nuisance claim (Kansas) · Go Syfert
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nuisance claim in Kansas

15 Kansas opinions name it 2 courts 1901–2024 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Kansas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (6)

CaseFollowedCited
Adams v. Star Enterprisegreen
ca4 · 1995 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007See Adams v. Star Enterprise, 51 F.3d 417, 422-23 (4th Cir. 1995) (applying Virginia law) (no recovery for a private nuisance which is not visible or otherwise capable of physical detection from plaintiffs property); Rudd v. Electrolux Corp., 982 F. Supp. 355, 369 (M.D.N.C. 1997) (need actual interference [cause] substantial enough to reduce market value [effect]); Miller v. Jasinski, 17 Ark.

11
Rudd v. Electrolux Corp.green
ncmd · 1997 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007See Adams v. Star Enterprise, 51 F.3d 417, 422-23 (4th Cir. 1995) (applying Virginia law) (no recovery for a private nuisance which is not visible or otherwise capable of physical detection from plaintiffs property); Rudd v. Electrolux Corp., 982 F. Supp. 355, 369 (M.D.N.C. 1997) (need actual interference [cause] substantial enough to reduce market value [effect]); Miller v. Jasinski, 17 Ark.

11
Golen v. Union Corp.green
pasuperct · 1998 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007App. 42, 53-54 , 354 S.E.2d 296 , rev. denied 320 N.C. 177 (1987) (private nuisance is more than threat of contamination; threat must amount to substantial interference with use of the property, mere diminution in value is not enough); Golen v. Union Corp., 718 A.2d 298, 300 (Pa. Super. 1998) (alienability and diminution in value are relevant to calculate damages but are not cognizable injuries of themselves); Walker Drug Co., Inc. v. La Sal Oil Co, 972 P.2d 1238, 1244 (Utah 1998) (inability to use property as collateral to secure a mortgage loan because of fears arising from contamination of

11
Walker Drug Co., Inc. v. La Sal Oil Co.green
utah · 1998 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007App. 42, 53-54 , 354 S.E.2d 296 , rev. denied 320 N.C. 177 (1987) (private nuisance is more than threat of contamination; threat must amount to substantial interference with use of the property, mere diminution in value is not enough); Golen v. Union Corp., 718 A.2d 298, 300 (Pa. Super. 1998) (alienability and diminution in value are relevant to calculate damages but are not cognizable injuries of themselves); Walker Drug Co., Inc. v. La Sal Oil Co, 972 P.2d 1238, 1244 (Utah 1998) (inability to use property as collateral to secure a mortgage loan because of fears arising from contamination of

11
Edgcomb v. Lower Valley Power & Light, Inc.green
wyo · 1996 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007App. 42, 53-54 , 354 S.E.2d 296 , rev. denied 320 N.C. 177 (1987) (private nuisance is more than threat of contamination; threat must amount to substantial interference with use of the property, mere diminution in value is not enough); Golen v. Union Corp., 718 A.2d 298, 300 (Pa. Super. 1998) (alienability and diminution in value are relevant to calculate damages but are not cognizable injuries of themselves); Walker Drug Co., Inc. v. La Sal Oil Co, 972 P.2d 1238, 1244 (Utah 1998) (inability to use property as collateral to secure a mortgage loan because of fears arising from contamination of

11
Woods v. Kansas Turnpike Authoritygreen
kan · 1970 · cited in 1 Kansas opinions naming this issue, 1982–1982
2 sentences

1982See K.S.A. 46-901 (Weeks, now repealed), and Woods v. Kansas Turnpike Authority, 205 Kan. 770 , 472 P.2d 219 (1970).

1982See K.S.A. 46-901 (Weeks, now repealed), and Woods v. Kansas Turnpike Authority, 205 Kan. 770 , 472 P.2d 219 (1970).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Kansas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (28)

CaseCitedYears
Dill v. Excel Packing Co. green
kan · 1958
2 sentences

2024First, Nelson argues that the odors and fly infestations that Ross complains about are legally insufficient to support a nuisance claim under our court's decision in Dill v. Excel Packing Co., 183 Kan. 513 , 331 P.2d 539 (1958).

2024First, Nelson argues that the odors and fly infestations that Ross complains about are legally insufficient to support a nuisance claim under our court's decision in Dill v. Excel Packing Co., 183 Kan. 513 , 331 P.2d 539 (1958).

