mortgage clause (Kansas) · Go Syfert
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mortgage clause in Kansas

25 Kansas opinions name it 2 courts 1897–2012 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Kansas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (3)

CaseFollowedCited
Neises v. Soloman State Bankgreen
kan · 1985 · cited in 3 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 1992–2007
2 sentences

2007Co., 248 Kan. 881, 887 , 811 P.2d 868 (1991); see also Nieses v. Solomon State Bank, 236 Kan. 767, 778 , 696 P.2d 372 (1985) (“Kansas follows the majority rule, i.e., that a standard mortgage clause operates as a distinct and separate contract between the insurer and the mortgagee.”); Fancher v. Carson-Campbell, Inc., 216 Kan. 141, 144 , 530 P.2d 1225 (1975) (“We have been *837 consistent in holding that [a union mortgage clause] creates a new and independent contract which entitles the mortgagee to recover under the policy of insurance, notwithstanding the effect of any act or neglect on the

2007Co., 248 Kan. 881, 887 , 811 P.2d 868 (1991); see also Nieses v. Solomon State Bank, 236 Kan. 767, 778 , 696 P.2d 372 (1985) (“Kansas follows the majority rule, i.e., that a standard mortgage clause operates as a distinct and separate contract between the insurer and the mortgagee.”); Fancher v. Carson-Campbell, Inc., 216 Kan. 141, 144 , 530 P.2d 1225 (1975) (“We have been *837 consistent in holding that [a union mortgage clause] creates a new and independent contract which entitles the mortgagee to recover under the policy of insurance, notwithstanding the effect of any act or neglect on the

33
Fancher v. Carson-Campbell, Inc.green
kan · 1975 · cited in 2 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 1991–2007
2 sentences

2007Co., 248 Kan. 881, 887 , 811 P.2d 868 (1991); see also Nieses v. Solomon State Bank, 236 Kan. 767, 778 , 696 P.2d 372 (1985) (“Kansas follows the majority rule, i.e., that a standard mortgage clause operates as a distinct and separate contract between the insurer and the mortgagee.”); Fancher v. Carson-Campbell, Inc., 216 Kan. 141, 144 , 530 P.2d 1225 (1975) (“We have been *837 consistent in holding that [a union mortgage clause] creates a new and independent contract which entitles the mortgagee to recover under the policy of insurance, notwithstanding the effect of any act or neglect on the

2007Co., 248 Kan. 881, 887 , 811 P.2d 868 (1991); see also Nieses v. Solomon State Bank, 236 Kan. 767, 778 , 696 P.2d 372 (1985) (“Kansas follows the majority rule, i.e., that a standard mortgage clause operates as a distinct and separate contract between the insurer and the mortgagee.”); Fancher v. Carson-Campbell, Inc., 216 Kan. 141, 144 , 530 P.2d 1225 (1975) (“We have been *837 consistent in holding that [a union mortgage clause] creates a new and independent contract which entitles the mortgagee to recover under the policy of insurance, notwithstanding the effect of any act or neglect on the

12
General Electric Credit Corp. v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co.green
pa · 1970 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993C. v. Aetna Cas. & Surety Co., 437 Pa. 463, 474, 263 A.2d 448 (1970) (concluding a standard mortgage clause “relates only to insurance on real property or personal property so annexed to the real estáte as to be bound by a mortgage on the real estate”). 10A Couch on Insurance 2d § 42:718 (1982), makes the following statement: “ ‘Mortgagee’ within the standard mortgage clause does not limit recovery to situations where the creditor is not strictly a mortgagee but the term refers to any party whose interest is to be covered.” “ ‘Mortgagee’ within the clause is only a way of identifying the inter

1993C. v. Aetna Cas. & Surety Co., 437 Pa. 463, 474, 263 A.2d 448 (1970) (concluding a standard mortgage clause “relates only to insurance on real property or personal property so annexed to the real estáte as to be bound by a mortgage on the real estate”). 10A Couch on Insurance 2d § 42:718 (1982), makes the following statement: “ ‘Mortgagee’ within the standard mortgage clause does not limit recovery to situations where the creditor is not strictly a mortgagee but the term refers to any party whose interest is to be covered.” “ ‘Mortgagee’ within the clause is only a way of identifying the inter

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Kansas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (41)

CaseCitedYears
Stamey v. Royal Exchange Assurance Co. neutral
kan · 1915
2 sentences

1975(Insurance Co. v. Coverdale, 48 Kan. 446 , 29 Pac. 682 ; Stamey v. Assurance Co., 93 Kan. 707 , 150 Pac. 227 .) It should be noted that although the Fanchers were not named in the standard mortgage clause it was their interest for whioh protection was sought.

