dual capacity doctrine (Texas) · Go Syfert
← Texas issues

dual capacity doctrine in Texas

8 Texas opinions name it 3 courts 1919–2015 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (29)

CaseFollowedCited
Davis v. Sinclair Refining Co.green
texapp · 1985 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1989–2010
2 sentences

2010See Davis, 704 S.W.2d at 414-15 .

1989In both Gore v. Amoco Production Company, 616 S.W.2d 289 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1981, no writ); and Davis v. Sinclair Refining Company, 704 S.W.2d 413 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1985, writ ref’d n.r.e.), courts of this state rejected the dual capacity doctrine.

23
State v. Purdygreen
alaska · 1979 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1980–2000
2 sentences

2000See State v. Purdy, 601 P.2d 258, 260 (Alaska 1979); Diaz v. Magma Copper Co., 190 Ariz. 544 , 950 P.2d 1165, 1173 (App.1997); Ark.

1980State v. Purdy, 601 P.2d 258, 260 (Alaska 1979); Profilet v. Falconite, 56 Ill.

22
Strauss v. Continental Airlines, Inc.green
texapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Arnold makes no argument on appeal that AW was an independent contractor and points to no evidence in the record supporting such a conclusion. 6 See Schievink v. Wendylou Ranch, Inc., 227 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex.App.— Eastland 2007, pet. denied) (“One who entrusts work to an independent contractor, but who retains the control of any part of the work, is subject to liability for physical harm to others for whose safety the employer owes a duty to exercise reasonable care, which is caused by his failure to exercise his control with reasonable care.”). 7 Earning capacity has been defined as the “abi

11
Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summersgreen
tex · 2009 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Clarity on this issue is especially critical given our state’s strong public policy favoring workers’ compensation coverage, see Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 440 (Tex. 2009), and given that the main inducement for employers to obtain such coverage is the protection of the exclusive-remedy provision, see Tex. Workers’ Comp.

11
Schievink v. Wendylou Ranch, Inc.green
texapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Arnold makes no argument on appeal that AW was an independent contractor and points to no evidence in the record supporting such a conclusion. 6 See Schievink v. Wendylou Ranch, Inc., 227 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex.App.— Eastland 2007, pet. denied) (“One who entrusts work to an independent contractor, but who retains the control of any part of the work, is subject to liability for physical harm to others for whose safety the employer owes a duty to exercise reasonable care, which is caused by his failure to exercise his control with reasonable care.”). 7 Earning capacity has been defined as the “abi

11
Payne v. Galen Hospital Corp.green
tex · 2000 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015As this Court observed in Payne, “Texas courts of appeals have uniformly rejected the dual-capacity doctrine.” Id. at 20 n.4.

2015Payne, 28 S.W.3d at 20 (“Despite Payne’s protestations to the contrary, her argument raises the dual-capacity doctrine.”). 5 Payne contains a lengthy footnote discussing the majority of other jurisdictions that had rejected the dual-capacity doctrine. 28 S.W.3d at 20 n.4.

11
Port Elevator-Brownsville, L.L.C. v. Casadosgreen
tex · 2012 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015See Port Elevator-Brownsville, L.L.C. v. Casados, 358 S.W.3d 238, 241 (Tex. 2012) (concluding that the exclusive-remedy provision barred a worker’s suit against his employer because the provision’s lone exception did not apply); see also Unigard Sec.

11
Budd v. Punyanityagreen
vaccalbemarle · 2005 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015See Budd v. Punyanitya, 69 Va. Cir. 148 , 2005 WL 4827403 , at *3 (Va. Cir. Ct. Oct. 14, 2005). 14 In light of the obvious conflict between Burkett and the Texas cases cited above, this Court should grant review and clarify whether Texas recognizes the dual-capacity doctrine.

2015See Budd v. Punyanitya, 69 Va. Cir. 148 , 2005 WL 4827403 , at *3 (Va. Cir. Ct. Oct. 14, 2005). 14 In light of the obvious conflict between Burkett and the Texas cases cited above, this Court should grant review and clarify whether Texas recognizes the dual-capacity doctrine.

11
Suburban Hospital, Inc. v. Kirsongreen
mdctspecapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See Wright v. District Court, 661 P.2d 1167, 1168 (Colo.1983); Suburban Hosp., Inc. v. Kirson, 128 Md.App. 533 , 739 A.2d 875, 883 (1999), cert. granted, 358 Md. 162 , 747 A.2d 644 (2000); Guy v. Arthur H.

