presumption against waiver in California

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) [8] The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends "in each case, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused." [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ]; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 1

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) [8] The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends "in each case, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused." [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ]; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 1

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) [8] The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends "in each case, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused." [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ]; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 1

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(In re Johnson, 62 Cal.2d 325, 334 [ 42 Cal.Rptr. 228 , 398 P.2d 420 ] ; In re Woods, 64 Cal.2d 3 [ 48 Cal.Rptr. 689 , 409 P.2d 913 ] ; In re Tucker, 64 Cal.2d 15 [ 48 Cal.Rptr. 697 , 409 P.2d 921 ].) There is a presumption against the waiver of a constitutional right.

1966(In re Johnson, 62 Cal.2d 325, 334 [ 42 Cal.Rptr. 228 , 398 P.2d 420 ] ; In re Woods, 64 Cal.2d 3 [ 48 Cal.Rptr. 689 , 409 P.2d 913 ] ; In re Tucker, 64 Cal.2d 15 [ 48 Cal.Rptr. 697 , 409 P.2d 921 ].) There is a presumption against the waiver of a constitutional right.

1966(In re Johnson, 62 Cal.2d 325, 334 [ 42 Cal.Rptr. 228 , 398 P.2d 420 ] ; In re Woods, 64 Cal.2d 3 [ 48 Cal.Rptr. 689 , 409 P.2d 913 ] ; In re Tucker, 64 Cal.2d 15 [ 48 Cal.Rptr. 697 , 409 P.2d 921 ].) There is a presumption against the waiver of a constitutional right.

1966(In re Johnson, 62 Cal.2d 325, 334 [ 42 Cal.Rptr. 228 , 398 P.2d 420 ] ; In re Woods, 64 Cal.2d 3 [ 48 Cal.Rptr. 689 , 409 P.2d 913 ] ; In re Tucker, 64 Cal.2d 15 [ 48 Cal.Rptr. 697 , 409 P.2d 921 ].) There is a presumption against the waiver of a constitutional right.

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) [8] The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends "in each case, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused." [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ]; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 1

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) [8] The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends "in each case, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused." [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ]; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 1

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) [8] The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends "in each case, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused." [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ]; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 1

1966(Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60 [ 62 S.Ct. 457 , 86 L.Ed. 680 ], reh. den. 315 U.S. 827 [ 62 S.Ct. 629 , 86 L.Ed. 1222 ].) The determination of whether there has been a free, knowing, and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel and the right to remain silent depends “in each ease, upon the particular facts and circumstances surrounding that case, including the background, experience, and conduct of the accused.” [Italics added] (In re Johnson, supra, 62 Cal.2d 325, 335 ; Johnson v. Zerbst, supra, 304 U.S. 458, 464 [ 58 S.Ct. 1019, 1023 ] ; People v. Chesser, 29 Cal.2d 815, 822 [ 178

2012(Id. at p. 1195.) A party seeking to prove waiver of a right to arbitration must show “ ‘(1) knowledge of an existing right to compel arbitration; (2) acts inconsistent with that existing right; and (3) prejudice to the party opposing arbitration ....’” (U.S. v. Park Place Associates, Ltd. (9th Cir. 2009) 563 F.3d 907, 921 .) Acts inconsistent with the right to arbitrate include (1) “pursuing a lawsuit on the same issue as [the issue] to be arbitrated,” (2) “expressly repudiating the arbitration agreement,” or (3) “failing to invoke the right to arbitration . . . .” (Service Employees Internat

2005Iowa 1995) 871 F.Supp. 1168, 1171 [collecting cases]; Malan Realty Investors, Inc. v. Harris, supra, 953 S.W.2d at p. 627 ; Fairfield Leasing Corp. v. Techni-Graphics (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div. 1992) 256 N.J.Super. 538 [ 607 A.2d 703, 706 ]; 47 Am.Jur.2d (1998) Jury, § 72, pp. 777-778; Annot., Contractual Jury Trial Waivers in State Civil Cases, supra, 42 A.L.R.5th § 5, pp. 82-83.) Many courts, indulging a presumption against waiver and requiring that the waiver be knowing and voluntary, have been forced to examine particular waiver clauses to evaluate font size, use of italics, and the position o

2005Co. v. Irving Trust Co. (6th Cir.1985) 757 F.2d 752, 758 ; National Equipment Rental, Ltd. v. Hendrix (2d Cir.1977) 565 F.2d 255, 258 ; Cooperative Finance Ass'n., Inc. v. Garst (N.D.Iowa 1995) 871 F.Supp. 1168, 1171 [collecting cases]; Malan Realty Investors, Inc. v. Harris, supra, 953 S.W.2d at p. 627 ; Fairfield Leasing Corp. v. Techni-Graphics (App. Essex Co. Law Div.1992) 256 N.J.Super. 538 , 607 A.2d 703, 706 ; 47 Am.Jur.2d (1998) Jury, ง 72, pp. 777-778; Annot., Contractual Jury Trial Waivers in State Civil Cases, supra, 42 A.L.R.5th ง 5, pp. 82-83.) Many courts, indulging a presumption

