prejudicial error in Iowa

31 Iowa opinions name it 2 courts 1887–2026 3 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Iowa courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (8)

Case	Followed	Cited
McDivitt v. Des Moines City Railway Co.green iowa · 1908 · cited in 2 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1937–1941 2 sentences 1941See McDivitt v. Des Moines 1092 City Ry., 141 Iowa 689 , 118 N. W. 459 ; Christy v. City Railway, 126 Iowa 428 , 102 N. W. 194 ; State v. Keasling, 74 Iowa 528 , 38 N. W. 397 ; Hoover v. Haggard, 219 Iowa 1232 , 260 N. W. 540 .” It is quite apparent that the holding in Smith v. Middle States Utilities Co., supra, is applicable to the present case. 1941See McDivitt v. Des Moines 1092 City Ry., 141 Iowa 689 , 118 N. W. 459 ; Christy v. City Railway, 126 Iowa 428 , 102 N. W. 194 ; State v. Keasling, 74 Iowa 528 , 38 N. W. 397 ; Hoover v. Haggard, 219 Iowa 1232 , 260 N. W. 540 .” It is quite apparent that the holding in Smith v. Middle States Utilities Co., supra, is applicable to the present case.	2	2
Tina Haskenhoff v. Homeland Energy Solutions, LLCgreen iowa · 2017 · cited in 2 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2018–2021 2 sentences 2021“Prejudicial error results when instructions materially misstate the law or have misled the jury.” Haskenhoff v. Homeland Energy Sols., LLC, 897 N.W.2d 553, 570 (Iowa 2017). 2018Jury instructions must be considered 'in their entirety' when assessing prejudice. 'We assume prejudice unless the record affirmatively establishes that there was no prejudice.' " Id. (citations omitted).	1	2
Hillrichs v. Avco Corp.green iowa · 1994 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026 1 sentence 2026See Hillrichs v. Avco Corp., 514 N.W.2d 94, 98 (Iowa 1994) (“[W]e will reverse a judgment for error in excluding evidence only when a substantial right of the party is aﬀected and a proper oﬀer of proof has been made.”).	1	1
State of Iowa v. Owen F. Bensongreen iowa · 2018 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024 1 sentence 2024See State v. Benson, 919 N.W.2d 237 , 245–46 (Iowa 2018).	1	1
Asher v. Ob-Gyn Specialists, P.C.green iowa · 2014 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 1 sentence 2017Deboom v. Raining Rose, Inc., 772 N.W.2d 1 , 5 10 (Iowa 2009) (citation omitted). “‘When the error is not of constitutional magnitude, the test of prejudice is whether it sufficiently appears that the rights of the complaining party have been injuriously affected or that the party has suffered a miscarriage of justice.’” Asher v. OB-Gyn Specialists, P.C., 846 N.W.2d 492, 496 (Iowa 2014) (citation omitted), overruled on other grounds by Alcala, 880 N.W.2d at 707 .	1	1
William L. Burkhalter v. Steven P. Burkhaltergreen iowa · 2013 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 2 sentences 2016“We have on a number of occasions found instructions that unduly emphasized certain evidence were flawed and required reversal.” Burkhalter v. Burkhalter, 841 N.W.2d 93, 106 (Iowa 2013); see also Olson v. Prosoco, Inc., 522 N.W.2d 284, 287 (Iowa 1994) (“[E]ven instructions correctly stating the law should not give undue emphasis to any particular theory, defense, stipulation, burden of proof, or piece of evidence.”). 2016“We have on a number of occasions found instructions that unduly emphasized certain evidence were flawed and required reversal.” Burkhalter v. Burkhalter, 841 N.W.2d 93, 106 (Iowa 2013); see also Olson v. Prosoco, Inc., 522 N.W.2d 284, 287 (Iowa 1994) (“[E]ven instructions correctly stating the law should not give undue emphasis to any particular theory, defense, stipulation, burden of proof, or piece of evidence.”).	1	1
