16 U.S.C. § 1535

Cooperation with States

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(a) Generally

In carrying out the program authorized by this chapter, the Secretary shall cooperate to the maximum extent practicable with the States. Such cooperation shall include consultation with the States concerned before acquiring any land or water, or interest therein, for the purpose of conserving any endangered species or threatened species.

(b) Management agreements

The Secretary may enter into agreements with any State for the administration and management of any area established for the conservation of endangered species or threatened species. Any revenues derived from the administration of such areas under these agreements shall be subject to the provisions of section 715s of this title.

(c) Cooperative agreements(1) In furtherance of the purposes of this chapter, the Secretary is authorized to enter into a cooperative agreement in accordance with this section with any State which establishes and maintains an adequate and active program for the conservation of endangered species and threatened species. Within one hundred and twenty days after the Secretary receives a certified copy of such a proposed State program, he shall make a determination whether such program is in accordance with this chapter. Unless he determines, pursuant to this paragraph, that the State program is not in accordance with this chapter, he shall enter into a cooperative agreement with the State for the purpose of assisting in implementation of the State program. In order for a State program to be deemed an adequate and active program for the conservation of endangered species and threatened species, the Secretary must find, and annually thereafter reconfirm such finding, that under the State program—(A) authority resides in the State agency to conserve resident species of fish or wildlife determined by the State agency or the Secretary to be endangered or threatened;(B) the State agency has established acceptable conservation programs, consistent with the purposes and policies of this chapter, for all resident species of fish or wildlife in the State which are deemed by the Secretary to be endangered or threatened, and has furnished a copy of such plan and program together with all pertinent details, information, and data requested to the Secretary;(C) the State agency is authorized to conduct investigations to determine the status and requirements for survival of resident species of fish and wildlife;(D) the State agency is authorized to establish programs, including the acquisition of land or aquatic habitat or interests therein, for the conservation of resident endangered or threatened species of fish or wildlife; and(E) provision is made for public participation in designating resident species of fish or wildlife as endangered or threatened; orthat under the State program—(i) the requirements set forth in subparagraphs (C), (D), and (E) of this paragraph are complied with, and(ii) plans are included under which immediate attention will be given to those resident species of fish and wildlife which are determined by the Secretary or the State agency to be endangered or threatened and which the Secretary and the State agency agree are most urgently in need of conservation programs; except that a cooperative agreement entered into with a State whose program is deemed adequate and active pursuant to clause (i) and this clause shall not affect the applicability of prohibitions set forth in or authorized pursuant to section 1533(d) of this title or section 1538(a)(1) of this title with respect to the taking of any resident endangered or threatened species.(2) In furtherance of the purposes of this chapter the Secretary is authorized to enter into a cooperative agreement in accordance with this section with any State which establishes and maintains an adequate and active program for the conservation of endangered species and threatened species of plants. Within one hundred and twenty days after the Secretary receives a certified copy of such a proposed State program, he shall make a determination whether such program is in accordance with this chapter. Unless he determines, pursuant to this paragraph, that the State program is not in accordance with this chapter, he shall enter into a cooperative agreement with the State for the purpose of assisting in implementation of the State program. In order for a State program to be deemed an adequate and active program for the conservation of endangered species of plants and threatened species of plants, the Secretary must find, and annually thereafter reconfirm such finding, that under the State program—(A) authority resides in the State agency to conserve resident species of plants determined by the State agency or the Secretary to be endangered or threatened;(B) the State agency has established acceptable conservation programs, consistent with the purposes and policies of this chapter, for all resident species of plants in the State which are deemed by the Secretary to be endangered or threatened, and has furnished a copy of such plan and program together with all pertinent details, information, and data requested to the Secretary;(C) the State agency is authorized to conduct investigations to determine the status and requirements for survival of resident species of plants; and(D) provision is made for public participation in designating resident species of plants as endangered or threatened; orthat under the State program—(i) the requirements set forth in subparagraphs (C) and (D) of this paragraph are complied with, and(ii) plans are included under which immediate attention will be given to those resident species of plants which are determined by the Secretary or the State agency to be endangered or threatened and which the Secretary and the State agency agree are most urgently in need of conservation programs; except that a cooperative agreement entered into with a State whose program is deemed adequate and active pursuant to clause (i) and this clause shall not affect the applicability of prohibitions set forth in or authorized pursuant to section 1533(d) or section 1538(a)(1) of this title with respect to the taking of any resident endangered or threatened species.(d) Allocation of funds(1) The Secretary is authorized to provide financial assistance to any State, through its respective State agency, which has entered into a cooperative agreement pursuant to subsection (c) of this section to assist in development of programs for the conservation of endangered and threatened species or to assist in monitoring the status of candidate species pursuant to subparagraph (C) of section 1533(b)(3) of this title and recovered species pursuant to section 1533(g) of this title. The Secretary shall allocate each annual appropriation made in accordance with the provisions of subsection (i) of this section to such States based on consideration of—(A) the international commitments of the United States to protect endangered species or threatened species;(B) the readiness of a State to proceed with a conservation program consistent with the objectives and purposes of this chapter;(C) the number of endangered species and threatened species within a State;(D) the potential for restoring endangered species and threatened species within a State;(E) the relative urgency to initiate a program to restore and protect an endangered species or threatened species in terms of survival of the species;(F) the importance of monitoring the status of candidate species within a State to prevent a significant risk to the well being of any such species; and(G) the importance of monitoring the status of recovered species within a State to assure that such species do not return to the point at which the measures provided pursuant to this chapter are again necessary.So much of the annual appropriation made in accordance with provisions of subsection (i) of this section allocated for obligation to any State for any fiscal year as remains unobligated at the close thereof is authorized to be made available to that State until the close of the succeeding fiscal year. Any amount allocated to any State which is unobligated at the end of the period during which it is available for expenditure is authorized to be made available for expenditure by the Secretary in conducting programs under this section.(2) Such cooperative agreements shall provide for (A) the actions to be taken by the Secretary and the States; (B) the benefits that are expected to be derived in connection with the conservation of endangered or threatened species; (C) the estimated cost of these actions; and (D) the share of such costs to be borne by the Federal Government and by the States; except that—(i) the Federal share of such program costs shall not exceed 75 percent of the estimated program cost stated in the agreement; and(ii) the Federal share may be increased to 90 percent whenever two or more States having a common interest in one or more endangered or threatened species, the conservation of which may be enhanced by cooperation of such States, enter jointly into an agreement with the Secretary.The Secretary may, in his discretion, and under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe, advance funds to the State for financing the United States pro rata share agreed upon in the cooperative agreement. For the purposes of this section, the non-Federal share may, in the discretion of the Secretary, be in the form of money or real property, the value of which will be determined by the Secretary, whose decision shall be final.(e) Review of State programs