12024–2024
Eastman v. Coffeyville Resources Refining & Marketing LLC green
kan · 2012
2 sentences

2022Most significantly, in Eastman v. Coffeyville Resources Refining & Marketing, 295 Kan. 470, 471 , 284 P.3d 1049 (2012), Benjamin and Marcita Eastman sued Coffeyville Resources Refining & Marketing, LLC after it "accidentally released 7 about 90,000 gallons of crude oil into floodwaters of the Verdigris River in Coffeyville." The Eastmans originally asserted a nuisance claim but later sought to recover damages under K.S.A. 65-6203, which required compensation to be paid by the person responsible for an accidental release of materials harmful to the waters or soil to the property owner where the

2022Most significantly, in Eastman v. Coffeyville Resources Refining & Marketing, 295 Kan. 470, 471 , 284 P.3d 1049 (2012), Benjamin and Marcita Eastman sued Coffeyville Resources Refining & Marketing, LLC after it "accidentally released 7 about 90,000 gallons of crude oil into floodwaters of the Verdigris River in Coffeyville." The Eastmans originally asserted a nuisance claim but later sought to recover damages under K.S.A. 65-6203, which required compensation to be paid by the person responsible for an accidental release of materials harmful to the waters or soil to the property owner where the

12022–2022
Northern Natural Gas Company v. L.D. Drilling, Inc. green
ca10 · 2012
2 sentences

2013Stat. § 55-1210(b), which the state court ruled was limited to gas migrating to adjoining property.’ [Citation omitted.] That limitation does not apply to this nuisance claim.” 697 F.3d at 1272 n.7.

2013Stat. § 55-1210(b), which the state court ruled was limited to gas migrating to adjoining property.’ [Citation omitted.] That limitation does not apply to this nuisance claim.” 697 F.3d at 1272 n.7.

12013–2013
Cities Service Oil Co. v. Grunder neutral
kan · 1939
2 sentences

2008Nicholas v. Nicholas, 277 Kan. 171, 189 , 83 P.3d 214 (2004) (noting that a nuisance claim is personal and does not survive death); Vickridge Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. v. Catholic Diocese of Wichita, 212 Kan. 348, 354 , 510 P.2d 1296 (1973) (listing tort elements); Cities Service Oil Co. v. Grunder, 149 Kan. 82, 86-87 , 86 P.2d 495 (1939) (citing authority regarding quiet enjoyment).

2008Nicholas v. Nicholas, 277 Kan. 171, 189 , 83 P.3d 214 (2004) (noting that a nuisance claim is personal and does not survive death); Vickridge Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. v. Catholic Diocese of Wichita, 212 Kan. 348, 354 , 510 P.2d 1296 (1973) (listing tort elements); Cities Service Oil Co. v. Grunder, 149 Kan. 82, 86-87 , 86 P.2d 495 (1939) (citing authority regarding quiet enjoyment).

12008–2008
Nicholas v. Nicholas green
kan · 2004
2 sentences

2008Nicholas v. Nicholas, 277 Kan. 171, 189 , 83 P.3d 214 (2004) (noting that a nuisance claim is personal and does not survive death); Vickridge Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. v. Catholic Diocese of Wichita, 212 Kan. 348, 354 , 510 P.2d 1296 (1973) (listing tort elements); Cities Service Oil Co. v. Grunder, 149 Kan. 82, 86-87 , 86 P.2d 495 (1939) (citing authority regarding quiet enjoyment).

2008Nicholas v. Nicholas, 277 Kan. 171, 189 , 83 P.3d 214 (2004) (noting that a nuisance claim is personal and does not survive death); Vickridge Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. v. Catholic Diocese of Wichita, 212 Kan. 348, 354 , 510 P.2d 1296 (1973) (listing tort elements); Cities Service Oil Co. v. Grunder, 149 Kan. 82, 86-87 , 86 P.2d 495 (1939) (citing authority regarding quiet enjoyment).

12008–2008
Vickridge First & Second Addition Homeowners Ass'n v. Catholic Diocese green
kan · 1973
2 sentences

2008Nicholas v. Nicholas, 277 Kan. 171, 189 , 83 P.3d 214 (2004) (noting that a nuisance claim is personal and does not survive death); Vickridge Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. v. Catholic Diocese of Wichita, 212 Kan. 348, 354 , 510 P.2d 1296 (1973) (listing tort elements); Cities Service Oil Co. v. Grunder, 149 Kan. 82, 86-87 , 86 P.2d 495 (1939) (citing authority regarding quiet enjoyment).