Olson v. Prosoco, Inc.green iowa · 1994 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 2 sentences 2016“We have on a number of occasions found instructions that unduly emphasized certain evidence were flawed and required reversal.” Burkhalter v. Burkhalter, 841 N.W.2d 93, 106 (Iowa 2013); see also Olson v. Prosoco, Inc., 522 N.W.2d 284, 287 (Iowa 1994) (“[E]ven instructions correctly stating the law should not give undue emphasis to any particular theory, defense, stipulation, burden of proof, or piece of evidence.”). 2016“We have on a number of occasions found instructions that unduly emphasized certain evidence were flawed and required reversal.” Burkhalter v. Burkhalter, 841 N.W.2d 93, 106 (Iowa 2013); see also Olson v. Prosoco, Inc., 522 N.W.2d 284, 287 (Iowa 1994) (“[E]ven instructions correctly stating the law should not give undue emphasis to any particular theory, defense, stipulation, burden of proof, or piece of evidence.”).	1	1
State v. Horngreen iowa · 1979 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999 1 sentence 1999See State v. Horn, 282 N.W.2d at 728 ; State v. Amento, 256 N.W.2d at 230 .	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Iowa. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (35)

Case	Cited	Years
Anderson v. Webster City Community School District green iowa · 2000 2 sentences 2009Prejudicial error occurs when the district court “materially misstates the law.” Id. 2009Prejudicial error occurs when the district court “materially misstates the law.” Id.	3	2009–2014
Deboom v. Raining Rose, Inc. green iowa · 2009 2 sentences 2018Prejudicial error occurs when the district court 'materially misstates the law.' " Deboom v. Raining Rose, Inc. , 772 N.W.2d 1 , 5 (Iowa 2009) (citations omitted). 2017Deboom v. Raining Rose, Inc., 772 N.W.2d 1 , 5 10 (Iowa 2009) (citation omitted). “‘When the error is not of constitutional magnitude, the test of prejudice is whether it sufficiently appears that the rights of the complaining party have been injuriously affected or that the party has suffered a miscarriage of justice.’” Asher v. OB-Gyn Specialists, P.C., 846 N.W.2d 492, 496 (Iowa 2014) (citation omitted), overruled on other grounds by Alcala, 880 N.W.2d at 707 .	2	2017–2018
Wells v. Enterprise Rent-A-Car Midwest green iowa · 2004 2 sentences 2017Id. 2017Id.	2	2017–2017
In RE the Detention of Jonathan Edwin Stenzel Jonathan Edwin Stenzel green iowa · 2013 2 sentences 2013As noted in Stenzel, we only find reversible error when admission of improper evidence affects a party’s substantial rights. 827 N.W.2d at 708 . 2013As noted in Sten-zel, we only find reversible error when admission of improper evidence affects a party’s substantial rights. 827 N.W.2d at 708 .	2	2013–2013
Hoover v. Haggard neutral iowa · 1935 2 sentences 1941See McDivitt v. Des Moines 1092 City Ry., 141 Iowa 689 , 118 N. W. 459 ; Christy v. City Railway, 126 Iowa 428 , 102 N. W. 194 ; State v. Keasling, 74 Iowa 528 , 38 N. W. 397 ; Hoover v. Haggard, 219 Iowa 1232 , 260 N. W. 540 .” It is quite apparent that the holding in Smith v. Middle States Utilities Co., supra, is applicable to the present case. 1937*See McDivitt v. Des Moines City Ry., 141 Iowa 689 , 118 N. W. 459 ; Christy v. City Railway, 126 Iowa 428 , 102 N. W. 194 ; State v. Keasling, 74 Iowa 528 , 38 N. W. 397 ; Hoover v. Haggard, 219 Iowa 1232 , 260 N. W. 540 .	2	1937–1941
