indemnity clause (Pennsylvania) · Go Syfert
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indemnity clause in Pennsylvania

44 Pennsylvania opinions name it 11 courts 1943–2025 3 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Pennsylvania courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (16)

CaseFollowedCited
Westinghouse Electric Co. v. Murphy, Inc.green
pa · 1967 · cited in 3 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1986–2013
2 sentences

2013Westinghouse Electric Co. v. Murphy, Inc., 228 A.2d 656, 661 (Pa. 1967)(giving force to an indemnity clause included in the appendix to a written agreement and comparing indemnity clauses to confession of judgment clauses).

2012Westinghouse Electric Co. v. Murphy, Inc., 425 Pa. 166, 175 , 228 A.2d 656, 661 (1967) (giving force to an indemnity clause included in the appendix to a written agreement and comparing indemnity clauses to confession of judgment clauses).

23
Dilks v. Flohr Chevroletgreen
pa · 1963 · cited in 5 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1971–1993
2 sentences

1991In Dilks , the court stated: [w]hile an exculpatory clause—which deprives one contracting party of a right to recover for damages suffered through the negligence of the other contracting party—differs somewhat from an indemnity clause—which effects a change in the person who ultimately has to pay the damages—yet there is such a substantial kinship between both types of contracts as to render decisions dealing with indemnity clauses applicable to decisions dealing with exculpatory clauses, and vice versa. 411 Pa. at 435 n. 11, 192 A.2d at 687 n. 11.

1991In Dilks , the court stated: [w]hile an exculpatory clause—which deprives one contracting party of a right to recover for damages suffered through the negligence of the other contracting party—differs somewhat from an indemnity clause—which effects a change in the person who ultimately has to pay the damages—yet there is such a substantial kinship between both types of contracts as to render decisions dealing with indemnity clauses applicable to decisions dealing with exculpatory clauses, and vice versa. 411 Pa. at 435 n. 11, 192 A.2d at 687 n. 11.

15
Ruzzi v. Butler Petroleum Co.green
pa · 1991 · cited in 4 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1991–2010
2 sentences

2010No inferences from words of general import can establish such indemnification.” (citations omitted) In Ruzzi, supra at 8 , 588 A.2d at 4-5 , the indemnity clause read as follows: “[The Zinssers]... exonerate, discharge, and agree to protect and save harmless and indemnify [Butler Petroleum] . . . from any and all liability for claims for loss, damage, injury or other casualty to persons or property ... caused or occasioned by any leakage, fire, explosion or other casualty occurring through any imperfection in, injury or damage to, or by reason of the installation, use, operation and/or repair

2010No inferences from words of general import can establish such indemnification.” (citations omitted) In Ruzzi, supra at 8 , 588 A.2d at 4-5 , the indemnity clause read as follows: “[The Zinssers]... exonerate, discharge, and agree to protect and save harmless and indemnify [Butler Petroleum] . . . from any and all liability for claims for loss, damage, injury or other casualty to persons or property ... caused or occasioned by any leakage, fire, explosion or other casualty occurring through any imperfection in, injury or damage to, or by reason of the installation, use, operation and/or repair

14
Bianculli v. Turner Construction Co.green
pasuperct · 1994 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2000–2003
2 sentences

2003Co., 433 Pa.Super. 237 , 640 A.2d 461 (1994), where the trial court was found to have abused its discretion in dismissing the cross-claim for indemnity, and the present case, where the indemnity claim was dismissed as being premature, to be ad-' dressed at a later time after a review of further issues.

2003Co., 433 Pa.Super. 237 , 640 A.2d 461 (1994), where the trial court was found to have abused its discretion in dismissing the cross-claim for indemnity, and the present case, where the indemnity claim was dismissed as being premature, to be ad-' dressed at a later time after a review of further issues.

12
Urban Redevelopment Authority v. Noralco Corp.green
pasuperct · 1980 · cited in 2 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1982–1984
2 sentences

1984We hold that the indemnity clause does not apply. “[T]he parties’ intent to have their indemnity contract apply to a loss caused by the indemnitee’s own negligence must be expressed in clear and unequivocal language.” Urban Redevelopment Authority v. Noralco Corp., 281 Pa. Superior Ct. 466, 474 , 422 A.2d 563, 567 (1980).