1975(Insurance Co. v. Coverdale, 48 Kan. 446 , 29 Pac. 682 ; Stamey v. Assurance Co., 93 Kan. 707 , 150 Pac. 227 .) It should be noted that although the Fanchers were not named in the standard mortgage clause it was their interest for whioh protection was sought.

51915–1975
Westchester Fire Insurance v. Coverdale neutral
· 1892
2 sentences

1975(Insurance Co. v. Coverdale, 48 Kan. 446 , 29 Pac. 682 ; Stamey v. Assurance Co., 93 Kan. 707 , 150 Pac. 227 .) It should be noted that although the Fanchers were not named in the standard mortgage clause it was their interest for whioh protection was sought.

1924It 3.) In Roper v. Insurance Co., 161 N. C. 151 , the court had before it several insurance policies, some of which had the mortgage clause in the form spoken of as the New York and New Jersey standard mortgage clause (which is the same as the union mortgage clause mentioned in Insurance Co. v. Coverdale, 48 Kan. 446 , 29 Pac. 682 ).

41897–1975
Citizens State Bank v. Shawnee Fire Insurance neutral
kan · 1913
2 sentences

1927In the case of Bank v. Insurance Co., 91 Kan. 18 , 137 Pac. 78 , the court permitted recovery on a policy providing for forfeiture on commencement of foreclosure by a mortgagee claiming under a mortgage clause making loss payable to the mortgagee as his interest might appear, "subject, however, to all the terms and conditions of this policy.” The decision is not in harmony with the general doctrine which was applied later in the case of Burns v. Insurance Co., 103 Kan. 803 , 176 Pac. 985 .

1927In the case of Bank v. Insurance Co., 91 Kan. 18 , 137 Pac. 78 , the court permitted recovery on a policy providing for forfeiture on commencement of foreclosure by a mortgagee claiming under a mortgage clause making loss payable to the mortgagee as his interest might appear, "subject, however, to all the terms and conditions of this policy.” The decision is not in harmony with the general doctrine which was applied later in the case of Burns v. Insurance Co., 103 Kan. 803 , 176 Pac. 985 .

31915–1927
Dodge v. Hamburg-Bremen Fire Insurance neutral
kanctapp · 1896
2 sentences

1920Co., 4 Kan.

1913Co., 4 Kan.

31906–1920
Wunschel v. Transcontinental Insurance green
kanctapp · 1992
2 sentences

2007Co., 17 Kan.

1993App. 2d 457, 463 , 839 P.2d 64 (1992), involved the liability of an insurance company for its failure to pay the proceeds in the manner required under the loss payable provisions of the policy, where Judge Lewis succinctly summarized the relevant law in the following manner: “It is the law of Kansas and most other states that the standard mortgage clause operates as a separate and distinct contract between the insurer and the mortgagee.

21993–2007
Hill v. International Indemnity Co. neutral
kan · 1924
2 sentences

1937(Stamey v. Assurance Co., 93 Kan. 707 , 150 Pac. 227 ; Motor Co. v. Indemnity Co., 116 Kan. 109, 115 , 225 Pac. 1056 .)” (p. 46.) Paraphrasing this language and applying it to the case at bar, the provisions of the mortgage clause in this fire insurance policy constitute a contract between this defendant and this plaintiff.

1937(Stamey v. Assurance Co., 93 Kan. 707 , 150 Pac. 227 ; Motor Co. v. Indemnity Co., 116 Kan. 109, 115 , 225 Pac. 1056 .)” (p. 46.) Paraphrasing this language and applying it to the case at bar, the provisions of the mortgage clause in this fire insurance policy constitute a contract between this defendant and this plaintiff.

