At page 1485 Determining legislative versus administrative function of voting45 citing cases“if the facts utilized in making a decision are specific, rather than general, in nature, then the decision is more likely administrative. moreover, if the decision impacts specific individuals, rather than the general population, it is more apt to be administrative in nature.”
- Hardemon, No. 1:25-cv-22659 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 6, 2025). ([I]f the decision impacts specific individuals, rather than the general population, it is more apt to be administrative in nature.)
- January Littlejohn v. Sch. Bd. of Leon Cnty. Florida, 132 F.4th 1232 (11th Cir. 2025).published (A legislative act involves policy-making rather than mere administrative application of existing policies.)
- Brown v. Crawford Cnty., 960 F.2d 1002 (11th Cir. 1992).published (It is clear that if the Commissioners were performing a legislative function in voting to deny ... a development permit, they would be entitled to absolute immunity from suit.)
- Kelvin Leon Jones v. Governor of Florida, 975 F.3d 1016 (11th Cir. 2020).published (If the facts utilized in making a decision are specific, rather than general, in nature, then the decision is more likely administrative. Moreover, if the decision impacts specific individuals, rather than the general…)
- Hubert Arturo Acevedo v. Alex Diaz de la Portilla, No. 24-12650 (11th Cir. Aug. 26, 2026).published“if the decision impacts specific individuals, rather than the general population, it is more apt to be administrative in nature”
- Gray v. City of Evergreen, No. 1:24-cv-00141 (S.D. Ala. Sept. 20, 2024).However, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals has “expressly rejected the argument that the act of voting, in itself, constitutes legislative action giving rise to immunity.” Smith, 45 F.3d at 406 (citing Crymes v. DeKalb County, 923 F.2d…
- William O. Fuller v. Joe Carollo, No. 21-11746 (11th Cir. Feb. 4, 2022).unpublished To enjoy absolute immunity, the legislator must engage in “[a] legislative act [that] involves policy-making rather than [the] mere administrative application of existing policies.” Crymes, 923 F.2d at 1485.
- Israel v. Desantis, No. 4:19-cv-00576, 2020 WL 2129450 (N.D. Fla. May 5, 2020).Id. (quoting Crymes, 923 F.2d at 1485) (citations omitted) (alteration in original).4 Applying the above principles to the present case yields the conclusion that legislative immunity does not apply here.
- Hope for Families & Cmty. Serv., Inc. v. Warren, 721 F. Supp. 2d 1079 (M.D. Ala. 2010).published “A legislative act involves policy-making rather than mere administrative application of existing policies”
- Alabama State Employees Ass'n v. Dickson, 46 So. 3d 468 (Ala. 2010).publishedThus, applications [emphasis in original] of general city policy to a specific party, even if undertaken by city officials who would be immune from suit for the creation [emphasis in original] of that policy, are not protected by legislati…
Show 27 more citing cases
- M & N Materials, Inc. v. Town of Gurley, 36 So. 3d 15 (Ala. 2009).published(county commissioners who voted to deny a permit for the development of a landfill were not entitled to legislative immunity, because denial of the permit was the “application of policy to a specific party)
- Cleveland v. Garvin, 8 Am. Tribal Law 21 (2009).publishedInstead, “[a] local governmental body acts in a legislative capacity when it engages in the process of adopting prospective legislative-type rules.” Roberson v. Mullins, 29 F.3d 132, 135 (4th Cir.1994); see also Brown v. Griesenauer, 970 F…
- Earle B. Lewis v. Clarence Brown, 409 F.3d 1271 (11th Cir. 2005).published(Acts of zoning enforcement rather than rulemak-ing are not legislative.)
- Hershell Gill Consulting Engineers, Inc. v. Miami-Dade Cnty., 333 F. Supp. 2d 1305 (S.D. Fla. 2004).publishedMoreover, if the decision impacts specific individuals, rather than the general population, it is more apt to be administrative in nature.” Crymes v. DeKalb County, 923 F.2d 1482, 1485 (11th Cir.1991).