State v. Keasling green iowa · 1888 2 sentences 1941See McDivitt v. Des Moines 1092 City Ry., 141 Iowa 689 , 118 N. W. 459 ; Christy v. City Railway, 126 Iowa 428 , 102 N. W. 194 ; State v. Keasling, 74 Iowa 528 , 38 N. W. 397 ; Hoover v. Haggard, 219 Iowa 1232 , 260 N. W. 540 .” It is quite apparent that the holding in Smith v. Middle States Utilities Co., supra, is applicable to the present case. 1941See McDivitt v. Des Moines 1092 City Ry., 141 Iowa 689 , 118 N. W. 459 ; Christy v. City Railway, 126 Iowa 428 , 102 N. W. 194 ; State v. Keasling, 74 Iowa 528 , 38 N. W. 397 ; Hoover v. Haggard, 219 Iowa 1232 , 260 N. W. 540 .” It is quite apparent that the holding in Smith v. Middle States Utilities Co., supra, is applicable to the present case.	2	1937–1941
Christy v. Des Moines City Railway Co. neutral iowa · 1905 2 sentences 1941See McDivitt v. Des Moines 1092 City Ry., 141 Iowa 689 , 118 N. W. 459 ; Christy v. City Railway, 126 Iowa 428 , 102 N. W. 194 ; State v. Keasling, 74 Iowa 528 , 38 N. W. 397 ; Hoover v. Haggard, 219 Iowa 1232 , 260 N. W. 540 .” It is quite apparent that the holding in Smith v. Middle States Utilities Co., supra, is applicable to the present case. 1941See McDivitt v. Des Moines 1092 City Ry., 141 Iowa 689 , 118 N. W. 459 ; Christy v. City Railway, 126 Iowa 428 , 102 N. W. 194 ; State v. Keasling, 74 Iowa 528 , 38 N. W. 397 ; Hoover v. Haggard, 219 Iowa 1232 , 260 N. W. 540 .” It is quite apparent that the holding in Smith v. Middle States Utilities Co., supra, is applicable to the present case.	2	1937–1941
People v. Collins green cal · 1968 1 sentence 2018Id. at 38 . 27 After taking a brief recess to review Collins, the district court overruled defense counsel’s objection and declined to instruct the jury to disregard the lottery statement.	1	2018–2018
Brenda J. Alcala v. Marriott International, Inc. and Courtyard Management Corporation D/B/A Quad Cities Courtyard by Marriott green iowa · 2016 1 sentence 2017Deboom v. Raining Rose, Inc., 772 N.W.2d 1 , 5 10 (Iowa 2009) (citation omitted). “‘When the error is not of constitutional magnitude, the test of prejudice is whether it sufficiently appears that the rights of the complaining party have been injuriously affected or that the party has suffered a miscarriage of justice.’” Asher v. OB-Gyn Specialists, P.C., 846 N.W.2d 492, 496 (Iowa 2014) (citation omitted), overruled on other grounds by Alcala, 880 N.W.2d at 707 .	1	2017–2017
Strickland v. Washington green scotus · 1984 2 sentences 2003The standard for prejudicial error to support relief requires "that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694 , 104 S.Ct. at 2068 , 80 L.Ed.2d at 698 . 2003The standard for prejudicial error to support relief requires "that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694 , 104 S.Ct. at 2068 , 80 L.Ed.2d at 698 .	1	2003–2003
State v. Armento green iowa · 1977 1 sentence 1999See State v. Horn, 282 N.W.2d at 728 ; State v. Amento, 256 N.W.2d at 230 .	1	1999–1999
Lawson v. State green alactapp · 1952 2 sentences 1977The trial court may properly exclude impeaching evidence of this character when the witness sought to be impeached admits making the statements attributed to him; otherwise not.” In Lawson v. State, 36 Ala.App. 438 , 57 So.2d 643, 644 , there is the following pronouncement: “On cross-examination this entire statement [one made to police officers after the homicide with which the witness’ brother was charged] was read to L.C. 1977The trial court may properly exclude impeaching evidence of this character when the witness sought to be impeached admits making the statements attributed to him; otherwise not.” In Lawson v. State, 36 Ala.App. 438 , 57 So.2d 643, 644 , there is the following pronouncement: “On cross-examination this entire statement [one made to police officers after the homicide with which the witness’ brother was charged] was read to L.C.	1	1977–1977