2000See Wright v. District Court, 661 P.2d 1167, 1168 (Colo.1983); Suburban Hosp., Inc. v. Kirson, 128 Md.App. 533 , 739 A.2d 875, 883 (1999), cert. granted, 358 Md. 162 , 747 A.2d 644 (2000); Guy v. Arthur H.

11
Ryan v. Hillergreen
nh · 1994 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See Lee v. Longhorn Steaks of Ala., Inc., 662 So.2d 672, 675 (Ala.1995); Sharp v. Gallagher, 95 Ill.2d 322 , 69 Ill.Dec. 351 , 447 N.E.2d 786, 788 (1983); Kimzey v. Interpace Corp., 10 Kan.App.2d 165 , 694 P.2d 907, 912 (1985); Howard v. White, 447 Mich. 395 , 523 N.W.2d 220, 221-22 (1994); Ryan v. Hiller, 138 N.H. 348 , 639 A.2d 258, 260 (1994).

2000See Lee v. Longhorn Steaks of Ala., Inc., 662 So.2d 672, 675 (Ala.1995); Sharp v. Gallagher, 95 Ill.2d 322 , 69 Ill.Dec. 351 , 447 N.E.2d 786, 788 (1983); Kimzey v. Interpace Corp., 10 Kan.App.2d 165 , 694 P.2d 907, 912 (1985); Howard v. White, 447 Mich. 395 , 523 N.W.2d 220, 221-22 (1994); Ryan v. Hiller, 138 N.H. 348 , 639 A.2d 258, 260 (1994).

11
Jansen v. Harmongreen
iowa · 1969 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
1 sentence

2000See Jansen v. Harmon, 164 N.W.2d 323, 328-30 (Iowa 1969); Barrett v. Rodgers, 408 Mass. 614 , 562 N.E.2d 480, 483 (1990); Egeland v. State, 408 N.W.2d 848, 851 (Minn.1987); Millard v. Hyplains Dressed Beef, Inc., 237 Neb. 907 , 468 N.W.2d 124, 128 (1991); Tatum v. Medical Univ. of South Carolina, 335 S.C. 499 , 517 S.E.2d 706, 711-12 (App.1999).

11
Evans v. Thompsongreen
wash · 1994 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See Salswedel v. Enerphami, Ltd., 107 N.M. 728 , 764 P.2d 499, 502 (App.1988); Evans v. Thompson, 124 Wash.2d 435 , 879 P.2d 938, 941 (1994); Henning v. General Motors Assembly Div., 143 Wis.2d 1 , 419 N.W.2d 551, 556 (1988).

2000See Salswedel v. Enerphami, Ltd., 107 N.M. 728 , 764 P.2d 499, 502 (App.1988); Evans v. Thompson, 124 Wash.2d 435 , 879 P.2d 938, 941 (1994); Henning v. General Motors Assembly Div., 143 Wis.2d 1 , 419 N.W.2d 551, 556 (1988).

11
Salswedel v. Enerpharm, Ltd.green
nmctapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See Salswedel v. Enerphami, Ltd., 107 N.M. 728 , 764 P.2d 499, 502 (App.1988); Evans v. Thompson, 124 Wash.2d 435 , 879 P.2d 938, 941 (1994); Henning v. General Motors Assembly Div., 143 Wis.2d 1 , 419 N.W.2d 551, 556 (1988).

2000See Salswedel v. Enerphami, Ltd., 107 N.M. 728 , 764 P.2d 499, 502 (App.1988); Evans v. Thompson, 124 Wash.2d 435 , 879 P.2d 938, 941 (1994); Henning v. General Motors Assembly Div., 143 Wis.2d 1 , 419 N.W.2d 551, 556 (1988).

11
Darensburg v. Tobeygreen
texapp · 1994 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
1 sentence

2000See Darensburg, 887 S.W.2d at 88 ; Holt v. Preload Tech., Inc., 774 S.W.2d 806, 807-08 (Tex.App. — El Paso 1989, no writ); Davis v. Sinclair Ref.

11
Holt v. Preload Technology, Inc.green
texapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
1 sentence

2000See Darensburg, 887 S.W.2d at 88 ; Holt v. Preload Tech., Inc., 774 S.W.2d 806, 807-08 (Tex.App. — El Paso 1989, no writ); Davis v. Sinclair Ref.

11
Wright v. District Court in & for the County of Jeffersongreen
colo · 1983 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
1 sentence

2000See Wright v. District Court, 661 P.2d 1167, 1168 (Colo.1983); Suburban Hosp., Inc. v. Kirson, 128 Md.App. 533 , 739 A.2d 875, 883 (1999), cert. granted, 358 Md. 162 , 747 A.2d 644 (2000); Guy v. Arthur H.