- Arizona Indep. Redistricting Comm'n v. Fields, 75 P.3d 1088 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2003).publishedAn act is legislative in nature when it bears the “hallmarks of traditional legislation” by reflecting a discretionary, policymaking decision that may have prospective implications, id. at 55-56 , 118 S.Ct. 966 as distinguished from an app…
- Bryan v. City of Madison MS, 213 F.3d 267 (5th Cir. 2000).publishedSee Corn v. City of Lauderdale Lakes, 997 F.2d 1369, 1392 (11th Cir.1993); Crymes v. DeKalb County, Georgia, 923 F.2d 1482, 1485-86 (11th Cir.1991). 13 .
- Summerchase Ltd. P'ship I v. City of Gonzales, 970 F. Supp. 522 (M.D. La. 1997).publishedScott v. Greenville County, 716 F.2d 1409, 1423 (4th Cir.1983). 79 . 923 F.2d 1482, 1485 (11th Cir.1991). 80 .
- DeKalb Stone, Inc. v. Cnty. of DeKalb, 106 F.3d 956 (11th Cir. 1997).published Acts of zoning enforcement rather than rulemaking are not legislative." Crymes v. DeKalb County, 923 F.2d 1482, 1485 (11th Cir.1991) (citations omitted). 14 The question therefore becomes whether a substantive due process cause of action e…
- North Florida Educ. Dev. Corp. v. Woodham, 942 F. Supp. 542 (N.D. Fla. 1996).published(discussing dichotomy in context of absolute immunity)
- Sammy's of Mobile, Ltd. v. City of Mobile, 928 F. Supp. 1116 (S.D. Ala. 1996).published(It is clear that if the Commissioners were performing a legislative function in voting to deny Crymes a development permit, they would be entitled to absolute immunity from suit)
- Miles-Un-Ltd., Inc. v. Town of New Shoreham, RI, 917 F. Supp. 91 (D.N.H. 1996).published([AJlthough a local legislator may vote on an issue, that alone does not necessarily determine that he or she was acting in a legislative capacity.” Cinevision Corp. v. City of Burbank, 745 F.2d 560, 580 (9th Cir.1984),…)
- Bartlett v. Cinemark USA, Inc., 908 S.W.2d 229 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995).published A number of federal appellate courts have recognized that "[a]lthough a local legislator may vote on an issue, [the act of voting] alone does not necessarily determine that he or she was acting in a legislative capacity." Brown, 970 F.2d a…
- 2BD Assocs. v. Queen Anne's Cnty. Com'rs, 896 F. Supp. 528 (D. Md. 1995).published Brown v. Griesenauer, 970 F.2d 431, 437 (8th Cir.1992); Acevedo-Cordero v. Cordero-Santiago, 958 F.2d 20, 23 (1st Cir.1992); Hughes v. Tarrant County, 948 F.2d 918, 921 (5th Cir.1991); Crymes v. DeKalb County, 923 F.2d 1482, 1485 (11th Cir…
- Roberson v. Mullins, 29 F.3d 132 (4th Cir. 1994).published Brown, 970 F.2d at 437 (8th Circuit); Acevedo-Cordero v. Cordero-Santiago, 958 F.2d 20, 23 (1st Cir.1992); Hughes v. Tarrant County, 948 F.2d 918, 921 (5th Cir.1991); Crymes v. DeKalb County, 923 F.2d 1482, 1485 (11th Cir.1991); Ryan v. Bu…
- Manders v. Brown, 643 A.2d 931 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1994).publishedE.g., Hughes v. Tarrant County, 948 F.2d 918, 920 (5th Cir.1991); Crymes v. DeKalb County, 923 F.2d 1482, 1485 (11th Cir.1991); Front Royal and Warren County Industrial Park Corp. v. Town of Front Royal, 865 F.2d 77, 79 (4th Cir.1989); Cin…
- Swint v. City of Wadley, 5 F.3d 1435 (11th Cir. 1993).published So do we 3 See also Akin v. PAFEC Ltd., 991 F.2d 1550, 1563-64 (11th Cir.1993); Andrews v. Employees' Retirement Plan, 938 F.2d 1245, 1247-48 (11th Cir.1991); Crymes v. DeKalb County, 923 F.2d 1482, 1485 (11th Cir.1991); Broughton v. Court…
- Akin v. PAFEC Ltd., 991 F.2d 1550 (11th Cir. 1993).published (whether pendent appellate jurisdiction would be appropriate in a particular case is within appellate court’s discretion)