2008Nicholas v. Nicholas, 277 Kan. 171, 189 , 83 P.3d 214 (2004) (noting that a nuisance claim is personal and does not survive death); Vickridge Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. v. Catholic Diocese of Wichita, 212 Kan. 348, 354 , 510 P.2d 1296 (1973) (listing tort elements); Cities Service Oil Co. v. Grunder, 149 Kan. 82, 86-87 , 86 P.2d 495 (1939) (citing authority regarding quiet enjoyment).

12008–2008
Culwell v. Abbott Construction Co. green
kan · 1973
2 sentences

2007In Culwell v. Abbott Construction Co., 211 Kan. 359, 364 , 506 P.2d 1191 (1973), we discussed the relationship between nuisance and negligence: “Nuisance is a field of tort liability rather than a type of tortious conduct.

2007In Culwell v. Abbott Construction Co., 211 Kan. 359, 364 , 506 P.2d 1191 (1973), we discussed the relationship between nuisance and negligence: “Nuisance is a field of tort liability rather than a type of tortious conduct.

12007–2007
Twitty v. State green
ncctapp · 1987
1 sentence

2007App. 42, 53-54 , 354 S.E.2d 296 , rev. denied 320 N.C. 177 (1987) (private nuisance is more than threat of contamination; threat must amount to substantial interference with use of the property, mere diminution in value is not enough); Golen v. Union Corp., 718 A.2d 298, 300 (Pa. Super. 1998) (alienability and diminution in value are relevant to calculate damages but are not cognizable injuries of themselves); Walker Drug Co., Inc. v. La Sal Oil Co, 972 P.2d 1238, 1244 (Utah 1998) (inability to use property as collateral to secure a mortgage loan because of fears arising from contamination of

12007–2007
Twitty v. State neutral
nc · 1987
1 sentence

2007App. 42, 53-54 , 354 S.E.2d 296 , rev. denied 320 N.C. 177 (1987) (private nuisance is more than threat of contamination; threat must amount to substantial interference with use of the property, mere diminution in value is not enough); Golen v. Union Corp., 718 A.2d 298, 300 (Pa. Super. 1998) (alienability and diminution in value are relevant to calculate damages but are not cognizable injuries of themselves); Walker Drug Co., Inc. v. La Sal Oil Co, 972 P.2d 1238, 1244 (Utah 1998) (inability to use property as collateral to secure a mortgage loan because of fears arising from contamination of

12007–2007
Miller v. Jasinski green
arkctapp · 1986
1 sentence

2007See Adams v. Star Enterprise, 51 F.3d 417, 422-23 (4th Cir. 1995) (applying Virginia law) (no recovery for a private nuisance which is not visible or otherwise capable of physical detection from plaintiffs property); Rudd v. Electrolux Corp., 982 F. Supp. 355, 369 (M.D.N.C. 1997) (need actual interference [cause] substantial enough to reduce market value [effect]); Miller v. Jasinski, 17 Ark.

12007–2007
Empire Manufacturing Co. v. Empire Candle, Inc. neutral
kan · 2002
1 sentence

2006Moreover, the Empire court stated that a trial court’s discretion in granting injunctive relief “is bounded by the [Sarnpel] criteria.” 273 Kan. at 87 .

12006–2006
United Proteins, Inc. v. Farmland Industries, Inc. green
kan · 1996
1 sentence

1999An intentional nuisance “requires that the actor act with the purpose of causing the nuisance, or know that it is resulting or substantially certain to result from his or her conduct.” United Proteins, 259 Kan. at 732 .

11999–1999
Medford v. Board of Trustees of Park College green
kan · 1946
2 sentences

1979In Medford v. Board of Trustees of Park College, 162 Kan. 169 , 175 P.2d 95 (1946), this court stated: " Dictum often develops in opinions from comments upon arguments advanced by counsel for the respective parties.

1979In Medford v. Board of Trustees of Park College, 162 Kan. 169 , 175 P.2d 95 (1946), this court stated: " Dictum often develops in opinions from comments upon arguments advanced by counsel for the respective parties.

