presumptive rule (Wyoming) · Go Syfert
← Wyoming issues

presumptive rule in Wyoming

8 Wyoming opinions name it 1 courts 1989–2015 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Wyoming courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (12)

CaseFollowedCited
Yerrington v. Anchoragegreen
alaskactapp · 1983 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
1 sentence

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

11
State v. Barsnessgreen
minn · 1990 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
1 sentence

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

11
City of Bellevue v. Ohlsongreen
washctapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

11
Sites v. Stategreen
md · 1984 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

11
State v. Juarezgreen
ariz · 1989 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

11
State v. Spencergreen
or · 1988 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
2 sentences

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

11
State v. Sadekgreen
nd · 1996 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
1 sentence

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

11
Busch v. Commissioner of Public Safetygreen
minnctapp · 2000 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
1 sentence

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

11
Johnson v. Stategreen
wyo · 1899 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
2 sentences

1992See also People v. Lee, 234 Cal.App.3d 1214 , 286 Cal.Rptr. 117, 121 (1991) (quoting People v. Phillips, 64 Cal.2d 574, 582 , 51 Cal.Rptr. 225 , 414 P.2d 353 (1966)) recognizing that "`[o]nly such felonies as are in themselves "inherently dangerous to human life" can support the application of the felony-murder rule.'" [8] Long before Sandstrom , this court also, in a murder case which reversed a conviction based on a presumptive instruction, stated in part: "Every person possessed of a sound mind is presumed to intend and contemplate the necessary, and even probable, consequences of his delib

1992See also People v. Lee, 234 Cal.App.3d 1214 , 286 Cal.Rptr. 117, 121 (1991) (quoting People v. Phillips, 64 Cal.2d 574, 582 , 51 Cal.Rptr. 225 , 414 P.2d 353 (1966)) recognizing that "`[o]nly such felonies as are in themselves "inherently dangerous to human life" can support the application of the felony-murder rule.'" [8] Long before Sandstrom , this court also, in a murder case which reversed a conviction based on a presumptive instruction, stated in part: "Every person possessed of a sound mind is presumed to intend and contemplate the necessary, and even probable, consequences of his delib

11
People v. Leegreen
calctapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
2 sentences

1992See also People v. Lee, 234 Cal.App.3d 1214 , 286 Cal.Rptr. 117, 121 (1991) (quoting People v. Phillips, 64 Cal.2d 574, 582 , 51 Cal.Rptr. 225 , 414 P.2d 353 (1966)) recognizing that "`[o]nly such felonies as are in themselves "inherently dangerous to human life" can support the application of the felony-murder rule.'" [8] Long before Sandstrom , this court also, in a murder case which reversed a conviction based on a presumptive instruction, stated in part: "Every person possessed of a sound mind is presumed to intend and contemplate the necessary, and even probable, consequences of his delib

1992See also People v. Lee, 234 Cal.App.3d 1214 , 286 Cal.Rptr. 117, 121 (1991) (quoting People v. Phillips, 64 Cal.2d 574, 582 , 51 Cal.Rptr. 225 , 414 P.2d 353 (1966)) recognizing that "`[o]nly such felonies as are in themselves "inherently dangerous to human life" can support the application of the felony-murder rule.'" [8] Long before Sandstrom , this court also, in a murder case which reversed a conviction based on a presumptive instruction, stated in part: "Every person possessed of a sound mind is presumed to intend and contemplate the necessary, and even probable, consequences of his delib

11
People v. Phillipsgreen
cal · 1966 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
2 sentences

1992See also People v. Lee, 234 Cal.App.3d 1214 , 286 Cal.Rptr. 117, 121 (1991) (quoting People v. Phillips, 64 Cal.2d 574, 582 , 51 Cal.Rptr. 225 , 414 P.2d 353 (1966)) recognizing that "`[o]nly such felonies as are in themselves "inherently dangerous to human life" can support the application of the felony-murder rule.'" [8] Long before Sandstrom , this court also, in a murder case which reversed a conviction based on a presumptive instruction, stated in part: "Every person possessed of a sound mind is presumed to intend and contemplate the necessary, and even probable, consequences of his delib

