four-pronged test (Michigan) · Go Syfert
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four-pronged test in Michigan

28 Michigan opinions name it 2 courts 1981–2021 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Michigan courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (8)

CaseFollowedCited
Trinova Corp. v. Michigan Department of Treasurygreen
scotus · 1991 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1992–2002
2 sentences

2002See, e.g., Trinova [Corp v Michigan Dep’t of Treasury, 498 US 358 ; 111 S Ct 818 ; 112 L Ed 2d 884 (1991)]; Goldberg v Sweet, 488 US 252 ; 109 S Ct 582 ; 102 L Ed 2d 607 (1989); Amerada Hess Corp v New Jersey Dep’t of the Treasury, 490 US 66 ; 109 S Ct 1617 ; 104 L Ed 2d 58 (1989); American Trucking Ass’ns, Inc v Scheiner, [ 483 US 266 ; 107 S Ct 2829 ; 97 L Ed 2d 226 (1987)]; Maryland v Louisiana, 451 US 725 ; 101 S Ct 2114 ; 68 L Ed 2d 576 (1981).

2002See, e.g., Trinova [Corp v Michigan Dep’t of Treasury, 498 US 358 ; 111 S Ct 818 ; 112 L Ed 2d 884 (1991)]; Goldberg v Sweet, 488 US 252 ; 109 S Ct 582 ; 102 L Ed 2d 607 (1989); Amerada Hess Corp v New Jersey Dep’t of the Treasury, 490 US 66 ; 109 S Ct 1617 ; 104 L Ed 2d 58 (1989); American Trucking Ass’ns, Inc v Scheiner, [ 483 US 266 ; 107 S Ct 2829 ; 97 L Ed 2d 226 (1987)]; Maryland v Louisiana, 451 US 725 ; 101 S Ct 2114 ; 68 L Ed 2d 576 (1981).

22
People v. VanderVlietgreen
mich · 1993 · cited in 12 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1996–2021
2 sentences

2021In particular, a four-pronged standard applies in determining the admissibility of other-acts evidence under MRE 404(b)(1): First, that the evidence be offered for a proper purpose under Rule 404(b); second, that it be relevant under Rule 402 as enforced through Rule 104(b); third, that the probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice; fourth, that the trial court may, upon request, provide a limiting instruction to the jury. [Kelly, 317 Mich App at 644 , quoting People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52, 55 ; 508 NW2d 114 (1993), amended on other grounds 445 Mic

2021In particular, a four-pronged standard applies in determining the admissibility of other-acts evidence under MRE 404(b)(1): First, that the evidence be offered for a proper purpose under Rule 404(b); second, that it be relevant under Rule 402 as enforced through Rule 104(b); third, that the probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice; fourth, that the trial court may, upon request, provide a limiting instruction to the jury. [Kelly, 317 Mich App at 644 , quoting People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52, 55 ; 508 NW2d 114 (1993), amended on other grounds 445 Mic

112
Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Bradygreen
scotus · 1977 · cited in 6 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1992–2016
2 sentences

2007As we have explained before, a state tax withstands scrutiny under a Commerce Clause challenge and will be found constitutionally valid if it meets the four-pronged test articulated in Complete Auto Transit, Inc v Brady, 430 US 274, 279 ; 97 S Ct 1076 ; 51L Ed 2d 326 (1977).

2007As we have explained before, a state tax withstands scrutiny under a Commerce Clause challenge and will be found constitutionally valid if it meets the four-pronged test articulated in Complete Auto Transit, Inc v Brady, 430 US 274, 279 ; 97 S Ct 1076 ; 51L Ed 2d 326 (1977).

16
People v. Jonesgreen
michctapp · 2000 · cited in 4 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2016–2018
2 sentences

2018A statement is admissible under MRE 801(d)(1)(B) if: (1) the declarant must testify at trial and be subject to cross-examination; (2) there must be an express or implied charge of recent fabrication or improper influence or motive of the declarant’s testimony; (3) the proponent must offer a prior consistent statement that is consistent with the declarant’s challenged in-court testimony; and, (4) the prior consistent statement must be made prior to the time that the supposed motive to falsify arose. [People v Jones, 240 Mich App 704, 707 ; 613 NW2d 411 (2000) (quotation marks and citation omitt

2017Although DeMott contends on appeal that the motivation to fabricate arose when MR’s mother was originally questioned, this Court has explained that “the motive in the second element must be the same motive in the fourth element of the four-pronged test to admit a prior consistent statement under MRE 801(d)(1)(B).” People v Jones, 240 Mich App 704, 711 ; 613 NW2d 411 (2000).

