conn · 1991
1 sentence

2011Therefore, the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over this action.” He further argues that “prejudgment remedy documents are insufficient to commence an action. ... [In this case] [t]he writ of summons and complaint are not sufficient... to commence an action.” (Citations omitted.) Although the defendant argues that his claim implicates the court’s subject matter jurisdiction, we conclude that the defendant’s claim implicates the court’s personal jurisdiction over the defendant. 9 See Hillman v. Greenwich, 217 *379 Conn. 520, 526, 587 A.2d 99 (1991) (failure to comply with statutory prer

12011–2011
State v. Rapuano green
conn · 1984
2 sentences

2010In connection with the final judgment question, the defendant argues that a violation of probation hearing is a criminal proceeding and that an appeal taken from a disqualification order is a final judgment for purposes of appeal pursuant to State v. Rapuano, 192 Conn. 228 , *821 229 n.1, 471 A.2d 240 (1984), overruled in part by Burger & Burger, Inc. v. Murren, 202 Conn. 660, 669-70 , 522 A.2d 812 (1987).

2010In connection with the final judgment question, the defendant argues that a violation of probation hearing is a criminal proceeding and that an appeal taken from a disqualification order is a final judgment for purposes of appeal pursuant to State v. Rapuano, 192 Conn. 228 , *821 229 n.1, 471 A.2d 240 (1984), overruled in part by Burger & Burger, Inc. v. Murren, 202 Conn. 660, 669-70 , 522 A.2d 812 (1987).

12010–2010
Burger & Burger, Inc. v. Murren green
conn · 1987
2 sentences

2010In connection with the final judgment question, the defendant argues that a violation of probation hearing is a criminal proceeding and that an appeal taken from a disqualification order is a final judgment for purposes of appeal pursuant to State v. Rapuano, 192 Conn. 228 , *821 229 n.1, 471 A.2d 240 (1984), overruled in part by Burger & Burger, Inc. v. Murren, 202 Conn. 660, 669-70 , 522 A.2d 812 (1987).

2010In connection with the final judgment question, the defendant argues that a violation of probation hearing is a criminal proceeding and that an appeal taken from a disqualification order is a final judgment for purposes of appeal pursuant to State v. Rapuano, 192 Conn. 228 , *821 229 n.1, 471 A.2d 240 (1984), overruled in part by Burger & Burger, Inc. v. Murren, 202 Conn. 660, 669-70 , 522 A.2d 812 (1987).

12010–2010
Statewide Grievance Committee v. Whitney green
conn · 1993
2 sentences

2009Statewide Grievance Committee v. Whitney, 227 Conn. 829, 846 , 633 A.2d 296 (1993). *567 The defendant argues that his claim was “functionally” raised at the probation revocation hearing because at that hearing he established that a revocation of probation was not sought until after his motions were filed.

2009Statewide Grievance Committee v. Whitney, 227 Conn. 829, 846 , 633 A.2d 296 (1993). *567 The defendant argues that his claim was “functionally” raised at the probation revocation hearing because at that hearing he established that a revocation of probation was not sought until after his motions were filed.

12009–2009
State v. Avcollie green
conn · 1977
2 sentences

2008Our Supreme Court has interpreted § 54-96, noting that the “dominant intention of the legislature [in enacting the statute] was to extend the right of appeal to the state . . . .” State v. Avcollie, 174 Conn. 100, 110 , 384 A.2d 315 (1977).

2008Our Supreme Court has interpreted § 54-96, noting that the “dominant intention of the legislature [in enacting the statute] was to extend the right of appeal to the state . . . .” State v. Avcollie, 174 Conn. 100, 110 , 384 A.2d 315 (1977).

12008–2008
Ohio v. Roberts red
scotus · 1980
2 sentences

2007The defendant argues that his claim is reviewable nonetheless because the trial court’s ruling must have been based upon the specific coconspirator hearsay exception provided by § 8-3 (1) (D) of the Connecticut Code of Evidence, 16 which, he claims, would require that the statement bear “ ‘adequate indicia of reliability.’ ” State v. Rivera, 268 Conn. 351, 362 , 844 A.2d 191 (2004), quoting Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66 , 100 S. Ct. 2531 , 65 L.

2007The defendant argues that his claim is reviewable nonetheless because the trial court’s ruling must have been based upon the specific coconspirator hearsay exception provided by § 8-3 (1) (D) of the Connecticut Code of Evidence, 16 which, he claims, would require that the statement bear “ ‘adequate indicia of reliability.’ ” State v. Rivera, 268 Conn. 351, 362 , 844 A.2d 191 (2004), quoting Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66 , 100 S. Ct. 2531 , 65 L.

12007–2007
State v. Rivera green
conn · 2004
2 sentences

2007The defendant argues that his claim is reviewable nonetheless because the trial court’s ruling must have been based upon the specific coconspirator hearsay exception provided by § 8-3 (1) (D) of the Connecticut Code of Evidence, 16 which, he claims, would require that the statement bear “ ‘adequate indicia of reliability.’ ” State v. Rivera, 268 Conn. 351, 362 , 844 A.2d 191 (2004), quoting Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66 , 100 S. Ct. 2531 , 65 L.

2007The defendant argues that his claim is reviewable nonetheless because the trial court’s ruling must have been based upon the specific coconspirator hearsay exception provided by § 8-3 (1) (D) of the Connecticut Code of Evidence, 16 which, he claims, would require that the statement bear “ ‘adequate indicia of reliability.’ ” State v. Rivera, 268 Conn. 351, 362 , 844 A.2d 191 (2004), quoting Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66 , 100 S. Ct. 2531 , 65 L.

12007–2007
Taylor v. Illinois green
scotus · 1988
12005–2005
Alaska Steamship Co. v. Petterson green
scotus · 1954
1 sentence

2005The defendant relies on the fact that in Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. 400 , 108 S. Ct. 646 , 98 L.

12005–2005
State v. Rouleau green
conn · 1987
12004–2004
State v. John green
conn · 1989
12004–2004
Ladd v. Burdge green
conn · 1945
12004–2004
State v. Harrell green
conn · 1996
12004–2004
State v. Johnson green
conn · 1997
12004–2004
Pinkerton v. United States green
scotus · 1946
12004–2004
DuFon v. California green
scotus · 1989
12004–2004
Medics Pharmaceutical Corp. v. Newman green
scotus · 1989
12004–2004
May v. Seaboard Air Line Ry. Co. green
sc · 1918
12004–2004
State v. Henry green
connappct · 2002
12003–2003
State v. Robert H. green
conn · 2002
12003–2003
State v. Henry green
conn · 2002
12003–2003

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-54a (13) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-70 (11) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 51-199 (10) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53-21 (10) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-134 (9) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-48 (9) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 54-86e (9) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-133 (6) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-59 (6) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-92 (6) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-217 (5) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-32 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CT 71 (1979–2022) MA 55 (1957–2026) IL 38 (1967–2026) TN 19 (1992–2025) NH 16 (1980–2022) NY 14 (1966–2020) LA 13 (1985–2024) RI 8 (1972–2017) KS 8 (1929–2025) FL 6 (1999–2018) MO 6 (1936–1999) WV 5 (1987–1996) CO 4 (1970–2026) IN 4 (1982–2002) GA 4 (1979–1993) NC 4 (1984–1990) WA 4 (1962–1985) MI 4 (1968–2019) CA 3 (1958–1992) OK 3 (1929–1978) NE 3 (1932–1977) WI 3 (1974–2003) AL 2 (1978–1982) AZ 2 (1993–1995) DE 2 (1985–2024)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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