21935–1937
Burns v. Alliance Co-operative Insurance neutral
kan · 1918
2 sentences

1927In the case of Bank v. Insurance Co., 91 Kan. 18 , 137 Pac. 78 , the court permitted recovery on a policy providing for forfeiture on commencement of foreclosure by a mortgagee claiming under a mortgage clause making loss payable to the mortgagee as his interest might appear, "subject, however, to all the terms and conditions of this policy.” The decision is not in harmony with the general doctrine which was applied later in the case of Burns v. Insurance Co., 103 Kan. 803 , 176 Pac. 985 .

1927In the case of Bank v. Insurance Co., 91 Kan. 18 , 137 Pac. 78 , the court permitted recovery on a policy providing for forfeiture on commencement of foreclosure by a mortgagee claiming under a mortgage clause making loss payable to the mortgagee as his interest might appear, "subject, however, to all the terms and conditions of this policy.” The decision is not in harmony with the general doctrine which was applied later in the case of Burns v. Insurance Co., 103 Kan. 803 , 176 Pac. 985 .

21924–1927
Martinez v. Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (In Re Martinez) green
ksb · 2011
2 sentences

2012The Martinez court relied primarily on the language of the mortgage — language virtually identical to the Mortgage clause herein — to find that the debtor was aware of and understood tire relationship between MERS and Countrywide. 444 B.R. at 205 .

2012The Martinez court noted that MERS also provided a copy of its terms and conditions with its lenders as further evidence of the agency relationship. 444 B.R. at 205-06 .

12012–2012
Vargas v. Nautilus Insurance green
kan · 1991
2 sentences

2007Co., 248 Kan. 881, 887 , 811 P.2d 868 (1991); see also Nieses v. Solomon State Bank, 236 Kan. 767, 778 , 696 P.2d 372 (1985) (“Kansas follows the majority rule, i.e., that a standard mortgage clause operates as a distinct and separate contract between the insurer and the mortgagee.”); Fancher v. Carson-Campbell, Inc., 216 Kan. 141, 144 , 530 P.2d 1225 (1975) (“We have been *837 consistent in holding that [a union mortgage clause] creates a new and independent contract which entitles the mortgagee to recover under the policy of insurance, notwithstanding the effect of any act or neglect on the

2007Co., 248 Kan. 881, 887 , 811 P.2d 868 (1991); see also Nieses v. Solomon State Bank, 236 Kan. 767, 778 , 696 P.2d 372 (1985) (“Kansas follows the majority rule, i.e., that a standard mortgage clause operates as a distinct and separate contract between the insurer and the mortgagee.”); Fancher v. Carson-Campbell, Inc., 216 Kan. 141, 144 , 530 P.2d 1225 (1975) (“We have been *837 consistent in holding that [a union mortgage clause] creates a new and independent contract which entitles the mortgagee to recover under the policy of insurance, notwithstanding the effect of any act or neglect on the

12007–2007
J. B. Kramer Grocery Company, Inc. v. Glens Falls Insurance Company green
ca8 · 1974
1 sentence

1993Kramer Grocery Co., Inc. v. Glens Falls Insurance Co., 497 F.2d 709 (8th Cir. 1974) (applying Arkansas law); Aetna Life & Casualty Co. v. Charles S. Martin Dist.

11993–1993
Guardian Life Insurance Co. of America v. Rita Realty Co. neutral
nj · 1939
1 sentence

1991The mortgage clause stated that “[A]ll the covenants and conditions herein contained, and contained in the bond accompanying this mortgage, shall be construed and interpreted pursuant to the laws of the State of New York.” 17 N.J.

11991–1991
Home Insurance v. Marshall neutral
kan · 1892
1 sentence

1985The Neises mistakenly base their argument on Insurance Co. v. Marshall, 48 Kan. 235 , 29 Pac. 161 (1892).

11985–1985
Metropolitan Life Insurance v. Mennonite Mutual Fire Insurance neutral
kan · 1930
2 sentences

1985Co., 131 Kan. 628 , 293 Pac. 402 (1930), the court held that under the “union mortgage clause,” where it appears that the insurance company is not liable to the mortgagor and owner to whom the policy was issued, but is liable to the mortgagee, the insurance company upon payment of the amount of its policy is entitled to be fully subrogated to the security held by the mortgagee to the extent of the amount paid by it in accordance with the subrogation clause set forth in the mortgage clause attached to its policy.