11979–1979
McCoy v. Board of Regents green
kan · 1966
2 sentences

1975We ... decline to engraft solely for plaintiff's benefit the nuisance exception to the immunity previously accorded the Kansas turnpike authority under our law as it existed prior to Carroll. " (l.c. 774.) (Emphasis supplied.) Prior to our decision in Carroll the common-law immunity concept was attacked from time to time as violating constitutional guarantees. ( McCoy v. Board of Regents, 196 Kan. 506 , 413 P.2d 73 ; Caywood v. Board of County Commissioners, 194 Kan. 419 , 399 P.2d 561 .) In Carroll we judicially altered the immunity doctrine so that it applied uniformly to all units of govern

1975We ... decline to engraft solely for plaintiff's benefit the nuisance exception to the immunity previously accorded the Kansas turnpike authority under our law as it existed prior to Carroll. " (l.c. 774.) (Emphasis supplied.) Prior to our decision in Carroll the common-law immunity concept was attacked from time to time as violating constitutional guarantees. ( McCoy v. Board of Regents, 196 Kan. 506 , 413 P.2d 73 ; Caywood v. Board of County Commissioners, 194 Kan. 419 , 399 P.2d 561 .) In Carroll we judicially altered the immunity doctrine so that it applied uniformly to all units of govern

11975–1975
Caywood v. Board of County Commissioners neutral
kan · 1965
2 sentences

1975We ... decline to engraft solely for plaintiff's benefit the nuisance exception to the immunity previously accorded the Kansas turnpike authority under our law as it existed prior to Carroll. " (l.c. 774.) (Emphasis supplied.) Prior to our decision in Carroll the common-law immunity concept was attacked from time to time as violating constitutional guarantees. ( McCoy v. Board of Regents, 196 Kan. 506 , 413 P.2d 73 ; Caywood v. Board of County Commissioners, 194 Kan. 419 , 399 P.2d 561 .) In Carroll we judicially altered the immunity doctrine so that it applied uniformly to all units of govern

1975We ... decline to engraft solely for plaintiff's benefit the nuisance exception to the immunity previously accorded the Kansas turnpike authority under our law as it existed prior to Carroll. " (l.c. 774.) (Emphasis supplied.) Prior to our decision in Carroll the common-law immunity concept was attacked from time to time as violating constitutional guarantees. ( McCoy v. Board of Regents, 196 Kan. 506 , 413 P.2d 73 ; Caywood v. Board of County Commissioners, 194 Kan. 419 , 399 P.2d 561 .) In Carroll we judicially altered the immunity doctrine so that it applied uniformly to all units of govern

11975–1975
Hajny v. Robinson Milling Co. neutral
kan · 1943
2 sentences

1958It has also been held that in an action tried by the court, which makes findings of fact and conclusions of law, the conclusions of law should be supported by the findings made. ( Hajny v. Robinson Milling Co., 156 Kan. 506 , 134 P.2d 398 .) The nuisance doctrine operates as a restriction upon the right of an owner of property to make such use of it as he pleases, and is *520 applied to that class of wrongs which arise from the unreasonable, unwarrantable or unlawful use by a person of his own property which produces such material annoyance, inconvenience, discomfort or hurt that the law will

1958It has also been held that in an action tried by the court, which makes findings of fact and conclusions of law, the conclusions of law should be supported by the findings made. ( Hajny v. Robinson Milling Co., 156 Kan. 506 , 134 P.2d 398 .) The nuisance doctrine operates as a restriction upon the right of an owner of property to make such use of it as he pleases, and is *520 applied to that class of wrongs which arise from the unreasonable, unwarrantable or unlawful use by a person of his own property which produces such material annoyance, inconvenience, discomfort or hurt that the law will

11958–1958
State ex rel. Curtis v. Durein green
kan · 1891
1 sentence

1930(State, ex rel., v. Durein, 46 Kan. 695 , 27 Pac. 148 ; State v. Thomas, 74 Kan. 360 , 86 Pac. 499 ; State v. Johnston, 78 Kan. 615 , 97 Pac. 790 ; State v. Sides, 95 Kan. 633 , 148 Pac. 624 ; State, ex rel., v. Howat, 109 Kan. 376 , 198 Pac. 686 .) The proceeding by which a delinquent and neglected child under sixteen years of age is placed under the care of the state is a statutory one, not found in common law.

