forfeiture exception (New Mexico) · Go Syfert
← New Mexico issues

forfeiture exception in New Mexico

15 New Mexico opinions name it 2 courts 1891–2024 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New Mexico courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (34)

CaseFollowedCited
Giles v. Californiagreen
scotus · 2008 · cited in 2 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2018–2020
2 sentences

2020Relevant law regarding the common law-based form of the forfeiture exception {15} The United States Supreme Court first recognized the forfeiture exception in 1878 in Reynolds. 98 U.S. 145 ; see also Giles, 554 U.S. at 366 (“This Court first addressed forfeiture in Reynolds.”).

2020People v. Giles, 152 P.3d 433 , 445- 47 (2007), vacated by Giles, 554 U.S. at 377 . {18} The United States Supreme Court vacated the California Supreme Court’s ruling, concluding that the California Supreme Court improperly construed the forfeiture exception.

22
State v. Alvarez-Lopezgreen
nm · 2004 · cited in 3 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2018–2024
2 sentences

2020See Maestas, 2018-NMSC-010 ; State v. Romero, 2007-NMSC- 013, 141 N.M. 403 , 156 P.3d 694 ; State v. Alvarez-Lopez, 2004-NMSC-030 , 136 N.M. 309 , 98 P.3d 699 . {21} This Court first encountered the forfeiture exception in Alvarez-Lopez in 2004, four years prior to Giles.

2020See Maestas, 2018-NMSC-010 ; State v. Romero, 2007-NMSC- 013, 141 N.M. 403 , 156 P.3d 694 ; State v. Alvarez-Lopez, 2004-NMSC-030 , 136 N.M. 309 , 98 P.3d 699 . {21} This Court first encountered the forfeiture exception in Alvarez-Lopez in 2004, four years prior to Giles.

13
State v. Romerogreen
nm · 2007 · cited in 2 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2018–2020
2 sentences

2020See Maestas, 2018-NMSC-010 ; State v. Romero, 2007-NMSC- 013, 141 N.M. 403 , 156 P.3d 694 ; State v. Alvarez-Lopez, 2004-NMSC-030 , 136 N.M. 309 , 98 P.3d 699 . {21} This Court first encountered the forfeiture exception in Alvarez-Lopez in 2004, four years prior to Giles.

2020See Maestas, 2018-NMSC-010 ; State v. Romero, 2007-NMSC- 013, 141 N.M. 403 , 156 P.3d 694 ; State v. Alvarez-Lopez, 2004-NMSC-030 , 136 N.M. 309 , 98 P.3d 699 . {21} This Court first encountered the forfeiture exception in Alvarez-Lopez in 2004, four years prior to Giles.

12
People v. Gilesgreen
cal · 2007 · cited in 2 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2007–2020
2 sentences

2020People v. Giles, 152 P.3d 433 , 445- 47 (2007), vacated by Giles, 554 U.S. at 377 . {18} The United States Supreme Court vacated the California Supreme Court’s ruling, concluding that the California Supreme Court improperly construed the forfeiture exception.

2007See, e.g., People *704 v. Giles, 40 Cal.4th 833, 837, 841-43 , 55 Cal. Rptr.3d 133, 135, 138-39 , 152 P.3d 433, 435, 438-39 , (Cal. 2007); United States v. Martinez, 476 F.3d 961, 966-67 (D.C.Cir. 2007); State v. Jensen, 727 N.W.2d 518, 533-537 (Wis.2007).

12
People v. Burnsgreen
mich · 2013 · cited in 2 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2018–2020
2 sentences

2018Cf. People v. Burns , 494 Mich. 104 , 832 N.W.2d 738 , 745 (2013) (overturning a trial court's admission of victim's statements under the forfeiture exception while noting that the timing of wrongdoing is important and wrongdoing conducted after the filing of criminal charges may give rise to stronger inference of causation). {42} In this case, the nature of the relationship between Barela and Defendant may have supported an inference of causation.

2018Cf. People v. Burns , 494 Mich. 104 , 832 N.W.2d 738 , 745 (2013) (overturning a trial court's admission of victim's statements under the forfeiture exception while noting that the timing of wrongdoing is important and wrongdoing conducted after the filing of criminal charges may give rise to stronger inference of causation). {42} In this case, the nature of the relationship between Barela and Defendant may have supported an inference of causation.

12
State v. Farringtongreen
nm · 2020 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024See State v. Farrington, 2020-NMSC-022, ¶ 13 , 476 P.3d 1231 (recognizing the forfeiture rule as “both an exception to confrontation rights and a codified evidentiary exception to the rule against hearsay” (emphasis omitted)).

2024See State v. Farrington, 2020-NMSC-022, ¶ 13 , 476 P.3d 1231 (recognizing the forfeiture rule as “both an exception to confrontation rights and a codified evidentiary exception to the rule against hearsay” (emphasis omitted)).