1985Co., 131 Kan. 628 , 293 Pac. 402 (1930), the court held that under the “union mortgage clause,” where it appears that the insurance company is not liable to the mortgagor and owner to whom the policy was issued, but is liable to the mortgagee, the insurance company upon payment of the amount of its policy is entitled to be fully subrogated to the security held by the mortgagee to the extent of the amount paid by it in accordance with the subrogation clause set forth in the mortgage clause attached to its policy.

11985–1985
Blue v. Aetna Life Insurance green
kan · 1972
2 sentences

1975Co., 208 Kan. 937 , 494 P. 2d 1145 .) Marysville argues that the meaning of the term “trustee” as used in the standard mortgage clause was intended to be the equivalent of “mortgagee.” In support of the position that the terms mortgagee and trustee are equivalent, Marysville cites two Pennsylvania cases which state the word “trustee,” when used in a standard mortgage clause, refers to the trustee under a deed of trust similar to and of the nature of a mortgage.

1975Co., 208 Kan. 937 , 494 P. 2d 1145 .) Marysville argues that the meaning of the term “trustee” as used in the standard mortgage clause was intended to be the equivalent of “mortgagee.” In support of the position that the terms mortgagee and trustee are equivalent, Marysville cites two Pennsylvania cases which state the word “trustee,” when used in a standard mortgage clause, refers to the trustee under a deed of trust similar to and of the nature of a mortgage.

11975–1975
Clarke & Cohen v. Real Ex Rel. Stroudsburg Nat. Bank green
pasuperct · 1931
2 sentences

1975(Clarke & Cohen, Appels., v. Real To Use, 105 Pa. Super. 102 , 159 A. 454 ; Gen.

1975(Clarke & Cohen, Appels., v. Real To Use, 105 Pa. Super. 102 , 159 A. 454 ; Gen.

11975–1975
Funk v. Shawnee Fire Insurance neutral
kan · 1910
2 sentences

1937The case of Funk v. Insurance Co., 82 Kan. 525 , 108 Pac. 832 , was where the owner of property insured it against loss by fire and the policy contained the usual mortgage clause, and later the owner sold the property to another and assigned the policy to the vendee, and it was held that— “. . . the original premium supported the insurance of the two interests— that of the owner and that of the mortgagee — and the policy was sustained by that consideration in the hands of the assignee. . . .” (Syl.) It is said under the heading of “Assignment of Policy,” in 26 C.

1937The case of Funk v. Insurance Co., 82 Kan. 525 , 108 Pac. 832 , was where the owner of property insured it against loss by fire and the policy contained the usual mortgage clause, and later the owner sold the property to another and assigned the policy to the vendee, and it was held that— “. . . the original premium supported the insurance of the two interests— that of the owner and that of the mortgagee — and the policy was sustained by that consideration in the hands of the assignee. . . .” (Syl.) It is said under the heading of “Assignment of Policy,” in 26 C.

11937–1937
Lervold v. Republic Mutual Fire Insurance neutral
kan · 1935
2 sentences

1937Co., 142 Kan. 43 , 45 P. 2d 839 , where this court said: “In this state, in accord with the weight of authority, it has been held that the provisions of a mortgage clause attached to a fire insurance policy constitute a contract between the insurance company and the mortgagee.

1937Co., 142 Kan. 43 , 45 P. 2d 839 , where this court said: “In this state, in accord with the weight of authority, it has been held that the provisions of a mortgage clause attached to a fire insurance policy constitute a contract between the insurance company and the mortgagee.

11937–1937
Imperial Assur. Co. v. Livingston green
ca8 · 1931
1 sentence

1935Co. v. Livingston, 49 F. 2d 745 ; British American Assur.