11
Barrett v. Rodgersgreen
mass · 1990 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See Jansen v. Harmon, 164 N.W.2d 323, 328-30 (Iowa 1969); Barrett v. Rodgers, 408 Mass. 614 , 562 N.E.2d 480, 483 (1990); Egeland v. State, 408 N.W.2d 848, 851 (Minn.1987); Millard v. Hyplains Dressed Beef, Inc., 237 Neb. 907 , 468 N.W.2d 124, 128 (1991); Tatum v. Medical Univ. of South Carolina, 335 S.C. 499 , 517 S.E.2d 706, 711-12 (App.1999).

2000See Jansen v. Harmon, 164 N.W.2d 323, 328-30 (Iowa 1969); Barrett v. Rodgers, 408 Mass. 614 , 562 N.E.2d 480, 483 (1990); Egeland v. State, 408 N.W.2d 848, 851 (Minn.1987); Millard v. Hyplains Dressed Beef, Inc., 237 Neb. 907 , 468 N.W.2d 124, 128 (1991); Tatum v. Medical Univ. of South Carolina, 335 S.C. 499 , 517 S.E.2d 706, 711-12 (App.1999).

11
Howard v. Whitegreen
mich · 1994 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See Lee v. Longhorn Steaks of Ala., Inc., 662 So.2d 672, 675 (Ala.1995); Sharp v. Gallagher, 95 Ill.2d 322 , 69 Ill.Dec. 351 , 447 N.E.2d 786, 788 (1983); Kimzey v. Interpace Corp., 10 Kan.App.2d 165 , 694 P.2d 907, 912 (1985); Howard v. White, 447 Mich. 395 , 523 N.W.2d 220, 221-22 (1994); Ryan v. Hiller, 138 N.H. 348 , 639 A.2d 258, 260 (1994).

2000See Lee v. Longhorn Steaks of Ala., Inc., 662 So.2d 672, 675 (Ala.1995); Sharp v. Gallagher, 95 Ill.2d 322 , 69 Ill.Dec. 351 , 447 N.E.2d 786, 788 (1983); Kimzey v. Interpace Corp., 10 Kan.App.2d 165 , 694 P.2d 907, 912 (1985); Howard v. White, 447 Mich. 395 , 523 N.W.2d 220, 221-22 (1994); Ryan v. Hiller, 138 N.H. 348 , 639 A.2d 258, 260 (1994).

11
Tatum v. Medical University of South Carolinagreen
scctapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See Jansen v. Harmon, 164 N.W.2d 323, 328-30 (Iowa 1969); Barrett v. Rodgers, 408 Mass. 614 , 562 N.E.2d 480, 483 (1990); Egeland v. State, 408 N.W.2d 848, 851 (Minn.1987); Millard v. Hyplains Dressed Beef, Inc., 237 Neb. 907 , 468 N.W.2d 124, 128 (1991); Tatum v. Medical Univ. of South Carolina, 335 S.C. 499 , 517 S.E.2d 706, 711-12 (App.1999).

2000See Jansen v. Harmon, 164 N.W.2d 323, 328-30 (Iowa 1969); Barrett v. Rodgers, 408 Mass. 614 , 562 N.E.2d 480, 483 (1990); Egeland v. State, 408 N.W.2d 848, 851 (Minn.1987); Millard v. Hyplains Dressed Beef, Inc., 237 Neb. 907 , 468 N.W.2d 124, 128 (1991); Tatum v. Medical Univ. of South Carolina, 335 S.C. 499 , 517 S.E.2d 706, 711-12 (App.1999).

11
Henning v. General Motors Assembly Divisiongreen
wis · 1988 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See Salswedel v. Enerphami, Ltd., 107 N.M. 728 , 764 P.2d 499, 502 (App.1988); Evans v. Thompson, 124 Wash.2d 435 , 879 P.2d 938, 941 (1994); Henning v. General Motors Assembly Div., 143 Wis.2d 1 , 419 N.W.2d 551, 556 (1988).

2000See Salswedel v. Enerphami, Ltd., 107 N.M. 728 , 764 P.2d 499, 502 (App.1988); Evans v. Thompson, 124 Wash.2d 435 , 879 P.2d 938, 941 (1994); Henning v. General Motors Assembly Div., 143 Wis.2d 1 , 419 N.W.2d 551, 556 (1988).