1984We hold that the indemnity clause does not apply. “[T]he parties’ intent to have their indemnity contract apply to a loss caused by the indemnitee’s own negligence must be expressed in clear and unequivocal language.” Urban Redevelopment Authority v. Noralco Corp., 281 Pa. Superior Ct. 466, 474 , 422 A.2d 563, 567 (1980).

12
Builders Supply Co. v. McCabegreen
pa · 1951 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023(Id. at 34 (citing Builders Supply, 77 A.2d at 370 ).) Consequently, DCI insists that indemnity rules do not apply and that the trial court erred in failing to grant summary judgment in its favor and dismiss the Hospital’s indemnity claim.

2023Denying the plaintiff’s indemnity claim, we recognized that “[t]he universal rule” concerning indemnity prohibits a party that is jointly and severally liable from seeking indemnity “from those who with him caused the injury.” Builders Supply, 77 A.2d at 371 .

11
Kevin O'Halloran, in His Capacity for Island View Crossing Ii, L.P. v. Prudential Sav. Bank (In re Island View Crossing Ii, L.P.)green
paeb · 2019 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019See In re Island View Crossing II, L.P., 598 B.R. 552, 566 (Bankr.

11
Swartz v. Sunderlandgreen
pa · 1961 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007A right of contribution, on the other hand, exists when a “joint tortfeasor has discharged the common liability or paid more than his pro rata share,” and the joint tortfeasor’s liability “to the injured persons has been extinguished by the settlement.” Swartz v. Sunderland, 403 Pa. 222 , 169 A.2d 289, 291 (1961).

2007A right of contribution, on the other hand, exists when a “joint tortfeasor has discharged the common liability or paid more than his pro rata share,” and the joint tortfeasor’s liability “to the injured persons has been extinguished by the settlement.” Swartz v. Sunderland, 403 Pa. 222 , 169 A.2d 289, 291 (1961).

11
Sirianni v. Nugent Bros., Inc.green
pa · 1986 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007The proper inquiry for an indemnity claim is “whether the party seeking indemnity had any part in causing the injury.” Sirianni v. Nugent Bros., Inc., 509 Pa. 564 , 506 A.2d 868, 871 (1986) (emphasis in original).

2007The proper inquiry for an indemnity claim is “whether the party seeking indemnity had any part in causing the injury.” Sirianni v. Nugent Bros., Inc., 509 Pa. 564 , 506 A.2d 868, 871 (1986) (emphasis in original).

11
Smithkline Beecham Corporation v. Rohm and Haas Company v. Buckeye Pipe Line Company, Rohm and Haas Companygreen
ca3 · 1996 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
1 sentence

2003See SmithKline Beecham, supra; Olin Corp., supra. ¶ 15 Finally, Mascaro argues that the settlement costs incurred by Delaware County were unreasonable.

11
Hackman v. Moyer Packinggreen
pasuperct · 1993 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000Our Superior Court in Hackman v. Moyer Packing, 423 Pa. Super. 378 , 621 A.2d 166 (1993) upheld an indemnity clause which stated: “Currie (tenant/employer) agrees to indemnify, save and hold harmless Moyer Packing Company, (landlord), its subsidiaries, affiliates, their directors, officers, agents, workmen, servants or employees, against any and all claim or claims brought by the agents, workmen, servants or employees of Currie (tenant/employer) for any alleged negligence or condition, caused or created [in] whole or in part, by Moyer Packing Company (landlord).” Hackman , 423 Pa. Super, at 38

2000Our Superior Court in Hackman v. Moyer Packing, 423 Pa. Super. 378 , 621 A.2d 166 (1993) upheld an indemnity clause which stated: “Currie (tenant/employer) agrees to indemnify, save and hold harmless Moyer Packing Company, (landlord), its subsidiaries, affiliates, their directors, officers, agents, workmen, servants or employees, against any and all claim or claims brought by the agents, workmen, servants or employees of Currie (tenant/employer) for any alleged negligence or condition, caused or created [in] whole or in part, by Moyer Packing Company (landlord).” Hackman , 423 Pa. Super, at 38

11
Cucchi v. Rollins Protective Services Co.green
pa · 1988 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993In sum, we find that the breach of warranty provisions of Article 2 — Sales of the Uniform Commercial Code apply with equal force to lease transactions, pursuant to this court’s decision in Cucchi v. Rollins Protective Services, 377 Pa.Super. 9, 32-34 , 546 A.2d 1131, 1143 (1988), reversed on other grounds, 524 Pa. 514 , 574 A.2d 565 (1990).