- Marylanders for Fair Representation, Inc. v. Schaefer, 144 F.R.D. 292 (D. Md. 1992).publishedThe Eleventh Circuit in Crymes v. DeKalb County, Georgia, 923 F.2d 1482, 1485 (11th Cir.1991) concluded that “a legislative act involves policy-making rather than mere administrative application of existing policies.” See also Rateree v. R…
- Kelly Cherry v. Univ. of Wisconsin Sys. Bd. of Regents, 265 F.3d 541 (7th Cir. 2001).published(declining to extend pendent appellate jurisdiction to the “non-final” issue of the district court’s denial of appellants’ motion to dismiss a punitive damages claim)
- Cherry, Kelly v. Univ WI Sys., No. 00-2435 (7th Cir. Sept. 7, 2001).published(declining to extend pendent appellate jurisdiction to the "nonfinal" issue of the district court’s denial of appellants’ motion to dismiss a punitive damages claim)
- Woods v. Gamel, 132 F.3d 1417 (11th Cir. 1998).published
- Ellis v. Coffee Cnty. Bd. of Registrars, 981 F.2d 1185 (11th Cir. 1993).published
- El Dia, Inc. v. Rossello, 20 F. Supp. 2d 296 (D.P.R. 1998).published
- Kentner v. City of Sanibel, 750 F.3d 1274 (11th Cir. 2014).published
- SP Frederica, LLC v. Glynn Cnty., 173 F. Supp. 3d 1362 (S.D. Ga. 2016).published
- Oakes Farms Food & Distrib. Servs., LLC v. Sch. Dist. of Lee Cnty., 541 F. Supp. 3d 1334 (M.D. Fla. 2021).published
- Ex Parte Simpson, 36 So. 3d 15 (Ala. 2009).published
At page 1484 Analyzing motion to dismiss on ripeness grounds17 citing casesobserving that “the district court’s denial of appellants’ motion to dismiss the complaint on ripeness grounds . . . is not in itself an immediately appealable order
- Brown v. Crawford Cnty., 960 F.2d 1002 (11th Cir. 1992).published Baytree of Inverrary Realty Partners v. City of Lauderhill, 873 F.2d 1407, 1409 (11th Cir.1989); see Crymes, 923 F.2d at 1485 ("It is clear that if the Commissioners were performing a legislative function in voting to deny ... a developmen…
- Cassirer v. Kingdom of Spain, 616 F.3d 1019 (9th Cir. 2010).published See, e.g., Moniz v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 145 F.3d 1278 , 1281 n. 3 (11th Cir. 1998) (standing); Triad Assocs., Inc. v. Robinson, 10 F.3d 492 , 496-97 n. 2 (7th Cir.1993) (same); Crymes v. DeKalb County, 923 F.2d 1482, 1484 (11th Cir.19…
- Cassirer v. Thyssen-Bornemisza, No. 06-56325 (9th Cir. Sept. 8, 2009).published(observing that denial of motion to dismiss on ripeness grounds is not immediately appealable)
- Cassirer v. Kingdom of Spain, 580 F.3d 1048 (9th Cir. 2009).published(observing that denial of motion to dismiss on ripeness grounds is not immediately appealable)
- 74 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 45,490 v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 145 F.3d 1278 (11th Cir. 1998).publishedThus, we are not confronted with, and need not here address, the question whether appellants would be entitled to qualified immunity had they decided to promote the African-American candidates solely on account of race 3 Appellants also ra…
- Moniz v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 145 F.3d 1278 (11th Cir. 1998).published (observing that “the district court’s denial of appellants’ motion to dismiss the complaint on ripeness grounds . . . is not in itself an immediately appealable order)
- Triad Assocs., Inc. v. Renault Robinson, 10 F.3d 492 (7th Cir. 1993).published(It is ... clear that the district court’s denial of appellants' motion to dismiss the complaint on ripeness grounds ... is not in itself an immediately appealable order.)