11
Kimzey v. Interpace Corp.green
kanctapp · 1985 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See Lee v. Longhorn Steaks of Ala., Inc., 662 So.2d 672, 675 (Ala.1995); Sharp v. Gallagher, 95 Ill.2d 322 , 69 Ill.Dec. 351 , 447 N.E.2d 786, 788 (1983); Kimzey v. Interpace Corp., 10 Kan.App.2d 165 , 694 P.2d 907, 912 (1985); Howard v. White, 447 Mich. 395 , 523 N.W.2d 220, 221-22 (1994); Ryan v. Hiller, 138 N.H. 348 , 639 A.2d 258, 260 (1994).

2000See Lee v. Longhorn Steaks of Ala., Inc., 662 So.2d 672, 675 (Ala.1995); Sharp v. Gallagher, 95 Ill.2d 322 , 69 Ill.Dec. 351 , 447 N.E.2d 786, 788 (1983); Kimzey v. Interpace Corp., 10 Kan.App.2d 165 , 694 P.2d 907, 912 (1985); Howard v. White, 447 Mich. 395 , 523 N.W.2d 220, 221-22 (1994); Ryan v. Hiller, 138 N.H. 348 , 639 A.2d 258, 260 (1994).

11
Millard v. Hyplains Dressed Beef, Inc.green
neb · 1991 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See Jansen v. Harmon, 164 N.W.2d 323, 328-30 (Iowa 1969); Barrett v. Rodgers, 408 Mass. 614 , 562 N.E.2d 480, 483 (1990); Egeland v. State, 408 N.W.2d 848, 851 (Minn.1987); Millard v. Hyplains Dressed Beef, Inc., 237 Neb. 907 , 468 N.W.2d 124, 128 (1991); Tatum v. Medical Univ. of South Carolina, 335 S.C. 499 , 517 S.E.2d 706, 711-12 (App.1999).

2000See Jansen v. Harmon, 164 N.W.2d 323, 328-30 (Iowa 1969); Barrett v. Rodgers, 408 Mass. 614 , 562 N.E.2d 480, 483 (1990); Egeland v. State, 408 N.W.2d 848, 851 (Minn.1987); Millard v. Hyplains Dressed Beef, Inc., 237 Neb. 907 , 468 N.W.2d 124, 128 (1991); Tatum v. Medical Univ. of South Carolina, 335 S.C. 499 , 517 S.E.2d 706, 711-12 (App.1999).

11
Sharp v. Gallaghergreen
ill · 1983 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See Lee v. Longhorn Steaks of Ala., Inc., 662 So.2d 672, 675 (Ala.1995); Sharp v. Gallagher, 95 Ill.2d 322 , 69 Ill.Dec. 351 , 447 N.E.2d 786, 788 (1983); Kimzey v. Interpace Corp., 10 Kan.App.2d 165 , 694 P.2d 907, 912 (1985); Howard v. White, 447 Mich. 395 , 523 N.W.2d 220, 221-22 (1994); Ryan v. Hiller, 138 N.H. 348 , 639 A.2d 258, 260 (1994).

2000See Lee v. Longhorn Steaks of Ala., Inc., 662 So.2d 672, 675 (Ala.1995); Sharp v. Gallagher, 95 Ill.2d 322 , 69 Ill.Dec. 351 , 447 N.E.2d 786, 788 (1983); Kimzey v. Interpace Corp., 10 Kan.App.2d 165 , 694 P.2d 907, 912 (1985); Howard v. White, 447 Mich. 395 , 523 N.W.2d 220, 221-22 (1994); Ryan v. Hiller, 138 N.H. 348 , 639 A.2d 258, 260 (1994).

11
Lee v. LONGHORN STEAKS OF ALABAMA, INC.green
ala · 1995 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
1 sentence

2000See Lee v. Longhorn Steaks of Ala., Inc., 662 So.2d 672, 675 (Ala.1995); Sharp v. Gallagher, 95 Ill.2d 322 , 69 Ill.Dec. 351 , 447 N.E.2d 786, 788 (1983); Kimzey v. Interpace Corp., 10 Kan.App.2d 165 , 694 P.2d 907, 912 (1985); Howard v. White, 447 Mich. 395 , 523 N.W.2d 220, 221-22 (1994); Ryan v. Hiller, 138 N.H. 348 , 639 A.2d 258, 260 (1994).

11
Egeland v. Stategreen
minn · 1987 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
1 sentence

2000See Jansen v. Harmon, 164 N.W.2d 323, 328-30 (Iowa 1969); Barrett v. Rodgers, 408 Mass. 614 , 562 N.E.2d 480, 483 (1990); Egeland v. State, 408 N.W.2d 848, 851 (Minn.1987); Millard v. Hyplains Dressed Beef, Inc., 237 Neb. 907 , 468 N.W.2d 124, 128 (1991); Tatum v. Medical Univ. of South Carolina, 335 S.C. 499 , 517 S.E.2d 706, 711-12 (App.1999).