1993In sum, we find that the breach of warranty provisions of Article 2 — Sales of the Uniform Commercial Code apply with equal force to lease transactions, pursuant to this court’s decision in Cucchi v. Rollins Protective Services, 377 Pa.Super. 9, 32-34 , 546 A.2d 1131, 1143 (1988), reversed on other grounds, 524 Pa. 514 , 574 A.2d 565 (1990).

11
Heckendorn v. Consolidated Rail Corp.green
pa · 1983 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
2 sentences

1988See, for example, Heckendorn v. Consolidated Rail Corporation, 502 Pa. 101 , 465 A.2d 609 (1983). *187 The lower court determined that the indemnity clause in the Duquesne-Gregg agreement did not constitute an agreement by Gregg to indemnify and hold Duquesne harmless in the event Duquesne’s negligence caused injury to a Gregg employee, within the contemplation of the Workmen’s Compensation Act.

1988See, for example, Heckendorn v. Consolidated Rail Corporation, 502 Pa. 101 , 465 A.2d 609 (1983). *187 The lower court determined that the indemnity clause in the Duquesne-Gregg agreement did not constitute an agreement by Gregg to indemnify and hold Duquesne harmless in the event Duquesne’s negligence caused injury to a Gregg employee, within the contemplation of the Workmen’s Compensation Act.

11
Galligan v. Arovitchgreen
pa · 1966 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1975–1975
11
KOTWASINSKI v. RASNERgreen
pa · 1969 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1971–1971
11
Bishoff v. Fehlgreen
pa · 1942 · cited in 1 Pennsylvania opinions naming this issue, 1967–1967
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Pennsylvania. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (28)

CaseCitedYears
Perry v. Payne green
pa · 1907
2 sentences

2010No inferences from words of general import can establish such indemnification.” (citations omitted) In Ruzzi, supra at 8 , 588 A.2d at 4-5 , the indemnity clause read as follows: “[The Zinssers]... exonerate, discharge, and agree to protect and save harmless and indemnify [Butler Petroleum] . . . from any and all liability for claims for loss, damage, injury or other casualty to persons or property ... caused or occasioned by any leakage, fire, explosion or other casualty occurring through any imperfection in, injury or damage to, or by reason of the installation, use, operation and/or repair

2010No inferences from words of general import can establish such indemnification.” (citations omitted) In Ruzzi, supra at 8 , 588 A.2d at 4-5 , the indemnity clause read as follows: “[The Zinssers]... exonerate, discharge, and agree to protect and save harmless and indemnify [Butler Petroleum] . . . from any and all liability for claims for loss, damage, injury or other casualty to persons or property ... caused or occasioned by any leakage, fire, explosion or other casualty occurring through any imperfection in, injury or damage to, or by reason of the installation, use, operation and/or repair

51971–2010
General Electric Co. v. Hatzel & Buehler, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 1963
2 sentences

2007Id.

2004Id.

22004–2007
Warren City Lines, Inc. v. United Refining Co. green
pasuperct · 1971
2 sentences

2004The Superior Court has stated that, “[wjhile an exculpatory clause . . . differs somewhat from an indemnity clause ... there is such a substantial kinship between both types of contracts as to render decisions dealing with indemnity clauses applicable to decisions dealing with exculpatory clauses and vice versa.” Warren City Lines Inc. v. United Refining Company, 220 Pa. Super. 308, 311 n.1, 287 A.2d 149 , 150 n.1 (1971).

2004The Superior Court has stated that, “[wjhile an exculpatory clause . . . differs somewhat from an indemnity clause ... there is such a substantial kinship between both types of contracts as to render decisions dealing with indemnity clauses applicable to decisions dealing with exculpatory clauses and vice versa.” Warren City Lines Inc. v. United Refining Company, 220 Pa. Super. 308, 311 n.1, 287 A.2d 149 , 150 n.1 (1971).