1992See also People v. Lee, 234 Cal.App.3d 1214 , 286 Cal.Rptr. 117, 121 (1991) (quoting People v. Phillips, 64 Cal.2d 574, 582 , 51 Cal.Rptr. 225 , 414 P.2d 353 (1966)) recognizing that "`[o]nly such felonies as are in themselves "inherently dangerous to human life" can support the application of the felony-murder rule.'" [8] Long before Sandstrom , this court also, in a murder case which reversed a conviction based on a presumptive instruction, stated in part: "Every person possessed of a sound mind is presumed to intend and contemplate the necessary, and even probable, consequences of his delib

11
State v. Stitzelgreen
minnctapp · 1984 · cited in 1 Wyoming opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
2 sentences

1989The Minnesota Court of Appeals acknowledged that Barker established only a minimum standard as had the Minnesota Supreme Court in establishing a supervisory rule: "Nothing we have said should be interpreted as disapproving a presumptive rule adopted by a court in the exercise of its supervisory powers which establishes a fixed time period within which cases must normally be brought." State v. Stitzel, 351 N.W.2d 409, 410 (Minn. App. 1984) (quoting from Barker, 407 U.S. at 530 n. 29, 92 S.Ct. at 2192 n. 29).

1989The Minnesota Court of Appeals acknowledged that Barker established only a minimum standard as had the Minnesota Supreme Court in establishing a supervisory rule: “Nothing we have said should be interpreted as disapproving a presumptive rule adopted by a court in the exercise of its supervisory powers which establishes a fixed time period within which cases must normally be brought.” State v. Stitzel, 351 N.W.2d 409, 410 (Minn.App.1984) (quoting from Barker, 407 U.S. at 530 n. 29, 92 S.Ct. at 2192 n. 29).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Wyoming. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (14)

CaseCitedYears
Harris v. Ron Champion green
ca10 · 1994
2 sentences

2015Id. at 1560 .

2015Id. at 1560 .

22015–2015
Copelin v. State green
alaska · 1983
1 sentence

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

12001–2001
Bland v. United States green
scotus · 1984
1 sentence

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

12001–2001
Witherspoon v. Cordier green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

2001Yerrington v. Anchorage, 675 P.2d 649, 650 (Alaska App.1983) (citing Copelin v. State, 659 P.2d 1206 (Alaska 1983), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1017 , 105 S.Ct. 430 , 83 L.Ed.2d 357 (1984)) (a statute and a court rule both require a reasonable opportunity to consult with counsel before chemical testing, the right being defined as a "limited statutory right"); State v. Juares, 161 Ariz. 76 , 775 P.2d 1140, 1144-45 (1989) (a criminal rule requires counsel "as soon as feasible after a defendant is taken into custody," but it also violates the Sixth Amendment and the state constitution not to allow acc

12001–2001
Hasty v. Hasty green
wyo · 1992
1 sentence

1994Id. at 99 .

11994–1994
Sorola v. Texas green
scotus · 1989
2 sentences

1991When a sentence imposed after trial is more severe than that previously applied after a guilty plea, the specific issue of whether the Pearce prescription applied against the vindictiveness was specifically considered and explicitly settled in Smith, 109 S.Ct. 2201 . 7 Application of vindictiveness to increase the penalty to death upon re-prosecution was also rejected as a presumptive error in Sorola v. State, 769 S.W.2d 920 (Tex.Cr.App.), ce rt. denied - U.S. -, 110 S.Ct. 569 , 107 L.Ed.2d 563 (1989).

1991App.), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 110 S.Ct. 569 , 107 L.Ed.2d 563 (1989).