11
Crawford v. Washingtongreen
scotus · 2004 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020FORFEITURE BY WRONGDOING {13} The forfeiture exception has historically served as a common law doctrine that “extinguishes confrontation claims on essentially equitable grounds.” Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 62 (2004).

11
State v. Martinezgreen
nm · 2007 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020See State v. Martinez, 2007-NMSC-025, ¶¶ 18-19, 21 , 141 N.M. 713 , 160 P.3d 894 .

2020See State v. Martinez, 2007-NMSC-025, ¶¶ 18-19, 21 , 141 N.M. 713 , 160 P.3d 894 .

11
State v. Browngreen
nm · 1998 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020See State v. Brown, 1998-NMSC-037, ¶ 45 , 126 N.M. 338 , 969 P.2d 313 (presuming a rule of evidence follows its common law roots). {30} Second, Rule 11-804(B)(5) is taken verbatim from federal Rule 804(b)(6).

2020See State v. Brown, 1998-NMSC-037, ¶ 45 , 126 N.M. 338 , 969 P.2d 313 (presuming a rule of evidence follows its common law roots). {30} Second, Rule 11-804(B)(5) is taken verbatim from federal Rule 804(b)(6).

11
Roberts v. Stategreen
indctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020People v. Burns, 832 N.W.2d 738, 744 (Mich. 2013); see also Giles, 554 U.S. at 376 ; Roberts v. State, 894 N.E.2d 1018, 1024 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008); State v. Jensen, 2011 WI App 3, ¶¶ 23-28 , 331 Wis. 2d 440 , 794 N.W.2d 482 ; Proffit v. State, 2008 WY 102, ¶ 10 , 191 P.3d 963 (Wyo. 2008). {28} Rule 11-804(B)(5) provides that “[a] statement offered against a party that wrongfully caused—or acquiesced in wrongfully causing—the declarant’s unavailability as a witness, and did so intending that result” is “not excluded by the rule against hearsay if the declarant is unavailable as a witness.” We co

11
State v. Hallumgreen
iowa · 2000 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018See United States v. Jonassen , 759 F.3d 653 , 662 (7th Cir. 2014) ; Hallum , 606 N.W.2d at 356 ("Misconduct sufficient to give rise to a forfeiture is not limited to the use of threats, force or intimidation."); accord United States v. Mayes , 512 F.2d 637 , 650-51 (6th Cir. 1975) (finding wrongful conduct where counsel invoked witness's Fifth Amendment privilege for defendant's protection). {34} The weight of the case law both here and elsewhere is thus clear: wrongdoing, for purposes of application of the forfeiture exception, need not take the form of an overt threat of harm.

11
cluster 326121green
ca6 · 1975 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018See United States v. Jonassen , 759 F.3d 653 , 662 (7th Cir. 2014) ; Hallum , 606 N.W.2d at 356 ("Misconduct sufficient to give rise to a forfeiture is not limited to the use of threats, force or intimidation."); accord United States v. Mayes , 512 F.2d 637 , 650-51 (6th Cir. 1975) (finding wrongful conduct where counsel invoked witness's Fifth Amendment privilege for defendant's protection). {34} The weight of the case law both here and elsewhere is thus clear: wrongdoing, for purposes of application of the forfeiture exception, need not take the form of an overt threat of harm.

11
United States v. Martin Jonassengreen
ca7 · 2014 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018See United States v. Jonassen , 759 F.3d 653 , 662 (7th Cir. 2014) ; Hallum , 606 N.W.2d at 356 ("Misconduct sufficient to give rise to a forfeiture is not limited to the use of threats, force or intimidation."); accord United States v. Mayes , 512 F.2d 637 , 650-51 (6th Cir. 1975) (finding wrongful conduct where counsel invoked witness's Fifth Amendment privilege for defendant's protection). {34} The weight of the case law both here and elsewhere is thus clear: wrongdoing, for purposes of application of the forfeiture exception, need not take the form of an overt threat of harm.

11
Davies v. Boydgreen
nm · 1963 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009See Davies, 73 N.M. at 90 , 385 P.2d at 953 (Moise, J., specially concurring) (“ ‘A forfeiture from its nature implies the taking away from one of some pre-existing right, and this the courts will never do unless the equities of the situation are such there is no way to avoid it.’ ” (quoting Hogg v. Forsythe, 198 Ky. 462 , 248 S.W. 1008, 1011 (1923))).

2009See Davies, 73 N.M. at 90 , 385 P.2d at 953 (Moise, J., specially concurring) (“ ‘A forfeiture from its nature implies the taking away from one of some pre-existing right, and this the courts will never do unless the equities of the situation are such there is no way to avoid it.’ ” (quoting Hogg v. Forsythe, 198 Ky. 462 , 248 S.W. 1008, 1011 (1923))).