- Lettie Sexton v. Commonwealth of Kentucky, No. 2016-SC-0540 (Ky. Sept. 27, 2018).unpublished(holding the same in the specific context of ripeness)
- Commonwealth of Kentucky v. Lettie Sexton, No. 2016-SC-0529 (Ky. Sept. 27, 2018).unpublished(holding the same in the specific context of ripeness)
- Coventry Health & Life Ins. Co. v. Lettie Sexton, No. 2016-SC-0534 (Ky. Sept. 27, 2018).unpublished(holding the same in the specific context of ripeness)
Show 3 more citing cases
- Woods v. Gamel, 132 F.3d 1417 (11th Cir. 1998).published
- Summit Med. Assocs., P.C. v. Pryor, 180 F.3d 1326 (11th Cir. 1999).published
- United States Lines, Inc. v. Am. S.S. Owners Mut. Prot. & Indem. Ass'n (In Re United States Lines, Inc.), 199 B.R. 465 (S.D.N.Y. 1996).published
At page 1486 Distinguishing policy application from legislative action4 citing casesconcluding decision to uphold denial of development permit was not legislative because decision involved application of policy to specific party
- Hardemon, No. 1:25-cv-22659 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 6, 2025). See 923 F.2d at 1485 (“[I]f the decision impacts specific individuals, rather than the general population, it is more apt to be administrative in nature.”).
- Bartlett v. Cinemark USA, Inc., 908 S.W.2d 229 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995).published A number of federal appellate courts have recognized that "[a]lthough a local legislator may vote on an issue, [the act of voting] alone does not necessarily determine that he or she was acting in a legislative capacity." Brown, 970 F.2d a…
- Herman Corn v. City of Lauderdale Lakes, 997 F.2d 1369 (11th Cir. 1993).published Crymes v. DeKalb County, 923 F.2d 1482, 1486 (11th Cir.1991).
- Grider v. City of Auburn, 628 F. Supp. 2d 1322 (M.D. Ala. 2009).publishedSee Crymes v. DeKalb County, 923 F.2d 1482, 1486 (11th Cir.1991). 6 The Griders argue that, because the actions of Ham and Duggan in drafting and introducing ordinances were directed specifically at them, Ham and Duggan are not entitled to…
Other citing cases
- Commonwealth v. Sexton, 566 S.W.3d 185 (Mo. Ct. App. 2018).published
- BFI Waste Sys. of North Am. v. Dekalb Cnty., 303 F. Supp. 2d 1335 (N.D. Ga. 2004).published
v.
DEKALB COUNTY, GEORGIA Manuel J. Maloof, Individually and as Chief Executive Officer of DeKalb County, Georgia Jack L. Smith, Individually and as Associate Director of Public Works—Development Department, De-Kalb County, Georgia and Richard P. Daniel, Individually and Associate Director of Public Works, Roads and Drainage, DeKalb County, Georgia James Pierce, Individually and as the Development Director, DeKalb County, Georgia Jean E. Williams, Sherry Sutton, Nathaniel Mosby, Robert J. Morris, John S. Fletcher, Jr., Brince H. Manning, III and Robert E. Lanier, Individually and as Members of the Board of Commissioners of DeKalb County, Georgia, Annie Collins
The procedural posture of the instant case, an interlocutory appeal from a partial denial of appellants’ motion to dismiss the complaint, requires that we accept the facts as stated in plaintiffs-appellees’ complaint, as amended. Parr v. Woodmen of the World Life Ins. Co., 791 F.2d 888 (11th Cir.1986). Accordingly, the facts are as follows:
Plaintiff-Appellees Marion C. Crymes, et al. (“Crymes”) are owners of a tract of land in DeKalb County, Georgia. Crymes wished to operate a nonputrescible solid waste landfill on this property. Although the property was adequately zoned for such a use, it was also necessary for Crymes to obtain a development permit and approval from the county’s Board of Commissioners. Crymes’ February 23, 1987 application to the Board was denied on March 24, 1987. A subsequent action in the state courts for mandamus to compel issuance of the permit was ultimately successful in the Supreme Court of Georgia. See Crymes v. DeKalb County, 258 Ga. 30, 364 S.E.2d 852 (1988), appeal after remand, Crymes Enterprises, Inc. v. Maloof 260 Ga. 26, 389 S.E.2d 229 (1990). Pursuant to the mandamus, the Board approved Crymes’ application to operate the property as a landfill site.