Any action taken by the Secretary under this section shall be subject to his periodic review at no greater than annual intervals.

(f) Conflicts between Federal and State laws

Any State law or regulation which applies with respect to the importation or exportation of, or interstate or foreign commerce in, endangered species or threatened species is void to the extent that it may effectively (1) permit what is prohibited by this chapter or by any regulation which implements this chapter, or (2) prohibit what is authorized pursuant to an exemption or permit provided for in this chapter or in any regulation which implements this chapter. This chapter shall not otherwise be construed to void any State law or regulation which is intended to conserve migratory, resident, or introduced fish or wildlife, or to permit or prohibit sale of such fish or wildlife. Any State law or regulation respecting the taking of an endangered species or threatened species may be more restrictive than the exemptions or permits provided for in this chapter or in any regulation which implements this chapter but not less restrictive than the prohibitions so defined.

(g) Transition(1) For purposes of this subsection, the term “establishment period” means, with respect to any State, the period beginning on December 28, 1973, and ending on whichever of the following dates first occurs: (A) the date of the close of the 120-day period following the adjournment of the first regular session of the legislature of such State which commences after December 28, 1973, or (B) the date of the close of the 15-month period following December 28, 1973.(2) The prohibitions set forth in or authorized pursuant to sections 1533(d) and 1538(a)(1)(B) of this title shall not apply with respect to the taking of any resident endangered species or threatened species (other than species listed in Appendix I to the Convention or otherwise specifically covered by any other treaty or Federal law) within any State—(A) which is then a party to a cooperative agreement with the Secretary pursuant to subsection (c) of this section (except to the extent that the taking of any such species is contrary to the law of such State); or(B) except for any time within the establishment period when—(i) the Secretary applies such prohibition to such species at the request of the State, or(ii) the Secretary applies such prohibition after he finds, and publishes his finding, that an emergency exists posing a significant risk to the well-being of such species and that the prohibition must be applied to protect such species. The Secretary’s finding and publication may be made without regard to the public hearing or comment provisions of section 553 of title 5 or any other provision of this chapter; but such prohibition shall expire 90 days after the date of its imposition unless the Secretary further extends such prohibition by publishing notice and a statement of justification of such extension.(h) Regulations

The Secretary is authorized to promulgate such regulations as may be appropriate to carry out the provisions of this section relating to financial assistance to States.