Illinois v. Allen green scotus · 1970 2 sentences 1976In this connection this statement from Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 338 , 90 S.Ct. 1057, 1058 , 25 L.Ed.2d 353 , states defendant’s position as we understand it: “The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that: ‘In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right * * * to be confronted with the witnesses against him * ⅜ .’ We have held that the Fourteenth Amendment makes the guarantees of this clause obligatory upon the States. 1976In this connection this statement from Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 338 , 90 S.Ct. 1057, 1058 , 25 L.Ed.2d 353 , states defendant’s position as we understand it: “The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that: ‘In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right * * to be confronted with the witnesses against him * ⅜ *.’ We have held that the Fourteenth Amendment makes the guarantees of this clause obligatory upon the States.	1	1976–1976
Shenandoah Valley Broadcasting Inc. v. American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers green scotus · 1964 1 sentence 1970We conclude that, under these circumstances, the trial court committed prejudicial error in permitting the Government to withhold the identity of its undercover employee in the face of repeated demands by the accused for his disclosure.” With regard to the foregoing see also Smith v. State of Illinois, 390 U.S. 129 , 88 S.Ct. 748 , 19 L.Ed.2d 956 ; State v. White, 260 Iowa 1000, 1002-1005 , 151 N.W.2d 552 ; Honore v. Superior Court, Cal., 74 Cal.Rptr. 233 , 449 P.2d 169 ; and People v. Lopez, 60 Cal.2d 223 , 32 Cal.Rptr. 424 , 384 P.2d 16 , cert. den. 375 U.S. 994 , 84 S.Ct. 634 , 11 L.Ed.2d 4	1	1970–1970
State v. White green iowa · 1967 2 sentences 1970We conclude that, under these circumstances, the trial court committed prejudicial error in permitting the Government to withhold the identity of its undercover employee in the face of repeated demands by the accused for his disclosure.” With regard to the foregoing see also Smith v. State of Illinois, 390 U.S. 129 , 88 S.Ct. 748 , 19 L.Ed.2d 956 ; State v. White, 260 Iowa 1000, 1002-1005 , 151 N.W.2d 552 ; Honore v. Superior Court, Cal., 74 Cal.Rptr. 233 , 449 P.2d 169 ; and People v. Lopez, 60 Cal.2d 223 , 32 Cal.Rptr. 424 , 384 P.2d 16 , cert. den. 375 U.S. 994 , 84 S.Ct. 634 , 11 L.Ed.2d 4 1970We conclude that, under these circumstances, the trial court committed prejudicial error in permitting the Government to withhold the identity of its undercover employee in the face of repeated demands by the accused for his disclosure.” With regard to the foregoing see also Smith v. State of Illinois, 390 U.S. 129 , 88 S.Ct. 748 , 19 L.Ed.2d 956 ; State v. White, 260 Iowa 1000, 1002-1005 , 151 N.W.2d 552 ; Honore v. Superior Court, Cal., 74 Cal.Rptr. 233 , 449 P.2d 169 ; and People v. Lopez, 60 Cal.2d 223 , 32 Cal.Rptr. 424 , 384 P.2d 16 , cert. den. 375 U.S. 994 , 84 S.Ct. 634 , 11 L.Ed.2d 4	1	1970–1970