Before actually beginning operation of the landfill, however, Crymes was required,[*1484] pursuant to DeKalb County, Ga., Zoning Ordinances Art. E, § ll-2251(H)(9)(a)(2), to submit the application already approved by the Board of Commissioners to the county Development Department for approval of truck traffic routes and entrances. Defendant-Appellant Smith, the Associate Director of Public Works — Development, withheld approval on the ground that the roads surrounding the proposed landfill required widening and repaving, and that to facilitate such improvements, Crymes had to donate portions of its property to public use without compensation.[1]
Crymes then appealed the Development Department’s decision to the DeKalb County Board of Appeals. The appeals board met on October 12, 1988, but decided to defer a decision until November 9, 1988. On November 8, 1988, the Board of Commissioners amended the DeKalb County Code to remove a portion of Pleasant Hill Road, a road adjacent to the Crymes property, from its designation as a truck route. On November 9, 1988, the Board of Appeals upheld the decision of the Development Department denying Crymes’ application. The Board of Commissioners affirmed the appeals board on December 13, 1988, but expressly stated that its earlier decision to remove Pleasant Hill Road as a truck route did not apply to Crymes.
Crymes filed the instant action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging violations of the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment as applied to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This case is an appeal from the district court’s partial denial of defendant-appellant Dekalb County’s (and several county zoning commissioners’ and development department employees’) motion to dismiss the complaint. Appellants moved to dismiss on the grounds that the individual commissioners were entitled to absolute legislative immunity, that punitive damages were not recoverable against any of the defendant-appellants, and that Crymes’ claims under the Just Compensation Clause and the Due Process Clause were not ripe for review, thus depriving the district court of subject matter jurisdiction.[2] The district court granted the motion to dismiss with regard to the just compensation claim[3] and the punitive damages claim against Dekalb County, but denied the motion to dismiss in all other respects. Appellants assert in this appeal that the district court should have granted their motion to dismiss in full. Crymes filed a motion to dismiss part of the appeal in this court contending that all issues other than the absolute immunity issue are nonfinal and nonappealable. This motion has been carried with the case.
APPELLATE JURISDICTION OVER THE DISTRICT COURT’S DENIAL OF THE MOTION TO DISMISS
It is clear that the district court’s refusal to dismiss the complaint on absolute immunity grounds is an immediately appealable “collateral order” within the exception to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 enunciated in Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 69 S.Ct. 1221, 93 L.Ed. 1528 (1949). Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 105 S.Ct. 2806, 86 L.Ed.2d 411 (1985); Marx v. Gumbinner, 855 F.2d 783 (11th Cir.1988).
It is also clear that the district court’s denial of appellants' motion to dismiss the complaint on ripeness grounds and to dismiss the punitive damages claim in full is not in itself an immediately appeal-able order. See Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians v. Wisconsin, 829 F.2d 601, 602 (7th Cir.1987) (“A refusal to dismiss a complaint or part[*1485] thereof is the classic example of a nonfinal order that is not appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 1291_”) (emphasis in original). With respect to these nonfinal issues, the question is whether this court should exercise pendant jurisdiction. Appellee Crymes has moved to dismiss this portion of the appeal. However, in its brief, appellee requests that, because the motion has been carried with the case, “[jjudicial economy would be served by a final decision concerning the district court’s jurisdiction.” Brief of Appellee at 11.
Notwithstanding the parties’ agreement that we should exercise pendant jurisdiction and entertain the ripeness issue on the merits, whether pendant jurisdiction is appropriate with regard to that issue and the punitive damages issue is within this court's discretion. See Stewart v. Baldwin County Bd. of Educ., 908 F.2d 1499, 1508-09 (11th Cir.1990); Broughton v. Courtney, 861 F.2d 639 (11th Cir.1988); Western Electric Co. v. Milgo Electronic Corp., 568 F.2d 1203, 1208 (5th Cir.1978). We decline to exercise our discretion to reach these nonfinal issues.[4]
WHETHER THE DISTRICT COURT ERRED BY REFUSING TO DISMISS THE COMPLAINT ON ABSOLUTE LEGISLATIVE IMMUNITY GROUNDS
Appellants argue that the district court should have dismissed Crymes’ lawsuit against the defendants who are members of the Board of Commissioners on absolute legislative immunity grounds. Appellants contend that the Commissioners’ actions must have been legislative in nature because all of the challenged actions involved defendants’ votes at official meetings. Crymes argues that the Commissioners are not entitled to absolute immunity because they were acting in an administrative or executive, rather than a legislative, capacity.