11
Herrera v. Herreragreen
nmctapp · 1999 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009See Herrera v. Herrera, 1999-NMCA-034, ¶ 9 , 126 N.M. 705 , 974 P.2d 675 (holding that marital settlement agreements are contracts, subject to contract law).

2009See Herrera v. Herrera, 1999-NMCA-034, ¶ 9 , 126 N.M. 705 , 974 P.2d 675 (holding that marital settlement agreements are contracts, subject to contract law).

11
Steele v. Branchgreen
cal · 1870 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
1 sentence

2009In such instances, rather than require strict compliance, courts have held that if the defaulting party substantially performed with reasonable diligence and in good faith, and “the other party has suffered no damage by the delay, and particularly if the property has not materially enhanced in value during the time of the delay, a Court of Equity will not enforce the forfeiture.” Steele v. Branch, 40 Cal. 3, 11 (1870).

11
Andrew v. Forsythegreen
kyctapp · 1923 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009See Davies, 73 N.M. at 90 , 385 P.2d at 953 (Moise, J., specially concurring) (“ ‘A forfeiture from its nature implies the taking away from one of some pre-existing right, and this the courts will never do unless the equities of the situation are such there is no way to avoid it.’ ” (quoting Hogg v. Forsythe, 198 Ky. 462 , 248 S.W. 1008, 1011 (1923))).

2009See Davies, 73 N.M. at 90 , 385 P.2d at 953 (Moise, J., specially concurring) (“ ‘A forfeiture from its nature implies the taking away from one of some pre-existing right, and this the courts will never do unless the equities of the situation are such there is no way to avoid it.’ ” (quoting Hogg v. Forsythe, 198 Ky. 462 , 248 S.W. 1008, 1011 (1923))).

11
Thomas v. City of Santa Fegreen
nmctapp · 1991 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009See Thomas, 112 N.M. at 461 , 816 P.2d at 530 . {15} Although the contractual language itself is significant, we begin our analysis by examining the nature of the parties’ bargain as a means to provide context for their language.

2009See Thomas, 112 N.M. at 461 , 816 P.2d at 530 . {15} Although the contractual language itself is significant, we begin our analysis by examining the nature of the parties’ bargain as a means to provide context for their language.

11
United States v. Sheldon Hanselgreen
ca2 · 1995 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
United States v. Martinez, Williamgreen
cadc · 2007 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Commonwealth v. Barrettgreen
mass · 1994 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
State v. Jensengreen
wis · 2007 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
People v. Williamsgreen
cal · 1999 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
State v. Pearsongreen
tenn · 1993 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007Id. at 45; see also Pearson, 858 S.W.2d at 886 -87 & n. 8 (adopting the waiver approach and providing examples of why a defendant might wish to affirmatively waive the defense). {18} Based on our review of the various approaches, we hereby adopt the waiver approach and hold that the statute of limitations is a substantive right that may only be waived by a defendant after consultation with counsel, and only if the waiver is knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. {19} We reject the forfeiture rule for two fundamental reasons.

11
People v. Gwinngreen
illappct · 1994 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
State v. Timoteogreen
haw · 1997 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007We conclude that “the protection of the statute of limitations is too important to be unintentionally lost.” Timoteo, 952 P.2d at 878 (Ramil, J., dissenting).

11
Byrd v. Stategreen
fladistctapp · 2000 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007See, e.g., United States v. Hansel, 70 F.3d 6, 8 (2d Cir.1995) (per curiam); Byrd v. State, 754 So.2d 191, 192 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App. 2000) (per curiam); People v. Gwinn, 255 Ill.App.3d 628 , 194 Ill.Dec. 362 , 627 N.E.2d 699, 701-02 (1994); People v. Brocksmith, 237 Ill.App.3d 818 , 178 Ill.Dec. 536 , 604 N.E.2d 1059, 1065-66 (1992); Commonwealth v. Barrett, 418 Mass. 788 , 641 N.E.2d 1302, 1306, 1308 (1994); State v. Wiemer, 3 Neb.

11
People v. Brocksmithgreen
illappct · 1992 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Commonwealth v. Edwardsgreen
mass · 2005 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
United States v. Houlihangreen
ca1 · 1996 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
State v. Wrightgreen
minn · 2005 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
United States v. Severo Garcia-Mezagreen
ca6 · 2005 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Gonzalez v. Stategreen
texapp · 2004 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Saier v. Saiergreen
mich · 1962 · cited in 1 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (1)

CaseNegativeCited
People v. Gilesgreen
cal · 2007 · cited in 2 New Mexico opinions naming this issue, 2007–2020
2 sentences

2020People v. Giles, 152 P.3d 433 , 445- 47 (2007), vacated by Giles, 554 U.S. at 377 . {18} The United States Supreme Court vacated the California Supreme Court’s ruling, concluding that the California Supreme Court improperly construed the forfeiture exception.