11935–1935
Fort Scott Building & Loan Ass'n v. Palatine Insurance neutral
kan · 1906
2 sentences

1935(Loan Association v. Insurance Co., 74 Kan. 272 , 86 Pac. 142 .) The present mortgage clause provides that the company shall— “To the extent of such payment be subrogated to the mortgagee’s (or trustee’s) right of recovery and claim upon the collateral to the mortgage debt, but without impairing the mortgagee’s (or trustee’s) right to sue; or it may pay the mortgage debt and require an assignment thereof and of the mortgage.” Substantially identical provisions were included in the mortgage clauses under consideration in the following cases: Wagner v. Peters, 142 Va. 412 , 128 S. E. 445 ; Imper

1935(Loan Association v. Insurance Co., 74 Kan. 272 , 86 Pac. 142 .) The present mortgage clause provides that the company shall— “To the extent of such payment be subrogated to the mortgagee’s (or trustee’s) right of recovery and claim upon the collateral to the mortgage debt, but without impairing the mortgagee’s (or trustee’s) right to sue; or it may pay the mortgage debt and require an assignment thereof and of the mortgage.” Substantially identical provisions were included in the mortgage clauses under consideration in the following cases: Wagner v. Peters, 142 Va. 412 , 128 S. E. 445 ; Imper

11935–1935
First National Bank v. Springfield Fire & Marine Insurance green
kan · 1919
2 sentences

1935(Bank v. Insurance Co., 104 Kan. 278 , 178 Pac. 413 .) Another form provides that no subrogation shall impair the right of the mortgagee to recover the full amount of its claim.

1935(Bank v. Insurance Co., 104 Kan. 278 , 178 Pac. 413 .) Another form provides that no subrogation shall impair the right of the mortgagee to recover the full amount of its claim.

11935–1935
Kennedy v. Farmers Alliance Insurance neutral
kan · 1929
2 sentences

1935Co., 127 Kan. 768 , 275 Pac. 214 .) Whether the qualification should be applied in construction of a mortgage clause issued for the benefit of one who does not become a member of the company presents a situation where the reason for the qualification no longer exists, and it would appear the general rule should apply as between the company and the mortgagee.

1935Co., 127 Kan. 768 , 275 Pac. 214 .) Whether the qualification should be applied in construction of a mortgage clause issued for the benefit of one who does not become a member of the company presents a situation where the reason for the qualification no longer exists, and it would appear the general rule should apply as between the company and the mortgagee.

11935–1935
Wagner v. Peters green
va · 1925
2 sentences

1935(Loan Association v. Insurance Co., 74 Kan. 272 , 86 Pac. 142 .) The present mortgage clause provides that the company shall— “To the extent of such payment be subrogated to the mortgagee’s (or trustee’s) right of recovery and claim upon the collateral to the mortgage debt, but without impairing the mortgagee’s (or trustee’s) right to sue; or it may pay the mortgage debt and require an assignment thereof and of the mortgage.” Substantially identical provisions were included in the mortgage clauses under consideration in the following cases: Wagner v. Peters, 142 Va. 412 , 128 S. E. 445 ; Imper

1935(Loan Association v. Insurance Co., 74 Kan. 272 , 86 Pac. 142 .) The present mortgage clause provides that the company shall— “To the extent of such payment be subrogated to the mortgagee’s (or trustee’s) right of recovery and claim upon the collateral to the mortgage debt, but without impairing the mortgagee’s (or trustee’s) right to sue; or it may pay the mortgage debt and require an assignment thereof and of the mortgage.” Substantially identical provisions were included in the mortgage clauses under consideration in the following cases: Wagner v. Peters, 142 Va. 412 , 128 S. E. 445 ; Imper

11935–1935
Svetlicic v. Farmers Alliance Insurance neutral
kan · 1932
2 sentences

1933Co., 136 Kan. 551 , 16 P. 2d 956 .) Aftér the fire of September 29,1931, defendant exercised its rights under the mortgage clause and purchased the mortgage held by the Investors Loan & Abstract Co. at the time the policy was issued and sought to be subrogated to the rights of the mortgagee.

1933Co., 136 Kan. 551 , 16 P. 2d 956 .) Aftér the fire of September 29,1931, defendant exercised its rights under the mortgage clause and purchased the mortgage held by the Investors Loan & Abstract Co. at the time the policy was issued and sought to be subrogated to the rights of the mortgagee.

11933–1933
Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co. v. Thomas green
kan · 1898
2 sentences

1932The question was squarely before this court in Safe Deposit Co. v. Thomas, 59 Kan. 470 , 53 Pac. 472 , where the identical language in a mortgage clause was construed to be a covenant.

1932The question was squarely before this court in Safe Deposit Co. v. Thomas, 59 Kan. 470 , 53 Pac. 472 , where the identical language in a mortgage clause was construed to be a covenant.