Smith v. Illinois green scotus · 1968 2 sentences 1970We conclude that, under these circumstances, the trial court committed prejudicial error in permitting the Government to withhold the identity of its undercover employee in the face of repeated demands by the accused for his disclosure.” With regard to the foregoing see also Smith v. State of Illinois, 390 U.S. 129 , 88 S.Ct. 748 , 19 L.Ed.2d 956 ; State v. White, 260 Iowa 1000, 1002-1005 , 151 N.W.2d 552 ; Honore v. Superior Court, Cal., 74 Cal.Rptr. 233 , 449 P.2d 169 ; and People v. Lopez, 60 Cal.2d 223 , 32 Cal.Rptr. 424 , 384 P.2d 16 , cert. den. 375 U.S. 994 , 84 S.Ct. 634 , 11 L.Ed.2d 4 1970We conclude that, under these circumstances, the trial court committed prejudicial error in permitting the Government to withhold the identity of its undercover employee in the face of repeated demands by the accused for his disclosure.” With regard to the foregoing see also Smith v. State of Illinois, 390 U.S. 129 , 88 S.Ct. 748 , 19 L.Ed.2d 956 ; State v. White, 260 Iowa 1000, 1002-1005 , 151 N.W.2d 552 ; Honore v. Superior Court, Cal., 74 Cal.Rptr. 233 , 449 P.2d 169 ; and People v. Lopez, 60 Cal.2d 223 , 32 Cal.Rptr. 424 , 384 P.2d 16 , cert. den. 375 U.S. 994 , 84 S.Ct. 634 , 11 L.Ed.2d 4	1	1970–1970
State v. Ebelsheiser green iowa · 1950 2 sentences 1970State v. Rutledge, 243 Iowa 179, 191 , 47 N.W.2d 251, 259 ; State v. Ebelsheiser, 242 Iowa 49, 59 , 43 N.W.2d 706, 712 ; State v. Baratta, 242 Iowa 1308, 1321 , 49 N.W.2d 866, 873-874 . 1970State v. Rutledge, 243 Iowa 179, 191 , 47 N.W.2d 251, 259 ; State v. Ebelsheiser, 242 Iowa 49, 59 , 43 N.W.2d 706, 712 ; State v. Baratta, 242 Iowa 1308, 1321 , 49 N.W.2d 866, 873-874 .	1	1970–1970
People v. Lopez green cal · 1963 2 sentences 1970We conclude that, under these circumstances, the trial court committed prejudicial error in permitting the Government to withhold the identity of its undercover employee in the face of repeated demands by the accused for his disclosure.” With regard to the foregoing see also Smith v. State of Illinois, 390 U.S. 129 , 88 S.Ct. 748 , 19 L.Ed.2d 956 ; State v. White, 260 Iowa 1000, 1002-1005 , 151 N.W.2d 552 ; Honore v. Superior Court, Cal., 74 Cal.Rptr. 233 , 449 P.2d 169 ; and People v. Lopez, 60 Cal.2d 223 , 32 Cal.Rptr. 424 , 384 P.2d 16 , cert. den. 375 U.S. 994 , 84 S.Ct. 634 , 11 L.Ed.2d 4 1970We conclude that, under these circumstances, the trial court committed prejudicial error in permitting the Government to withhold the identity of its undercover employee in the face of repeated demands by the accused for his disclosure.” With regard to the foregoing see also Smith v. State of Illinois, 390 U.S. 129 , 88 S.Ct. 748 , 19 L.Ed.2d 956 ; State v. White, 260 Iowa 1000, 1002-1005 , 151 N.W.2d 552 ; Honore v. Superior Court, Cal., 74 Cal.Rptr. 233 , 449 P.2d 169 ; and People v. Lopez, 60 Cal.2d 223 , 32 Cal.Rptr. 424 , 384 P.2d 16 , cert. den. 375 U.S. 994 , 84 S.Ct. 634 , 11 L.Ed.2d 4	1	1970–1970
State v. Rutledge green iowa · 1951 2 sentences 1970State v. Rutledge, 243 Iowa 179, 191 , 47 N.W.2d 251, 259 ; State v. Ebelsheiser, 242 Iowa 49, 59 , 43 N.W.2d 706, 712 ; State v. Baratta, 242 Iowa 1308, 1321 , 49 N.W.2d 866, 873-874 . 1970State v. Rutledge, 243 Iowa 179, 191 , 47 N.W.2d 251, 259 ; State v. Ebelsheiser, 242 Iowa 49, 59 , 43 N.W.2d 706, 712 ; State v. Baratta, 242 Iowa 1308, 1321 , 49 N.W.2d 866, 873-874 .	1	1970–1970
Honore v. Superior Court green cal · 1969 2 sentences 1970We conclude that, under these circumstances, the trial court committed prejudicial error in permitting the Government to withhold the identity of its undercover employee in the face of repeated demands by the accused for his disclosure.” With regard to the foregoing see also Smith v. State of Illinois, 390 U.S. 129 , 88 S.Ct. 748 , 19 L.Ed.2d 956 ; State v. White, 260 Iowa 1000, 1002-1005 , 151 N.W.2d 552 ; Honore v. Superior Court, Cal., 74 Cal.Rptr. 233 , 449 P.2d 169 ; and People v. Lopez, 60 Cal.2d 223 , 32 Cal.Rptr. 424 , 384 P.2d 16 , cert. den. 375 U.S. 994 , 84 S.Ct. 634 , 11 L.Ed.2d 4 1970We conclude