11930–1930
State v. Thomas green
· 1906
2 sentences

1930(State, ex rel., v. Durein, 46 Kan. 695 , 27 Pac. 148 ; State v. Thomas, 74 Kan. 360 , 86 Pac. 499 ; State v. Johnston, 78 Kan. 615 , 97 Pac. 790 ; State v. Sides, 95 Kan. 633 , 148 Pac. 624 ; State, ex rel., v. Howat, 109 Kan. 376 , 198 Pac. 686 .) The proceeding by which a delinquent and neglected child under sixteen years of age is placed under the care of the state is a statutory one, not found in common law.

1930(State, ex rel., v. Durein, 46 Kan. 695 , 27 Pac. 148 ; State v. Thomas, 74 Kan. 360 , 86 Pac. 499 ; State v. Johnston, 78 Kan. 615 , 97 Pac. 790 ; State v. Sides, 95 Kan. 633 , 148 Pac. 624 ; State, ex rel., v. Howat, 109 Kan. 376 , 198 Pac. 686 .) The proceeding by which a delinquent and neglected child under sixteen years of age is placed under the care of the state is a statutory one, not found in common law.

11930–1930
State ex rel. Bender v. Johnston neutral
kan · 1908
2 sentences

1930(State, ex rel., v. Durein, 46 Kan. 695 , 27 Pac. 148 ; State v. Thomas, 74 Kan. 360 , 86 Pac. 499 ; State v. Johnston, 78 Kan. 615 , 97 Pac. 790 ; State v. Sides, 95 Kan. 633 , 148 Pac. 624 ; State, ex rel., v. Howat, 109 Kan. 376 , 198 Pac. 686 .) The proceeding by which a delinquent and neglected child under sixteen years of age is placed under the care of the state is a statutory one, not found in common law.

1930(State, ex rel., v. Durein, 46 Kan. 695 , 27 Pac. 148 ; State v. Thomas, 74 Kan. 360 , 86 Pac. 499 ; State v. Johnston, 78 Kan. 615 , 97 Pac. 790 ; State v. Sides, 95 Kan. 633 , 148 Pac. 624 ; State, ex rel., v. Howat, 109 Kan. 376 , 198 Pac. 686 .) The proceeding by which a delinquent and neglected child under sixteen years of age is placed under the care of the state is a statutory one, not found in common law.

11930–1930
Musick v. Enos neutral
kan · 1915
1 sentence

1930(State, ex rel., v. Durein, 46 Kan. 695 , 27 Pac. 148 ; State v. Thomas, 74 Kan. 360 , 86 Pac. 499 ; State v. Johnston, 78 Kan. 615 , 97 Pac. 790 ; State v. Sides, 95 Kan. 633 , 148 Pac. 624 ; State, ex rel., v. Howat, 109 Kan. 376 , 198 Pac. 686 .) The proceeding by which a delinquent and neglected child under sixteen years of age is placed under the care of the state is a statutory one, not found in common law.

11930–1930
State of Kansas v. Sides neutral
kan · 1915
1 sentence

1930(State, ex rel., v. Durein, 46 Kan. 695 , 27 Pac. 148 ; State v. Thomas, 74 Kan. 360 , 86 Pac. 499 ; State v. Johnston, 78 Kan. 615 , 97 Pac. 790 ; State v. Sides, 95 Kan. 633 , 148 Pac. 624 ; State, ex rel., v. Howat, 109 Kan. 376 , 198 Pac. 686 .) The proceeding by which a delinquent and neglected child under sixteen years of age is placed under the care of the state is a statutory one, not found in common law.

11930–1930
State ex rel. Williams v. Herbert neutral
kan · 1915
2 sentences

1930In the opinion in that case this court said: “The proceeding was not a trial, but an inquest, to which the constitutional provision for jury trials does not apply.” (p. 62.) State, ex rel., v. Herbert, 96 Kan. 490 , 152 Pac. 667 , was a bastardy proceeding, and the court said: “In a proceeding of this kind, the defendant is not entitled to a jury trial as a matter of right, and its denial was not error.” (Syl. |J 2.) One proceeded against for contempt for violating an injunction enjoining him from maintaining a nuisance in violation of the intoxicating liquor laws of this state is not entitled

1930In the opinion in that case this court said: “The proceeding was not a trial, but an inquest, to which the constitutional provision for jury trials does not apply.” (p. 62.) State, ex rel., v. Herbert, 96 Kan. 490 , 152 Pac. 667 , was a bastardy proceeding, and the court said: “In a proceeding of this kind, the defendant is not entitled to a jury trial as a matter of right, and its denial was not error.” (Syl. |J 2.) One proceeded against for contempt for violating an injunction enjoining him from maintaining a nuisance in violation of the intoxicating liquor laws of this state is not entitled