14
Caterpillar, Inc v. Department of Treasurygreen
mich · 1992 · cited in 3 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2007–2016
2 sentences

2016A state tax will withstand scrutiny under a Commerce Clause challenge and will be held to be constitutionally valid under the four-pronged test articulated in Complete Auto provided that the tax: (1) is applied to an activity having a substantial nexus with the taxing state, (2) is fairly apportioned, (3) does not discriminate against interstate commerce, and (4) is fairly related to the services provided by the state. [Caterpillar, Inc v Dep’t of Treasury, 440 Mich 400, 415 ; 488 NW2d 182 (1992).] Only the third prong is challenged in this case; plaintiffs contend that 2014 PA 282 discriminat

2016A state tax will withstand scrutiny under a Commerce Clause challenge and will be held to be constitutionally valid under the four-pronged test articulated in Complete Auto provided that the tax: (1) is applied to an activity having a substantial nexus with the taxing state, (2) is fairly apportioned, (3) does not discriminate against interstate commerce, and (4) is fairly related to the services provided by the state. [Caterpillar, Inc v Dep’t of Treasury, 440 Mich 400, 415 ; 488 NW2d 182 (1992).] Only the third prong is challenged in this case; plaintiffs contend that 2014 PA 282 discriminat

13
Anzaldua v. Bandgreen
mich · 1998 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014The four-pronged test set forth in Anzaldua , while perhaps a useful distillation of the Court’s rationale in that case, should not be read as supplanting or excusing a court’s fundamental interpretive obligations, nor does its satisfaction foreclose a court from concluding, on the basis of proper review of the statute as a whole, that the Legislature did not intend to attach a jury right to a claim of damages. 35 Anzaldua, 457 Mich at 538, 541 . 36 See id. at 541 .

2014The four-pronged test set forth in Anzaldua , while perhaps a useful distillation of the Court’s rationale in that case, should not be read as supplanting or excusing a court’s fundamental interpretive obligations, nor does its satisfaction foreclose a court from concluding, on the basis of proper review of the statute as a whole, that the Legislature did not intend to attach a jury right to a claim of damages. 35 Anzaldua, 457 Mich at 538, 541 . 36 See id. at 541 .

11
People v. Lewisgreen
michctapp · 1987 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
1 sentence

2000See id.

11
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commissiongreen
scotus · 1980 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
1 sentence

1997On appeal, both parties correctly acknowledge that the constitutionality of Rochester Hills Ordinance 200, § 4.02(a)(6) is determined by applying the four-pronged test set forth in Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp, supra at 566, to the facts of the case.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Michigan. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (16)

CaseCitedYears
Amerada Hess Corp. v. Director, Division of Taxation, New Jersey Department of the Treasury green
scotus · 1989
2 sentences

2016“A tax violates the third prong of the Complete Auto test if it is facially discriminatory, has a discriminatory purpose, or has the effect of unduly burdening interstate commerce.” Caterpillar, -11- 440 Mich at 422 , citing Amerada Hess Corp v NJ Dep’t of Treasury, 490 US 66, 75 ; 109 S Ct 1617 ; 104 L Ed 2d 58 (1989). [Gillette, 312 Mich App at 430-431 .] Under this test, Gillette found that PA 282 (1) is not facially discriminatory because it does not, “on its face, create any classification based on a taxpayer’s state of origin or the location of commerce[;]” (2) does not have a discrimina

2016“A tax violates the third prong of the Complete Auto test if it is facially discriminatory, has a discriminatory purpose, or has the effect of unduly burdening interstate commerce.” Caterpillar, -11- 440 Mich at 422 , citing Amerada Hess Corp v NJ Dep’t of Treasury, 490 US 66, 75 ; 109 S Ct 1617 ; 104 L Ed 2d 58 (1989). [Gillette, 312 Mich App at 430-431 .] Under this test, Gillette found that PA 282 (1) is not facially discriminatory because it does not, “on its face, create any classification based on a taxpayer’s state of origin or the location of commerce[;]” (2) does not have a discrimina

41992–2016
People v. Jones neutral
michctapp · 2000
2 sentences

2018A statement is admissible under MRE 801(d)(1)(B) if: (1) the declarant must testify at trial and be subject to cross-examination; (2) there must be an express or implied charge of recent fabrication or improper influence or motive of the declarant’s testimony; (3) the proponent must offer a prior consistent statement that is consistent with the declarant’s challenged in-court testimony; and, (4) the prior consistent statement must be made prior to the time that the supposed motive to falsify arose. [People v Jones, 240 Mich App 704, 707 ; 613 NW2d 411 (2000) (quotation marks and citation omitt

2017Although DeMott contends on appeal that the motivation to fabricate arose when MR’s mother was originally questioned, this Court has explained that “the motive in the second element must be the same motive in the fourth element of the four-pronged test to admit a prior consistent statement under MRE 801(d)(1)(B).” People v Jones, 240 Mich App 704, 711 ; 613 NW2d 411 (2000).