2005Co. v. Irving Trust Co. (6th Cir.1985) 757 F.2d 752, 758 ; National Equipment Rental, Ltd. v. Hendrix (2d Cir.1977) 565 F.2d 255, 258 ; Cooperative Finance Ass'n., Inc. v. Garst (N.D.Iowa 1995) 871 F.Supp. 1168, 1171 [collecting cases]; Malan Realty Investors, Inc. v. Harris, supra, 953 S.W.2d at p. 627 ; Fairfield Leasing Corp. v. Techni-Graphics (App. Essex Co. Law Div.1992) 256 N.J.Super. 538 , 607 A.2d 703, 706 ; 47 Am.Jur.2d (1998) Jury, ง 72, pp. 777-778; Annot., Contractual Jury Trial Waivers in State Civil Cases, supra, 42 A.L.R.5th ง 5, pp. 82-83.) Many courts, indulging a presumption

2005Co. v. Irving Trust Co. (6th Cir.1985) 757 F.2d 752, 758 ; National Equipment Rental, Ltd. v. Hendrix (2d Cir.1977) 565 F.2d 255, 258 ; Cooperative Finance Ass'n., Inc. v. Garst (N.D.Iowa 1995) 871 F.Supp. 1168, 1171 [collecting cases]; Malan Realty Investors, Inc. v. Harris, supra, 953 S.W.2d at p. 627 ; Fairfield Leasing Corp. v. Techni-Graphics (App. Essex Co. Law Div.1992) 256 N.J.Super. 538 , 607 A.2d 703, 706 ; 47 Am.Jur.2d (1998) Jury, ง 72, pp. 777-778; Annot., Contractual Jury Trial Waivers in State Civil Cases, supra, 42 A.L.R.5th ง 5, pp. 82-83.) Many courts, indulging a presumption

2005Co. v. Irving Trust Co. (6th Cir.1985) 757 F.2d 752, 758 ; National Equipment Rental, Ltd. v. Hendrix (2d Cir.1977) 565 F.2d 255, 258 ; Cooperative Finance Ass'n., Inc. v. Garst (N.D.Iowa 1995) 871 F.Supp. 1168, 1171 [collecting cases]; Malan Realty Investors, Inc. v. Harris, supra, 953 S.W.2d at p. 627 ; Fairfield Leasing Corp. v. Techni-Graphics (App. Essex Co. Law Div.1992) 256 N.J.Super. 538 , 607 A.2d 703, 706 ; 47 Am.Jur.2d (1998) Jury, ง 72, pp. 777-778; Annot., Contractual Jury Trial Waivers in State Civil Cases, supra, 42 A.L.R.5th ง 5, pp. 82-83.) Many courts, indulging a presumption

2005Co. v. Irving Trust Co. (6th Cir.1985) 757 F.2d 752, 758 ; National Equipment Rental, Ltd. v. Hendrix (2d Cir.1977) 565 F.2d 255, 258 ; Cooperative Finance Ass'n., Inc. v. Garst (N.D.Iowa 1995) 871 F.Supp. 1168, 1171 [collecting cases]; Malan Realty Investors, Inc. v. Harris, supra, 953 S.W.2d at p. 627 ; Fairfield Leasing Corp. v. Techni-Graphics (App. Essex Co. Law Div.1992) 256 N.J.Super. 538 , 607 A.2d 703, 706 ; 47 Am.Jur.2d (1998) Jury, ง 72, pp. 777-778; Annot., Contractual Jury Trial Waivers in State Civil Cases, supra, 42 A.L.R.5th ง 5, pp. 82-83.) Many courts, indulging a presumption

2005Co. v. Irving Trust Co. (6th Cir.1985) 757 F.2d 752, 758 ; National Equipment Rental, Ltd. v. Hendrix (2d Cir.1977) 565 F.2d 255, 258 ; Cooperative Finance Ass'n., Inc. v. Garst (N.D.Iowa 1995) 871 F.Supp. 1168, 1171 [collecting cases]; Malan Realty Investors, Inc. v. Harris, supra, 953 S.W.2d at p. 627 ; Fairfield Leasing Corp. v. Techni-Graphics (App. Essex Co. Law Div.1992) 256 N.J.Super. 538 , 607 A.2d 703, 706 ; 47 Am.Jur.2d (1998) Jury, ง 72, pp. 777-778; Annot., Contractual Jury Trial Waivers in State Civil Cases, supra, 42 A.L.R.5th ง 5, pp. 82-83.) Many courts, indulging a presumption

2005Co. v. Irving Trust Co. (6th Cir.1985) 757 F.2d 752, 758 ; National Equipment Rental, Ltd. v. Hendrix (2d Cir.1977) 565 F.2d 255, 258 ; Cooperative Finance Ass'n., Inc. v. Garst (N.D.Iowa 1995) 871 F.Supp. 1168, 1171 [collecting cases]; Malan Realty Investors, Inc. v. Harris, supra, 953 S.W.2d at p. 627 ; Fairfield Leasing Corp. v. Techni-Graphics (App. Essex Co. Law Div.1992) 256 N.J.Super. 538 , 607 A.2d 703, 706 ; 47 Am.Jur.2d (1998) Jury, ง 72, pp. 777-778; Annot., Contractual Jury Trial Waivers in State Civil Cases, supra, 42 A.L.R.5th ง 5, pp. 82-83.) Many courts, indulging a presumption