11930–1930
State ex rel. Hopkins v. Howat green
kan · 1921
2 sentences

1930(State, ex rel., v. Durein, 46 Kan. 695 , 27 Pac. 148 ; State v. Thomas, 74 Kan. 360 , 86 Pac. 499 ; State v. Johnston, 78 Kan. 615 , 97 Pac. 790 ; State v. Sides, 95 Kan. 633 , 148 Pac. 624 ; State, ex rel., v. Howat, 109 Kan. 376 , 198 Pac. 686 .) The proceeding by which a delinquent and neglected child under sixteen years of age is placed under the care of the state is a statutory one, not found in common law.

1930(State, ex rel., v. Durein, 46 Kan. 695 , 27 Pac. 148 ; State v. Thomas, 74 Kan. 360 , 86 Pac. 499 ; State v. Johnston, 78 Kan. 615 , 97 Pac. 790 ; State v. Sides, 95 Kan. 633 , 148 Pac. 624 ; State, ex rel., v. Howat, 109 Kan. 376 , 198 Pac. 686 .) The proceeding by which a delinquent and neglected child under sixteen years of age is placed under the care of the state is a statutory one, not found in common law.

11930–1930
State v. Shiffler neutral
kan · 1914
2 sentences

1915In The State v. Briggs, ante, p. 92, 145 Pac. 866 , this court said: “Under chapter 165 of the Laws of 1911 a sale of liquor or the maintenance of a nuisance in violation of the prohibitory law by one who is shown to have pre viously violated such law is deemed to constitute such person a persistent violator. ' “Whether such repeated violations be few or many as shown by the evidence on the trial of a charge consisting of one or many counts they constitute not many offenses but one, the penalty for which is imprisonment in the penitentiary at hard labor for not more than one year.” (Syl. ¶¶ 1,

1915In The State v. Briggs, ante, p. 92, 145 Pac. 866 , this court said: “Under chapter 165 of the Laws of 1911 a sale of liquor or the maintenance of a nuisance in violation of the prohibitory law by one who is shown to have pre viously violated such law is deemed to constitute such person a persistent violator. ' “Whether such repeated violations be few or many as shown by the evidence on the trial of a charge consisting of one or many counts they constitute not many offenses but one, the penalty for which is imprisonment in the penitentiary at hard labor for not more than one year.” (Syl. ¶¶ 1,

11915–1915
State v. Briggs neutral
· 1915
11915–1915
Brown v. Township of Garfield neutral
kan · 1902
11904–1904
City of Iola v. Acres neutral
kan · 1902
11904–1904
State v. Teissedre green
kan · 1883
11901–1901

Statutes the citing opinions construe

KS § K.S.A. § 46-901 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 82 (1948–2026) CA 78 (1905–2026) CT 64 (1907–2026) GA 58 (1942–2025) MI 56 (1959–2026) WA 33 (1953–2026) OH 32 (1981–2026) NY 31 (1917–2026) IA 29 (1915–2024) WI 27 (1942–2025) MO 22 (1983–2025) MA 21 (1928–2023) MD 17 (1954–2026) IL 17 (1976–2025) IN 17 (1988–2024) VA 16 (1939–2024) KS 15 (1901–2024) TN 14 (1943–2019) NJ 13 (1953–2025) UT 11 (1940–2026) PA 11 (1945–2019) OK 10 (1996–2023) ME 9 (1951–2025) AL 9 (1912–2023) MN 8 (1984–2016) VT 7 (2008–2025) AZ 7 (2014–2025) ND 7 (1986–2020) SD 6 (1990–2025) MT 6 (1922–2015) CO 5 (2001–2025) FL 5 (1986–2025) OR 5 (1935–2014) MS 5 (1997–2021) NM 5 (1985–2026) NH 5 (2008–2025) LA 5 (1982–2010) NV 4 (1993–2021) WV 4 (1891–2018) SC 4 (1932–2015) AR 4 (1999–2026) DC 4 (1991–2025) KY 4 (1924–2020) NC 4 (2001–2019) ID 4 (1981–2020) RI 4 (1985–2019) AK 2 (2002–2010) HI 2 (2008–2019)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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