32017–2018
American Trucking Assns., Inc. v. Scheiner green
scotus · 1987
2 sentences

2003Therefore, we have no basis on which to determine the proportionality of the fees after 1995. 14 Because we concluded that the fees are regulatory, plaintiffs additional argument, that the fees violate Michigan’s Uniform Taxation Clause, is without merit. 15 Intervening plaintiffs contend that the four-pronged test enunciated in Complete Auto Transit, Inc v Brady, 430 US 274, 279 ; 97 S Ct 1076 ; 51 L Ed 2d 326 (1977), and utilized in American Trucking Ass’ns, Inc v Scheiner, 483 US 266, 283 ; 107 S Ct 2829 ; 97 L Ed 2d 226 (1987), is applicable.

2003Therefore, we have no basis on which to determine the proportionality of the fees after 1995. 14 Because we concluded that the fees are regulatory, plaintiffs additional argument, that the fees violate Michigan’s Uniform Taxation Clause, is without merit. 15 Intervening plaintiffs contend that the four-pronged test enunciated in Complete Auto Transit, Inc v Brady, 430 US 274, 279 ; 97 S Ct 1076 ; 51 L Ed 2d 326 (1977), and utilized in American Trucking Ass’ns, Inc v Scheiner, 483 US 266, 283 ; 107 S Ct 2829 ; 97 L Ed 2d 226 (1987), is applicable.

31992–2003
Goldberg v. Sweet green
scotus · 1989
2 sentences

2002See, e.g., Trinova [Corp v Michigan Dep’t of Treasury, 498 US 358 ; 111 S Ct 818 ; 112 L Ed 2d 884 (1991)]; Goldberg v Sweet, 488 US 252 ; 109 S Ct 582 ; 102 L Ed 2d 607 (1989); Amerada Hess Corp v New Jersey Dep’t of the Treasury, 490 US 66 ; 109 S Ct 1617 ; 104 L Ed 2d 58 (1989); American Trucking Ass’ns, Inc v Scheiner, [ 483 US 266 ; 107 S Ct 2829 ; 97 L Ed 2d 226 (1987)]; Maryland v Louisiana, 451 US 725 ; 101 S Ct 2114 ; 68 L Ed 2d 576 (1981).

2002See, e.g., Trinova [Corp v Michigan Dep’t of Treasury, 498 US 358 ; 111 S Ct 818 ; 112 L Ed 2d 884 (1991)]; Goldberg v Sweet, 488 US 252 ; 109 S Ct 582 ; 102 L Ed 2d 607 (1989); Amerada Hess Corp v New Jersey Dep’t of the Treasury, 490 US 66 ; 109 S Ct 1617 ; 104 L Ed 2d 58 (1989); American Trucking Ass’ns, Inc v Scheiner, [ 483 US 266 ; 107 S Ct 2829 ; 97 L Ed 2d 226 (1987)]; Maryland v Louisiana, 451 US 725 ; 101 S Ct 2114 ; 68 L Ed 2d 576 (1981).

21992–2002
Maryland v. Louisiana green
scotus · 1981
2 sentences

2002See, e.g., Trinova [Corp v Michigan Dep’t of Treasury, 498 US 358 ; 111 S Ct 818 ; 112 L Ed 2d 884 (1991)]; Goldberg v Sweet, 488 US 252 ; 109 S Ct 582 ; 102 L Ed 2d 607 (1989); Amerada Hess Corp v New Jersey Dep’t of the Treasury, 490 US 66 ; 109 S Ct 1617 ; 104 L Ed 2d 58 (1989); American Trucking Ass’ns, Inc v Scheiner, [ 483 US 266 ; 107 S Ct 2829 ; 97 L Ed 2d 226 (1987)]; Maryland v Louisiana, 451 US 725 ; 101 S Ct 2114 ; 68 L Ed 2d 576 (1981).