22000–2004
Schroeder v. Gulf Ref. Co., (No. 2) green
pa · 1930
2 sentences

1971In Schroeder v. Gulf Refining Co. (No. 2), 300 Pa. 405 , 150 A. 665 (1930), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, using standards virtually the same as those set forth above, construed an indemnity clause almost identical to the clause in the instant case. 8 The Court held that the clause did not relieve the defendant — fuel supplier from responsibility: “[T]he damage for which recompense is here sought was caused, not in the manner contemplated by the release, but by the negligent conduct of the employee of the defendant in permitting gasoline to overflow from the intake pipe while filling the unde

1971In Schroeder v. Gulf Refining Co. (No. 2), 300 Pa. 405 , 150 A. 665 (1930), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, using standards virtually the same as those set forth above, construed an indemnity clause almost identical to the clause in the instant case. 8 The Court held that the clause did not relieve the defendant — fuel supplier from responsibility: “[T]he damage for which recompense is here sought was caused, not in the manner contemplated by the release, but by the negligent conduct of the employee of the defendant in permitting gasoline to overflow from the intake pipe while filling the unde

21943–1971
Renk v. City of Pittsburgh green
pa · 1994
1 sentence

2025Id.

12025–2025
D. Gieniec v. WCAB (Palmerton Hosp. and HM Casualty Ins. Co.) green
pacommwct · 2015
1 sentence

2024Thus, the claimant’s “reinstatement petition was premised on a successful appeal of the indemnity claim.” Id. at 160 .

12024–2024
Woodburn v. Consolidation Coal Co. green
pasuperct · 1991
2 sentences

2015In support of the insufficiency of Raymond’s indemnification commitment, Jeffrey quotes this Court’s decision in Woodburn v. Consolidation Coal Co., 404 Pa.Super. 359 , 590 A.2d 1273 (1991): [F]or a party responsible [for] complying with safety regulations, to ignore those regulations because of an indemnity clause in a contract is very risky.

2015In support of the insufficiency of Raymond’s indemnification commitment, Jeffrey quotes this Court’s decision in Woodburn v. Consolidation Coal Co., 404 Pa.Super. 359 , 590 A.2d 1273 (1991): [F]or a party responsible [for] complying with safety regulations, to ignore those regulations because of an indemnity clause in a contract is very risky.

12015–2015
Shumosky v. Lutheran Welfare Services of Northeastern PA, Inc. green
pasuperct · 2001
1 sentence

2011Instead, §12.05 simply addresses “any and all third party” claims or suits, and such “[g]eneral indemnity language is insufficient to remove the bar to [tort] recovery by the exclusivity provision of the Act.” Shumosky, supra. Accord, Parilla, supra (“The Pennsylvania precedents are quite clear that a general or blanket indemnity or contribution provision in a written contract is not sufficient to remove the immunity protection for an employer.”).

12011–2011
Greer v. City of Philadelphia green
pa · 2002
2 sentences

2008The chosen language simply does not evince an intent to provide indemnification for damages due to the negligence of other unspecified parties, including an indemni-tee.” Id. at 379 . ¶ 18 The Court read “the second part of the provision, which states that the indemnity clause will apply ‘regardless of whether or not such claim ... is caused in part by a party indemnified hereunder,’ merely to clarify that any contributory negligence by PennDOT and the subcontractor will not bar their indemnification for damages due to subcontractor’s negligence.” Id. at 379-80 .

2008The chosen language simply does not evince an intent to provide indemnification for damages due to the negligence of other unspecified parties, including an indemni-tee.” Id. at 379 . ¶ 18 The Court read “the second part of the provision, which states that the indemnity clause will apply ‘regardless of whether or not such claim ... is caused in part by a party indemnified hereunder,’ merely to clarify that any contributory negligence by PennDOT and the subcontractor will not bar their indemnification for damages due to subcontractor’s negligence.” Id. at 379-80 .