that, under these circumstances, the trial court committed prejudicial error in permitting the Government to withhold the identity of its undercover employee in the face of repeated demands by the accused for his disclosure.” With regard to the foregoing see also Smith v. State of Illinois, 390 U.S. 129 , 88 S.Ct. 748 , 19 L.Ed.2d 956 ; State v. White, 260 Iowa 1000, 1002-1005 , 151 N.W.2d 552 ; Honore v. Superior Court, Cal., 74 Cal.Rptr. 233 , 449 P.2d 169 ; and People v. Lopez, 60 Cal.2d 223 , 32 Cal.Rptr. 424 , 384 P.2d 16 , cert. den. 375 U.S. 994 , 84 S.Ct. 634 , 11 L.Ed.2d 4	1	1970–1970
State v. Baratta green iowa · 1951 2 sentences 1970State v. Rutledge, 243 Iowa 179, 191 , 47 N.W.2d 251, 259 ; State v. Ebelsheiser, 242 Iowa 49, 59 , 43 N.W.2d 706, 712 ; State v. Baratta, 242 Iowa 1308, 1321 , 49 N.W.2d 866, 873-874 . 1970State v. Rutledge, 243 Iowa 179, 191 , 47 N.W.2d 251, 259 ; State v. Ebelsheiser, 242 Iowa 49, 59 , 43 N.W.2d 706, 712 ; State v. Baratta, 242 Iowa 1308, 1321 , 49 N.W.2d 866, 873-874 .	1	1970–1970
Jacobson v. Aldrich green iowa · 1955	1	1968–1968
Gerk Ex Rel. Gerk v. Gerk green iowa · 1966 2 sentences 1968A phase of this domestic turmoil was before us in Gerk v. Gerk, 259 Iowa 293 , 144 N.W.2d 104 , where we upheld a judgment against defendant of $60.00 per month support money for the youngest son Jerry, who was then a student in Mason City, Iowa. 1968A phase of this domestic turmoil was before us in Gerk v. Gerk, 259 Iowa 293 , 144 N.W.2d 104 , where we upheld a judgment against defendant of $60.00 per month support money for the youngest son Jerry, who was then a student in Mason City, Iowa.	1	1968–1968
Carter v. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Co. green iowa · 1956	1	1963–1963
Stewart v. Hilton green iowa · 1956	1	1963–1963
Storbeck v. Fridley neutral · 1949	1	1951–1951
Neidermyer v. Neidermyer green iowa · 1946	1	1951–1951
Olson v. Olson green iowa · 1951	1	1951–1951
Kisling v. Thierman green iowa · 1932	1	1936–1936
Gregory v. Sorensen neutral iowa · 1929	1	1936–1936
McKeever v. Batcheler green iowa · 1934	1	1936–1936
Hoover v. First American Fire Insurance green iowa · 1934	1	1936–1936
Maguire v. Eichmeier neutral iowa · 1899	1	1929–1929
Chicago, Santa Fe & California Railway Co. v. Bentz neutral illappct · 1890	1	1902–1902
White & Smith v. Savery neutral iowa · 1879	1	1887–1887

Statutes the citing opinions construe

IA § Iowa Code § 216.6 (4) USC § 42u.s.c.2000e(k) (4) IA § Iowa Code § 707.1 (3) USC § 42u.s.c.2000e (3) USC § 42u.s.c.2000e-2(a) (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 871 (1882–2026) OH 607 (1928–2026) NC 216 (1940–2026) IL 173 (1899–2026) LA 157 (1927–2025) MO 134 (1889–2025) WA 129 (1908–2026) SD 123 (1913–2026) MA 94 (1961–2026) FL 83 (1933–2026) WY 61 (1965–2025) NE 60 (1899–2021) NY 56 (1916–2024) AL 55 (1911–2008) OK 54 (1915–2021) ID 46 (1887–2025) KY 45 (1912–2022) CO 43 (1905–2026) AR 39 (1897–2025) PA 39 (1936–2026) MN 35 (1903–2024) UT 34 (1938–2026) MD 32 (1927–2026) IA 31 (1887–2026) TN 29 (1932–2026) WI 28 (1904–2004) ME 27 (1980–2025) MI 27 (1897–2021) OR 25 (1923–2026) TX 25 (1916–2026) NJ 23 (1952–2025) VA 22 (1934–2024) KS 21 (1894–2017) AZ 19 (1945–2026) WV 17 (1921–2017) SC 16 (1936–2025) MT 16 (1899–2017) DC 16 (1977–2012) MS 14 (1926–2014) GA 13 (1954–2003) NV 13 (1954–2017) VT 10 (1917–1988) NM 9 (1972–2024) IN 9 (1891–2018) ND 8 (1904–2013) DE 6 (1979–2020) PR 6 (1910–1968) CT 5 (1964–1999) AK 5 (1975–2021) RI 3 (1973–2015) HI 3 (1987–2022) NH 2 (1986–1999)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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