11932–1932
Burrows v. Farmers Alliance Insurance neutral
kan · 1922
2 sentences

1932Appellant also cites in the same connection the case of Burrows v. Insurance Co., reported in 110 Kan. 458 , 207 Pac. 431 , and 111 Kan. 358 , 207 Pac. 431 , where it was held on a rehearing that a tenant was not the real party in interest as to the landlord’s two-thirds interest in a stack of wheat that had been destroyed by fire after he had insured it all when he was insuring his own undivided one-third interest therein simply because he could do so in his own name at the same minimum expense or premium.

1932Appellant also cites in the same connection the case of Burrows v. Insurance Co., reported in 110 Kan. 458 , 207 Pac. 431 , and 111 Kan. 358 , 207 Pac. 431 , where it was held on a rehearing that a tenant was not the real party in interest as to the landlord’s two-thirds interest in a stack of wheat that had been destroyed by fire after he had insured it all when he was insuring his own undivided one-third interest therein simply because he could do so in his own name at the same minimum expense or premium.

11932–1932
State v. Ossweiler green
kan · 1922
1 sentence

1932Appellant also cites in the same connection the case of Burrows v. Insurance Co., reported in 110 Kan. 458 , 207 Pac. 431 , and 111 Kan. 358 , 207 Pac. 431 , where it was held on a rehearing that a tenant was not the real party in interest as to the landlord’s two-thirds interest in a stack of wheat that had been destroyed by fire after he had insured it all when he was insuring his own undivided one-third interest therein simply because he could do so in his own name at the same minimum expense or premium.

11932–1932
St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance v. Upton neutral
· 1891
2 sentences

1932The decision was in accord with Insurance Company v. Upton, 2 N. D. 229, 50 N. W. 702 .

1932The decision was in accord with Insurance Company v. Upton, 2 N. D. 229, 50 N. W. 702 .

11932–1932
McGregor v. Ireland green
kan · 1912
11931–1931
Longfellow v. National Fire Insurance neutral
kan · 1918
11924–1924
Monroe Building & Loan Ass'n v. Liverpool & London & Globe Insurance green
la · 1898
11924–1924
Roper v. National Fire Insurance green
nc · 1912
11924–1924
Antes v. State Insurance neutral
neb · 1900
11924–1924
Stamey v. Royal Exchange Assurance Co. neutral
kan · 1915
11923–1923
Whiting v. Burkhardt green
mass · 1901
11920–1920
Chipman v. Carroll neutral
kan · 1894
11920–1920
Jones v. Phoenix Insurance neutral
kan · 1915
11920–1920
Jenkins v. Jenkins neutral
kan · 1915
11920–1920
Lancashire Insurance v. Boardman neutral
kan · 1897
11915–1915
Continental Insurance v. Ward neutral
kan · 1893
11913–1913
Updegraff v. Lucas neutral
kan · 1907
11911–1911

Where else courts name it

LA 54 (1905–2023) NY 39 (1830–2024) KS 25 (1897–2012) CT 25 (1917–2020) FL 22 (1929–2024) IL 21 (1881–2022) CA 20 (1865–2024) PA 18 (1920–2002) MI 18 (1937–2022) MN 17 (1981–2017) AL 16 (1885–2012) MO 15 (1902–2007) OK 15 (1914–2017) AR 13 (1919–2016) IA 12 (1886–1940) GA 12 (1878–2024) IN 12 (1878–2017) TN 10 (1932–2009) OR 10 (1892–1985) MD 9 (1875–2023) OH 9 (1896–2025) WA 8 (1919–2025) KY 8 (1930–2003) TX 8 (1877–2016) WV 7 (1928–1997) NC 7 (1880–1998) MA 7 (1926–2020) MS 7 (1933–1994) NJ 6 (1930–2005) RI 6 (1895–2025) NE 6 (1897–1964) CO 5 (1902–1985) ME 5 (1914–2024) SD 5 (1913–1982) NM 4 (1925–1963) SC 4 (1926–2013) MT 4 (1929–1959) ND 3 (1933–2008) AZ 3 (1931–2023) WI 3 (1979–2013) WY 2 (1923–1934) HI 2 (1998–2002) DE 2 (1825–1976)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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