It is clear that if the Commissioners were performing a legislative function in voting to deny Crymes a development permit, they would be entitled to absolute immunity from suit. See Dombrowski v. Eastland, 387 U.S. 82, 83, 87 S.Ct. 1425, 1427, 18 L.Ed.2d 577 (1967); Hernandez v. City of Lafayette, 643 F.2d 1188 (5th Cir. Unit A May 1, 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 907, 102 S.Ct. 1251, 71 L.Ed.2d 444 (1982). However, “ ‘it is the official function that determines the degree of immunity required, not the status of the acting officer.’ ” Española Way Corp. v. Meyerson, 690 F.2d 827, 829 .(11th Cir.1982) (quoting Marrero v. City of Hialeah, 625 F.2d 499, 508 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 913, 101 S.Ct. 1353, 67 L.Ed.2d 337 (1981)) (emphasis in original). Furthermore, it has been held that “[although a local legislator may vote on an issue, that alone does not necessarily determine that he or she was acting in a legislative capacity.” Cinevision Corp. v. City of Burbank, 745 F.2d 560, 580 (9th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1054, 105 S.Ct. 2115, 85 L.Ed.2d 480 (1985).
A legislative act involves policy-making rather than mere administrative application of existing policies. Minton v. St. Bernard Parish School Bd., 803 F.2d 129, 135 (5th Cir.1986) (citing Hornsby v. Allen, 326 F.2d 605, 608-09 (5th Cir.1964)). Acts of zoning enforcement rather than rule-making are not legislative. Front Royal & Warren County Industrial Park Corp. v. Front Royal, 865 F.2d 77, 79 (4th Cir.1989). If the facts utilized in making a decision are specific, rather than general, in nature, then the decision is more likely administrative. Moreover, if the decision impacts specific individuals, rather than the general population, it is more apt to be administrative in nature. See Cutting v. Muzzey, 724 F.2d 259, 261 (1st Cir.1984). See generally Developments in the Law-Zoning, 91 Harv.L.Rev. 1427, 1510-11 (1978).
Based on the above factors, the vote of the Board of Commissioners to remove Pleasant Hill Road from the list of truck routes was probably legislative in nature. That action, however, did not apply to Crymes. Rather, Crymes’ complaint focus[*1486]es on the Board’s decision to uphold the denial of the development permit for Crymes’ property on the ground that surrounding roads were in need of improvement. The decision to deny Crymes’ application is the application of policy to a specific party. See Bateson v. Geisse, 857 F.2d 1300, 1304 (9th Cir.1988) (no absolute immunity for city council members’ decision to deny building permit). Therefore, we agree with the district court that the complaint stated sufficient facts to withstand a motion to dismiss on absolute immunity grounds.[5]
The judgment of the district court on the absolute immunity issue is
AFFIRMED.[6]
In the district court, Crymes contended that § ll-2251(H)(9)(a)(2) does not allow denial of an application on such grounds. See Amended Complaint, Rl-25, at S. Crymes unsuccessfully made the same contention in the state courts. See Crymes Enterprises, Inc. v. Maloof, 260 Ga. 26, 389 S.E.2d 229 (1990).
Although several of the individual defendants who were not commissioners asserted the quali-fled immunity defense in their answer, qualified immunity was not asserted in the motion to dismiss and therefore is not at issue in this appeal.
Crymes does not contest the district court’s conclusion that the claim under the Just Compensation Clause was not ripe. It is the ripeness of Crymes’ claims under the Due Process Clause that is disputed by the parties.
The circumstances of this case do not warrant delineation of the scope of our discretion to exercise jurisdiction over issues pendant to an interlocutory appeal from a denial of absolute immunity.
Although the members of the Board of Commissioners may be entitled to qualified immunity even if their absolute immunity defense fails, this point is not argued on appeal.
We express no view with regard to the district court's resolution of issues other than appellees’ absolute immunity claim.