2002See, e.g., Trinova [Corp v Michigan Dep’t of Treasury, 498 US 358 ; 111 S Ct 818 ; 112 L Ed 2d 884 (1991)]; Goldberg v Sweet, 488 US 252 ; 109 S Ct 582 ; 102 L Ed 2d 607 (1989); Amerada Hess Corp v New Jersey Dep’t of the Treasury, 490 US 66 ; 109 S Ct 1617 ; 104 L Ed 2d 58 (1989); American Trucking Ass’ns, Inc v Scheiner, [ 483 US 266 ; 107 S Ct 2829 ; 97 L Ed 2d 226 (1987)]; Maryland v Louisiana, 451 US 725 ; 101 S Ct 2114 ; 68 L Ed 2d 576 (1981).

21992–2002
People v. Kelly green
michctapp · 2016
1 sentence

2021In particular, a four-pronged standard applies in determining the admissibility of other-acts evidence under MRE 404(b)(1): First, that the evidence be offered for a proper purpose under Rule 404(b); second, that it be relevant under Rule 402 as enforced through Rule 104(b); third, that the probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice; fourth, that the trial court may, upon request, provide a limiting instruction to the jury. [Kelly, 317 Mich App at 644 , quoting People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52, 55 ; 508 NW2d 114 (1993), amended on other grounds 445 Mic

12021–2021
People v. Mardlin green
mich · 2010
1 sentence

2021In particular, a four-pronged standard applies in determining the admissibility of other-acts evidence under MRE 404(b)(1): First, that the evidence be offered for a proper purpose under Rule 404(b); second, that it be relevant under Rule 402 as enforced through Rule 104(b); third, that the probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice; fourth, that the trial court may, upon request, provide a limiting instruction to the jury. [Kelly, 317 Mich App at 644 , quoting People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52, 55 ; 508 NW2d 114 (1993), amended on other grounds 445 Mic

12021–2021
Gillette Commercial Operations North America & Subsidiaries v. Department of Treasury green
michctapp · 2015
2 sentences

2016“A tax violates the third prong of the Complete Auto test if it is facially discriminatory, has a discriminatory purpose, or has the effect of unduly burdening interstate commerce.” Caterpillar, -11- 440 Mich at 422 , citing Amerada Hess Corp v NJ Dep’t of Treasury, 490 US 66, 75 ; 109 S Ct 1617 ; 104 L Ed 2d 58 (1989). [Gillette, 312 Mich App at 430-431 .] Under this test, Gillette found that PA 282 (1) is not facially discriminatory because it does not, “on its face, create any classification based on a taxpayer’s state of origin or the location of commerce[;]” (2) does not have a discrimina

2016“A tax violates the third prong of the Complete Auto test if it is facially discriminatory, has a discriminatory purpose, or has the effect of unduly burdening interstate commerce.” Caterpillar, -11- 440 Mich at 422 , citing Amerada Hess Corp v NJ Dep’t of Treasury, 490 US 66, 75 ; 109 S Ct 1617 ; 104 L Ed 2d 58 (1989). [Gillette, 312 Mich App at 430-431 .] Under this test, Gillette found that PA 282 (1) is not facially discriminatory because it does not, “on its face, create any classification based on a taxpayer’s state of origin or the location of commerce[;]” (2) does not have a discrimina

12016–2016
People v. Sabin green
mich · 2000
2 sentences

2001Under the expansive view of rule 404(b) and VanderVliet that informs the decision in People v. Sabin (After Remand), 463 Mich. 43 , 614 N.W.2d 888 (2000), we conclude that the prosecution satisfied the first prong of VanderVliet when it argued at trial that the evidence would show defendant's motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, and intent.

2001Under the expansive view of rule 404(b) and VanderVliet that informs the decision in People v. Sabin (After Remand), 463 Mich. 43 , 614 N.W.2d 888 (2000), we conclude that the prosecution satisfied the first prong of VanderVliet when it argued at trial that the evidence would show defendant's motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, and intent.

12001–2001
People v. Basinger neutral
michctapp · 1994
2 sentences

1996VanderVliet at 74-75 ; People v Basinger, 203 Mich App 603, 606 ; 513 NW2d 828 (1994).

1996VanderVliet at 74-75 ; People v Basinger, 203 Mich App 603, 606 ; 513 NW2d 828 (1994).