12008–2008
Unionamerica Ins. Co., Ltd. v. JB JOHNSON green
pasuperct · 2002
2 sentences

2003Thus, the lower court's decision to dismiss the indemnity claim as premature was not improper as it was in its discretion to do so. [4] 42 Pa. C.S.A. § 7532; Johnson, 806 A.2d at 434 .

2003Thus, the lower court’s decision to dismiss the indemnity claim as premature was not improper as it was in its discretion to do so. 4 42 Pa. C.S.A. § 7532; Johnson, 806 A.2d at 434 .

12003–2003
Judge v. Allentown & Sacred Heart Hospital Center green
pacommwct · 1985
2 sentences

1997In Judge v. Allentown & Sacred Heart Hospital Center, 90 Pa. Commw. 520 , 496 A.2d 92 (1985), the Commonwealth Court considered the sufficiency of a claim for equitable indemnity.

1997In Judge v. Allentown & Sacred Heart Hospital Center, 90 Pa. Commw. 520 , 496 A.2d 92 (1985), the Commonwealth Court considered the sufficiency of a claim for equitable indemnity.

11997–1997
Burgan v. City of Pittsburgh green
pacommwct · 1988
2 sentences

1997In addition, because CBI was involved in an “ultra-hazardous” activity, blasting, the court found that CBI could not contract away its strict liability through an indemnity clause, because such a clause “would weaken incentives to employ utmost safety precautions for the protection of the public.” Id. at 578 , 542 A.2d at 588-89 .

1997In addition, because CBI was involved in an “ultra-hazardous” activity, blasting, the court found that CBI could not contract away its strict liability through an indemnity clause, because such a clause “would weaken incentives to employ utmost safety precautions for the protection of the public.” Id. at 578 , 542 A.2d at 588-89 .

11997–1997
Topp Copy Products Inc. v. Singletary green
pasuperct · 1991
2 sentences

1993Topp Copy Products, Inc. v. Ernest Singletary, 404 Pa.Super. 459 , 591 A.2d 298 (1991). [2] The indemnity clause that was being interpreted in Ruzzi was as follows: [The Zinsers] . . . exonerate, discharge, and agree to protect and save harmless and indemnify [Butler Petroleum] . . . from any and all liability for claims for loss, damage, injury or other casualty to persons or property . . . caused or occasioned by any leakage, fire, explosion or other casualty occurring through any imperfection in, injury or damage to, or by reason of the installation, use, operation and/or repair of the said

1993Topp Copy Products, Inc. v. Ernest Singletary, 404 Pa.Super. 459 , 591 A.2d 298 (1991). [2] The indemnity clause that was being interpreted in Ruzzi was as follows: [The Zinsers] . . . exonerate, discharge, and agree to protect and save harmless and indemnify [Butler Petroleum] . . . from any and all liability for claims for loss, damage, injury or other casualty to persons or property . . . caused or occasioned by any leakage, fire, explosion or other casualty occurring through any imperfection in, injury or damage to, or by reason of the installation, use, operation and/or repair of the said

11993–1993
Cucchi v. Rollins Protective Services Co. green
pa · 1990
2 sentences

1993In sum, we find that the breach of warranty provisions of Article 2 — Sales of the Uniform Commercial Code apply with equal force to lease transactions, pursuant to this court’s decision in Cucchi v. Rollins Protective Services, 377 Pa.Super. 9, 32-34 , 546 A.2d 1131, 1143 (1988), reversed on other grounds, 524 Pa. 514 , 574 A.2d 565 (1990).

1993In sum, we find that the breach of warranty provisions of Article 2 — Sales of the Uniform Commercial Code apply with equal force to lease transactions, pursuant to this court’s decision in Cucchi v. Rollins Protective Services, 377 Pa.Super. 9, 32-34 , 546 A.2d 1131, 1143 (1988), reversed on other grounds, 524 Pa. 514 , 574 A.2d 565 (1990).

11993–1993
Szymanski-Gallagher v. Chestnut Realty Co. green
pasuperct · 1991
2 sentences

1991However, we do note the recently decided Superior Court case, Szymanski-Gallagher v. Chestnut Realty Co., 409 Pa. Super. 323 , 597 A.2d 1225 (1991), to which High called our attention by way of a recent letter and which held that an express waiver of the immunity is not required in an indemnification.