(i) Appropriations(1) To carry out the provisions of this section for fiscal years after September 30, 1988, there shall be deposited into a special fund known as the cooperative endangered species conservation fund, to be administered by the Secretary, an amount equal to 5 percent of the combined amounts covered each fiscal year into the Federal aid to wildlife restoration fund under section 669b of this title, and paid, transferred, or otherwise credited each fiscal year to the Sport Fishing Restoration Account established under 1016 of the Act of July 18, 1984.(2) Amounts deposited into the special fund are authorized to be appropriated annually and allocated in accordance with subsection (d) of this section.(Pub. L. 93–205, § 6, Dec. 28, 1973, 87 Stat. 889; Pub. L. 95–212, Dec. 19, 1977, 91 Stat. 1493; Pub. L. 95–632, § 10, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3762; Pub. L. 96–246, May 23, 1980, 94 Stat. 348; Pub. L. 97–304, §§ 3, 8(b), Oct. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1416, 1426; Pub. L. 100–478, title I, § 1005, Oct. 7, 1988, 102 Stat. 2307.)Editorial NotesReferences in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original “this Act” or “This Act”, meaning Pub. L. 93–205, Dec. 28, 1973, 81 Stat. 884, known as the Endangered Species Act of 1973, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1531 of this title and Tables.

The Sport Fishing Restoration Account established under section 1016 of the Act of July 18, 1984, referred to in subsec. (i)(1), probably means the Sport Fish Restoration Account established by section 9504(a)(2)(A) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, which section was enacted by section 1016(a) of Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title X, July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1019.

Amendments

1988—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 100–478, § 1005(a), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: “The Secretary is authorized to provide financial assistance to any State, through its respective State agency, which has entered into a cooperative agreement pursuant to subsection (c) of this section to assist in development of programs for the conservation of endangered and threatened species. The Secretary shall make an allocation of appropriated funds to such States based on consideration of—

“(A) the international commitments of the United States to protect endangered species or threatened species;

“(B) the readiness of a State to proceed with a conservation program consistent with the objectives and purposes of this chapter;

“(C) the number of endangered species and threatened species within a State;

“(D) the potential for restoring endangered species and threatened species within a State; and

“(E) the relative urgency to initiate a program to restore and protect an endangered species or threatened species in terms of survival of the species.

So much of any appropriated funds allocated for obligation to any State for any fiscal year as remains unobligated at the close thereof is authorized to be made available to that State until the close of the succeeding fiscal year. Any amount allocated to any State which is unobligated at the end of the period during which it is available for expenditure is authorized to be made available for expenditure by the Secretary in conducting programs under this section.”

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 100–478, § 1005(b), added subsec. (i).

1982—Subsec. (d)(2)(i). Pub. L. 97–304, § 3(1), substituted “75 percent” for “66⅔ per centum”.

Subsec. (d)(2)(ii). Pub. L. 97–304, § 3(2), substituted “90 percent” for “75 per centum”.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 97–304, § 8(b), struck out subsec. (i) which authorized appropriations to carry out this section of $10,000,000 through the period ending Sept. 30, 1977, $12,000,000 for the period Oct. 1, 1977, through Sept. 30, 1980, and $12,000,000 for the period Oct. 1, 1980, through Sept. 30, 1982. See section 1542(b) of this title.

1980—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 96–246 in par. (2) substituted “$12,000,000” for “$16,000,000” and “1980” for “1981”, and added par. (3).

1978—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–632 designated existing provision as par. (1), and in par. (1) as so designated, redesignated pars. (1) to (5) as subpars. (A) to (E), respectively, and subpars. (A) and (B) of subpar. (E), as so redesignated, as cls. (i) and (ii), respectively, substituted “paragraph” for “subsection” in provision preceding subpar. (A), as so redesignated, “endangered or threatened species of fish or wildlife” for “endangered species or threatened species” in subpar. (D), as so redesignated, “subparagraphs (C), (D), and (E) of this paragraph” for “paragraphs (3), (4), and (5) of this subsection” in cl. (i) of subpar. (E), as so redesignated, “clause (i) and this clause” for “subparagraph (A) and this subparagraph” in cl. (ii) of subpar. (E), as so redesignated, and added par. (2).

1977—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–212, § 1(1), inserted provisions that States in which the State fish and wildlife agencies do not possess the broad authority to conserve all resident species of fish and wildlife which the Secretary determines to be threatened or endangered may nevertheless qualify for cooperative agreement funds if they satisfy all other requirements and have plans to devote immediate attention to those species most urgently in need of conservation programs.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 95–212, § 1(2), substituted provisions authorizing appropriations of $10,000,000 to cover the period ending Sept. 30, 1977, and $16,000,000 to cover the period beginning Oct. 1, 1977, and ending Sept. 30, 1981, for provisions authorizing appropriations of not to exceed $10,000,000 through the fiscal year ending June 30, 1977.