11996–1996
Huddleston v. United States green
scotus · 1988
2 sentences

1993In place of the four-pronged test of Golochowicz , we direct the bench and bar to employ the evidentiary safeguards already present in the Rules of Evidence, as identified by the unanimous United States Supreme Court decision in Huddleston : [FJirst, from the requirement of Rule 404(b) that the evidence be offered for a proper purpose; second, from the relevancy requirement of Rule 402— as enforced through Rule 104(b); third, from the assessment the trial court must make under Rule 403 to determine whether the probative value of the similar acts evidence is substantially outweighed by its pote

1993In place of the four-pronged test of Golochowicz , we direct the bench and bar to employ the evidentiary safeguards already present in the Rules of Evidence, as identified by the unanimous United States Supreme Court decision in Huddleston : [FJirst, from the requirement of Rule 404(b) that the evidence be offered for a proper purpose; second, from the relevancy requirement of Rule 402— as enforced through Rule 104(b); third, from the assessment the trial court must make under Rule 403 to determine whether the probative value of the similar acts evidence is substantially outweighed by its pote

11993–1993
Mobil Oil Corp. v. Commissioner of Taxes of Vt. green
scotus · 1980
2 sentences

1992"The requisite `nexus' is supplied if [Caterpillar] avails itself of the `substantial privilege of carrying on business' within the State...." Mobil Oil Corp v Comm'r of Taxes of Vermont, 445 US 425, 437 ; 100 S Ct 1223 ; 63 L Ed 2d 510 (1980).

1992"The requisite `nexus' is supplied if [Caterpillar] avails itself of the `substantial privilege of carrying on business' within the State...." Mobil Oil Corp v Comm'r of Taxes of Vermont, 445 US 425, 437 ; 100 S Ct 1223 ; 63 L Ed 2d 510 (1980).

11992–1992
People v. Golochowicz green
mich · 1982
2 sentences

1988However, if the prior testimony contains allegations of prior similar bad acts (as here), the testimony must also be admissible pursuant to the four-pronged test enunciated in People v Golochowicz, 413 Mich 298 ; 319 NW2d 518 (1982).

1988However, if the prior testimony contains allegations of prior similar bad acts (as here), the testimony must also be admissible pursuant to the four-pronged test enunciated in People v Golochowicz, 413 Mich 298 ; 319 NW2d 518 (1982).

11988–1988
People v. Morris green
michctapp · 1984
1 sentence

1988Morris, supra at 557 .

11988–1988
People v. Whalen green
mich · 1973
2 sentences

1981In People v Whalen, 390 Mich 672, 682 ; 213 NW2d 166 (1973), our Supreme Court set forth a four-pronged test to determine the reasonableness of an investigatory stop: "1.

1981In People v Whalen, 390 Mich 672, 682 ; 213 NW2d 166 (1973), our Supreme Court set forth a four-pronged test to determine the reasonableness of an investigatory stop: "1.

11981–1981
Quigley v. Dexter Township green
mich · 1973
2 sentences

1981In People v Whalen, 390 Mich 672, 682 ; 213 NW2d 166 (1973), our Supreme Court set forth a four-pronged test to determine the reasonableness of an investigatory stop: "1.

1981In People v Whalen, 390 Mich 672, 682 ; 213 NW2d 166 (1973), our Supreme Court set forth a four-pronged test to determine the reasonableness of an investigatory stop: "1.

11981–1981

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.520b (6) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.227b (5) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.316 (4) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.7401 (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.520c (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.83 (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 769.10 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

PA 72 (1974–2026) NJ 31 (1987–2026) CT 29 (1983–2026) MI 28 (1981–2021) TX 17 (1981–2025) GA 17 (1981–2026) WA 13 (2004–2026) IL 13 (1974–2006) NY 11 (1974–2024) FL 10 (1980–2024) OH 10 (1987–2026) AL 8 (1991–2015) ID 8 (1995–2022) RI 8 (1979–2016) VA 7 (1987–2012) NC 6 (1976–2018) CA 6 (1995–2014) MO 6 (1976–2001) WV 5 (1996–2023) UT 4 (1984–2001) TN 4 (1979–2010) LA 4 (2008–2023) MN 4 (1981–2015) DC 3 (1978–1996) KY 3 (2015–2024) WI 2 (1986–2003) VT 2 (1984–1989) MS 2 (2012–2014) IN 2 (1998–2006) ND 2 (2022–2022) KS 2 (1985–1990) MA 2 (2014–2022) WY 2 (1989–2003) NM 2 (2014–2014)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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