1991However, we do note the recently decided Superior Court case, Szymanski-Gallagher v. Chestnut Realty Co., 409 Pa. Super. 323 , 597 A.2d 1225 (1991), to which High called our attention by way of a recent letter and which held that an express waiver of the immunity is not required in an indemnification.

11991–1991
Remas v. Duquesne Light Co. green
pa · 1988
2 sentences

1991However, the panel added that “Gregg did not expressly agree, in the indemnity clause quoted above, to waive its statutory protection, and to assume unlimited liability for damages arising from harm suffered by its own employees as a result of the neglect of Duquesne.” Id. 537 A.2d at 883 .

1991However, the panel added that “Gregg did not expressly agree, in the indemnity clause quoted above, to waive its statutory protection, and to assume unlimited liability for damages arising from harm suffered by its own employees as a result of the neglect of Duquesne.” Id. 537 A.2d at 883 .

11991–1991
Brotherton Construction Co. v. Patterson-Emerson-Comstock, Inc. green
pa · 1962
2 sentences

1984Brotherton Const. Co. v. Patterson-Emerson-Comstock, Inc., 406 Pa. 400 , 178 A.2d 696 (1962); Potts v. Dow Chemical Co., 272 Pa.Superior Ct. 323, 415 A.2d 1220 (1979).

1984Brotherton Const. Co. v. Patterson-Emerson-Comstock, Inc., 406 Pa. 400 , 178 A.2d 696 (1962); Potts v. Dow Chemical Co., 272 Pa.Superior Ct. 323, 415 A.2d 1220 (1979).

11984–1984
Potts v. Dow Chemical Co. green
pasuperct · 1979
11984–1984
Hall v. Goodman Co. green
pasuperct · 1983
11984–1984
Pittsburgh Steel Co. v. Patterson-Emerson-Comstock, Inc. green
pa · 1961
11982–1982
Gedeon v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. green
pawd · 1966
11979–1979
Morton v. Ambridge Borough green
pa · 1954
11971–1971
Crew v. Bradstreet Co. green
pa · 1890
11971–1971
Employers Liability Assurance Corp. v. Greenville Business Men's Ass'n green
pa · 1966
11971–1971
Ashley v. Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co. green
pa · 1911
11967–1967
Murray v. Philadelphia & Reading Railway Co. neutral
pa · 1915
11963–1963
Jacob Siegel Co. v. Philadelphia Record Co. green
pa · 1943
11961–1961
Cannon v. Bresch green
· 1932
11961–1961

Where else courts name it

CA 194 (1956–2026) NY 107 (1926–2025) TX 100 (1922–2026) IL 84 (1899–2026) FL 48 (1964–2025) LA 48 (1970–2024) MA 45 (1976–2014) PA 44 (1943–2025) IN 42 (1940–2025) CT 38 (1925–2016) WA 33 (1922–2025) OR 28 (1959–2024) AK 26 (1976–2023) GA 25 (1977–2025) AL 25 (1932–2017) MN 24 (1958–2026) MI 24 (1978–2022) IA 20 (1963–2023) NJ 19 (1958–2025) DE 16 (1973–2024) MS 15 (1991–2010) AZ 14 (1975–2017) NM 13 (1959–2021) CO 12 (1973–2025) WV 11 (1985–2024) NC 11 (1982–2026) MO 11 (1961–2024) OH 11 (1992–2026) SC 10 (1927–2026) KY 10 (1958–2025) VT 9 (1991–2026) MT 9 (1973–2017) MD 8 (1949–2006) NV 8 (1997–2013) TN 8 (1934–2018) DC 8 (1984–2011) WI 7 (1942–2019) RI 7 (1995–2015) VA 7 (1967–2005) KS 7 (1979–2022) OK 6 (1935–2006) AR 6 (1991–2026) ID 6 (1923–2021) UT 6 (1989–2019) ND 6 (1979–2002) ME 5 (1985–2003) NH 5 (1974–2010) SD 3 (1990–2016) WY 3 (1987–1992) NE 3 (1997–2022) VI 2 (2002–2017) HI 2 (1985–2018)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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