11
Diaz v. Magma Copper Co.green
arizctapp · 1997 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See State v. Purdy, 601 P.2d 258, 260 (Alaska 1979); Diaz v. Magma Copper Co., 190 Ariz. 544 , 950 P.2d 1165, 1173 (App.1997); Ark.

2000See State v. Purdy, 601 P.2d 258, 260 (Alaska 1979); Diaz v. Magma Copper Co., 190 Ariz. 544 , 950 P.2d 1165, 1173 (App.1997); Ark.

11
Harris v. Casualty Reciprocal Exchangegreen
tex · 1982 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
2 sentences

1992Harris v. Casualty Reciprocal Exch., 632 S.W.2d 714, 717 (Tex.1982).

1992Harris v. Casualty Reciprocal Exch., 632 S.W.2d 714, 717 (Tex. 1982).

11
Douglas v. E. & J. GALLO WINERYgreen
calctapp · 1977 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
2 sentences

1980Gallo Winery, 69 Cal.App.3d 103 , 137 Cal.Rptr. 797, 802 (Ct.App. 1977); contra Winkler v. Hyster *104 Co., 54 Ill.App.3d 282 , 12 Ill.Dec. 109, 112, 113 , 369 N.E.2d 606, 609-10 (1977); that when the product or service causing injury or death is not solely a product or service provided by the employer and available to employees, but rather a product or service made available to the public generally, the employer should be treated as a third party who is subject to suit 1 under most workers’ compensation laws, Douglas, 137 Cal.Rptr. at 802 ; Guy v. Arthur H.

1980Gallo Winery, 69 Cal.App.3d 103 , 137 Cal.Rptr. 797, 802 (Ct.App. 1977); contra Winkler v. Hyster *104 Co., 54 Ill.App.3d 282 , 12 Ill.Dec. 109, 112, 113 , 369 N.E.2d 606, 609-10 (1977); that when the product or service causing injury or death is not solely a product or service provided by the employer and available to employees, but rather a product or service made available to the public generally, the employer should be treated as a third party who is subject to suit 1 under most workers’ compensation laws, Douglas, 137 Cal.Rptr. at 802 ; Guy v. Arthur H.

11
Winkler v. Hyster Co.green
illappct · 1977 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (4)

CaseCitedYears
Cohn v. Spinks Industries, Inc. green
texapp · 1980
2 sentences

1992Cohn, 602 S.W.2d at 103 ; see also Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 8308-3.08 (Vernon Supp. 1992) (previously Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 8306, § 3a (Vernon 1989)).

1992Cohn, 602 S.W.2d at 103 ; see also Tex.Rev.

21989–1992
Gore v. Amoco Production Co. green
texapp · 1981
1 sentence

1989In both Gore v. Amoco Production Company, 616 S.W.2d 289 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1981, no writ); and Davis v. Sinclair Refining Company, 704 S.W.2d 413 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1985, writ ref’d n.r.e.), courts of this state rejected the dual capacity doctrine.

11989–1989
Profilet v. Falconite green
illappct · 1977
11980–1980
Libby, McNeill & Libby v. Scherman green
ill · 1893
11919–1919

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Lab. Code § 408.001 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

IL 49 (1945–2014) CA 43 (1977–2026) OH 24 (1976–2013) LA 16 (1981–2004) MI 15 (1980–2000) MO 14 (1909–2021) PA 13 (1981–2023) OK 12 (1918–2024) AZ 9 (1985–2017) NJ 9 (1982–2001) AL 9 (1980–2013) TX 8 (1919–2015) WI 7 (1980–1993) CT 7 (1988–2010) NY 6 (1978–1999) MS 6 (1933–1997) WA 5 (1985–1998) NH 4 (1982–1994) SC 3 (1999–2013) KS 3 (1985–2022) IN 3 (2008–2008) KY 3 (1981–2019) CO 3 (1983–1996) MD 2 (1999–2000) AK 2 (1979–1995) MT 2 (1995–2015) MA 2 (1980–1987) NM 2 (1988–1995) WV 2 (1986–1993) MN 2 (1962–1987) FL 2 (1984–1991) RI 2 (1989–1997) VA 2 (2005–2007) UT 2 (1985–1987) NC 2 (1942–1993) ME 2 (1994–1994)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check