11991–1991
Alabama v. Smith green
scotus · 1989
2 sentences

1991When a sentence imposed after trial is more severe than that previously applied after a guilty plea, the specific issue of whether the Pearce prescription applied against the vindictiveness was specifically considered and explicitly settled in Smith, 109 S.Ct. 2201 . 7 Application of vindictiveness to increase the penalty to death upon re-prosecution was also rejected as a presumptive error in Sorola v. State, 769 S.W.2d 920 (Tex.Cr.App.), ce rt. denied - U.S. -, 110 S.Ct. 569 , 107 L.Ed.2d 563 (1989).

1991When a sentence imposed after trial is more severe than that previously applied after a guilty plea, the specific issue of whether the Pearce prescription applied against the vindictiveness was specifically considered and explicitly settled in Smith, 109 S.Ct. 2201 . [7] Application of vindictiveness to increase the penalty to death upon re-prosecution was also rejected as a presumptive error in Sorola v. State, 769 S.W.2d 920 (Tex.Cr.

11991–1991
Ex Parte Sorola v. State green
texcrimapp · 1989
2 sentences

1991When a sentence imposed after trial is more severe than that previously applied after a guilty plea, the specific issue of whether the Pearce prescription applied against the vindictiveness was specifically considered and explicitly settled in Smith, 109 S.Ct. 2201 . 7 Application of vindictiveness to increase the penalty to death upon re-prosecution was also rejected as a presumptive error in Sorola v. State, 769 S.W.2d 920 (Tex.Cr.App.), ce rt. denied - U.S. -, 110 S.Ct. 569 , 107 L.Ed.2d 563 (1989).

1991When a sentence imposed after trial is more severe than that previously applied after a guilty plea, the specific issue of whether the Pearce prescription applied against the vindictiveness was specifically considered and explicitly settled in Smith, 109 S.Ct. 2201 . [7] Application of vindictiveness to increase the penalty to death upon re-prosecution was also rejected as a presumptive error in Sorola v. State, 769 S.W.2d 920 (Tex.Cr.

11991–1991
Bullington v. Missouri green
scotus · 1981
2 sentences

1991Certainly, acquittal on the merits of the double jeopardy concept of Arizona v. Rumsey, 467 U.S. 203 , 104 S.Ct. 2305 , 81 L.Ed.2d 164 (1984) and Bullington v. Missouri, 451 U.S. 430, 101 S.Ct. 1852 , 68 L.Ed.2d 270 (1981) will not apply in this case where the guilty plea was reversed for retrial.

1991Certainly, acquittal on the merits of the double jeopardy concept of Arizona v. Rumsey, 467 U.S. 203 , 104 S.Ct. 2305 , 81 L.Ed.2d 164 (1984) and Bullington v. Missouri, 451 U.S. 430, 101 S.Ct. 1852 , 68 L.Ed.2d 270 (1981) will not apply in this case where the guilty plea was reversed for retrial.

11991–1991
Arizona v. Rumsey green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

1991Certainly, acquittal on the merits of the double jeopardy concept of Arizona v. Rumsey, 467 U.S. 203 , 104 S.Ct. 2305 , 81 L.Ed.2d 164 (1984) and Bullington v. Missouri, 451 U.S. 430, 101 S.Ct. 1852 , 68 L.Ed.2d 270 (1981) will not apply in this case where the guilty plea was reversed for retrial.

1991Certainly, acquittal on the merits of the double jeopardy concept of Arizona v. Rumsey, 467 U.S. 203 , 104 S.Ct. 2305 , 81 L.Ed.2d 164 (1984) and Bullington v. Missouri, 451 U.S. 430, 101 S.Ct. 1852 , 68 L.Ed.2d 270 (1981) will not apply in this case where the guilty plea was reversed for retrial.