Statutory Notes and Related SubsidiariesCooperative Agreements With States Unaffected by 1981 Amendment of Marine Mammal Protection Act

Nothing in the amendment of section 1379 of this title by section 4(a) of Pub. L. 97–58 to be construed as affecting in any manner any cooperative agreement entered into by a State under subsec. (c) of this section before, on, or after Oct. 9, 1981, see section 4(b) of Pub. L. 97–58, set out as a note under section 1379 of this title.

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 57 cases (11 in the last 5 years), 1979–2026 · leading case: New Mexico Dep't of Game & Fish v. United States Dep't of the Interior, 854 F.3d 1236 (10th Cir. 2017).

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New Mexico Dep't of Game & Fish v. United States Dep't of the Interior, 854 F.3d 1236 (10th Cir. 2017). · cites it 3× “16 U.S.C. § 1535 (f). 23 2. Applicable Provisions of the Administrative Procedure Act The Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) permits parties to challenge the actions of federal agencies, provided that the suit is not one for money damages.”

The Art & Antique Dealers League of Am., Inc. v. Seggos, 121 F.4th 423 (2d Cir. 2024). · cites it 8× “16 U.S.C. § 1535 (f). This appeal requires us to interpret the first sentence of the preemption provision.”

Nat'l Ass'n of Home Builders v. Norton, 309 F.3d 26 (D.C. Cir. 2002). “Instead, the FWS memorandum stated, the State agency provides federal agencies with access to the data only as a condition to the receipt under Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. § 1535 (2000), of funds that it uses to assist in maintaining its data-colleetion…”

Strahan v. Linnon, 967 F. Supp. 581 (D. Mass. 1997). · cites it 4× “Cooperative Agreement Count XXIII of the Amended Complaint alleges that NMFS has violated Section 6 of the ESA, 16 U.S.C. § 1535 by entering into a Cooperative Agreement with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts because the Commonwealth does not have “an adequate conservation…”

Palila v. Hawaii Dep't of Land & Nat. Resources, 471 F. Supp. 985 (D. Haw. 1979). · cites it 3× “The State of Hawaii has actively attempted to participate in the conservation scheme contemplated under the Act by taking advantage of the “cooperative agreement” provisions of 16 U.S.C. § 1535 . 53 In 1975, the Hawaii legislature enacted the Hawaii Endangered Species Act, L.”

Swan View Coalition, Inc. v. Turner, 824 F. Supp. 923 (D. Mont. 1992). · cites it 2× “” 16 U.S.C. § 1535 (g)(2). However, § 6(f) of the ESA provides, in relevant part: (f) Conflicts between Federal and State laws.”

W. W. Dean & Assocs. v. City of South San Francisco, 190 Cal. App. 3d 1368 (Cal. Ct. App. 1987). · cites it 4× “" ( 16 U.S.C. § 1535 (b).) The HCP Agreement was also signed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.”

Man Hing Ivory & Imports, Inc., a California Corp. v. George Deukmejian, Governor of the State of California, 702 F.2d 760 (9th Cir. 1983). · cites it 3× “After two prior appeals to this court, 1 the district court, in May, 1982, granted appel-lee’s motion for summary judgment on the ground that section 6(f) of the Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. § 1535 (f), and regulations promulgated pursuant to the Act, see 50 C.”

Viva! Int'l Voice for Animals v. Adidas Promotional Retail Operations, Inc., 162 P.3d 569 (Cal. 2007). “) In section 6 of the Act ( 16 U.S.C. § 1535 and its subparts), Congress defined precisely the respective roles of the federal and state governments in carrying out these policies.”

Fund for Animals v. Babbitt, 903 F. Supp. 96 (D.D.C. 1995). “See 16 U.S.C. §§ 1535 , 1536(a)(1), (2). These programs may in many eases require the development of detailed and possibly site or situation specific restrictions to protect the grizzly bear.”

Pepin v. Div. of Fisheries & Wildlife, 467 Mass. 210 (Mass. 2014). · cites it 3× “The Federal Act contemplates cooperation “to the maximum extent practicable with the States,” 16 U.S.C. § 1535 (a), but the Federal government may enter into a cooperative agreement with a State for the purpose of species conservation only if “the State agency has established…”

Strahan v. Coxe, 939 F. Supp. 963 (D. Mass. 1996). · cites it 2× “The ESA simply directs that “[a]ny State law or regulation which applies with respect to the importation or exportation of, or interstate or foreign commerce in, endangered species or threatened species is void to the extent that it may effectively (1) permit what is prohibited…”

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