11991–1991
Tate v. Lenhardt green
sc · 1818
2 sentences

1991When a sentence imposed after trial is more severe than that previously applied after a guilty plea, the specific issue of whether the Pearce prescription applied against the vindictiveness was specifically considered and explicitly settled in Smith, 109 S.Ct. 2201 . 7 Application of vindictiveness to increase the penalty to death upon re-prosecution was also rejected as a presumptive error in Sorola v. State, 769 S.W.2d 920 (Tex.Cr.App.), ce rt. denied - U.S. -, 110 S.Ct. 569 , 107 L.Ed.2d 563 (1989).

1991App.), cert. denied ___ U.S. ___, 110 S.Ct. 569 , 107 L.Ed.2d 563 (1989).

11991–1991
State v. Bean neutral
kan · 1984
2 sentences

1989Cf. State v. Bean, 236 Kan. 389 , 691 P.2d 30 (1984).

1989Cf. State v. Bean, 236 Kan. 389 , 691 P.2d 30 (1984).

11989–1989
Barker v. Wingo green
scotus · 1972
2 sentences

1989The Minnesota Court of Appeals acknowledged that Barker established only a minimum standard as had the Minnesota Supreme Court in establishing a supervisory rule: “Nothing we have said should be interpreted as disapproving a presumptive rule adopted by a court in the exercise of its supervisory powers which establishes a fixed time period within which cases must normally be brought.” State v. Stitzel, 351 N.W.2d 409, 410 (Minn.App.1984) (quoting from Barker, 407 U.S. at 530 n. 29, 92 S.Ct. at 2192 n. 29).

1989The Minnesota Court of Appeals acknowledged that Barker established only a minimum standard as had the Minnesota Supreme Court in establishing a supervisory rule: “Nothing we have said should be interpreted as disapproving a presumptive rule adopted by a court in the exercise of its supervisory powers which establishes a fixed time period within which cases must normally be brought.” State v. Stitzel, 351 N.W.2d 409, 410 (Minn.App.1984) (quoting from Barker, 407 U.S. at 530 n. 29, 92 S.Ct. at 2192 n. 29).

11989–1989
Slack v. Villari green
mdctspecapp · 1984
1 sentence

1989The brief now filed on appeal more nearly fits a third category claim founded in ordinance violation as a basis for liability. [6] It is apparent that had the ordinance been pleaded in this case, the culpability criteria of Endresen for an ordinance violation theory of recovery could have been found in the admitted voluntary release of the dogs to the front yard and uncontrolled as they left the yard, if they did, to go to the adjoining house where appellant was standing. [7] Another rule evidenced in these cases is if the name of the dog is given in the opinion, the decision for defendant dog

11989–1989

Where else courts name it

WA 46 (1986–2025) CA 36 (1886–2025) IL 32 (1890–2024) NJ 18 (1960–2026) TX 18 (1985–2026) MD 14 (1980–2026) IN 14 (1884–2023) PA 13 (1972–2023) DE 12 (1979–2025) UT 10 (1993–2019) MN 9 (1964–2015) MI 9 (1968–2022) WY 8 (1989–2015) DC 8 (1992–2011) NC 8 (1961–2022) AZ 8 (1997–2025) NY 7 (1937–2021) IA 6 (1978–2015) LA 6 (1959–2014) ND 5 (1986–2014) WI 5 (1989–2023) VT 5 (1990–2019) AL 5 (1845–2017) OH 5 (2006–2026) CO 4 (1986–2017) KS 4 (1986–2022) AK 4 (1986–2025) MO 4 (1991–2014) NM 3 (1988–2020) CT 3 (2002–2019) OK 3 (2011–2014) NV 2 (2015–2015) ME 2 (2002–2017) GA 2 (1979–1983) KY 2 (1975–2022) FL 2 (1984–2003) WV 2 (2015–2026) MA 2 (1932–2017) OR 2 (1914–1949) MS 2 (1966–2022) NH 2 (1984–2003) VA 2 (2008–2012) MT 2 (2007–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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