2007See, e.g., People *704 v. Giles, 40 Cal.4th 833, 837, 841-43 , 55 Cal. Rptr.3d 133, 135, 138-39 , 152 P.3d 433, 435, 438-39 , (Cal. 2007); United States v. Martinez, 476 F.3d 961, 966-67 (D.C.Cir. 2007); State v. Jensen, 727 N.W.2d 518, 533-537 (Wis.2007).

12

Also cited on this issue (23)

CaseCitedYears
Davis v. Washington green
scotus · 2006
2 sentences

2018Id. ¶ 29 (quoting Davis v. Washington , 547 U.S. 813 , 833, 126 S.Ct. 2266 , 165 L.Ed.2d 224 (2006) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

2018Id. ¶ 29 (quoting Davis v. Washington , 547 U.S. 813 , 833, 126 S.Ct. 2266 , 165 L.Ed.2d 224 (2006) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

22007–2018
State v. Rojo green
nm · 1998
2 sentences

2024We first consider de novo whether any of the challenged statements implicate Defendant’s constitutional right to confrontation, see State v. Tsosie, 2022-NMSC-017 , ¶¶ 22-23, 516 P.3d 1116 , and otherwise review the district court’s ruling on a motion in limine for an abuse of discretion, see State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 41 , 126 N.M. 438 , 971 P.2d 829 . {25} “The United States Supreme Court has long held a [d]efendant’s right to confrontation may be forfeited by his own wrongdoing . . . [because] the law will not allow a person to take advantage of his own wrong.” State v. Alvarez-Lopez,

2024We first consider de novo whether any of the challenged statements implicate Defendant’s constitutional right to confrontation, see State v. Tsosie, 2022-NMSC-017 , ¶¶ 22-23, 516 P.3d 1116 , and otherwise review the district court’s ruling on a motion in limine for an abuse of discretion, see State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 41 , 126 N.M. 438 , 971 P.2d 829 . {25} “The United States Supreme Court has long held a [d]efendant’s right to confrontation may be forfeited by his own wrongdoing . . . [because] the law will not allow a person to take advantage of his own wrong.” State v. Alvarez-Lopez,

12024–2024
State v. Tsosie green
nm · 2022
1 sentence

2024We first consider de novo whether any of the challenged statements implicate Defendant’s constitutional right to confrontation, see State v. Tsosie, 2022-NMSC-017 , ¶¶ 22-23, 516 P.3d 1116 , and otherwise review the district court’s ruling on a motion in limine for an abuse of discretion, see State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 41 , 126 N.M. 438 , 971 P.2d 829 . {25} “The United States Supreme Court has long held a [d]efendant’s right to confrontation may be forfeited by his own wrongdoing . . . [because] the law will not allow a person to take advantage of his own wrong.” State v. Alvarez-Lopez,

12024–2024
Reynolds v. United States green
scotus · 1879
2 sentences

2020Relevant law regarding the common law-based form of the forfeiture exception {15} The United States Supreme Court first recognized the forfeiture exception in 1878 in Reynolds. 98 U.S. 145 ; see also Giles, 554 U.S. at 366 (“This Court first addressed forfeiture in Reynolds.”).

2020The Reynolds Court relied on English forfeiture case law dating back to 1666 to hold that the “Constitution gives the accused the right to a trial at which he should be confronted with the witnesses against him; but if a witness is absent by his own wrongful procurement, he cannot complain if competent evidence is admitted to supply the place of that which he has kept away.” Reynolds, 98 U.S. at 158 . {16} Well over a century later, in 2008, the United States Supreme Court decided Giles v. California, which remains the Court’s most recent exposition on the forfeiture exception.

12020–2020
State v. Jensen green
wis · 2010
2 sentences

2020People v. Burns, 832 N.W.2d 738, 744 (Mich. 2013); see also Giles, 554 U.S. at 376 ; Roberts v. State, 894 N.E.2d 1018, 1024 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008); State v. Jensen, 2011 WI App 3, ¶¶ 23-28 , 331 Wis. 2d 440 , 794 N.W.2d 482 ; Proffit v. State, 2008 WY 102, ¶ 10 , 191 P.3d 963 (Wyo. 2008). {28} Rule 11-804(B)(5) provides that “[a] statement offered against a party that wrongfully caused—or acquiesced in wrongfully causing—the declarant’s unavailability as a witness, and did so intending that result” is “not excluded by the rule against hearsay if the declarant is unavailable as a witness.” We co

2020People v. Burns, 832 N.W.2d 738, 744 (Mich. 2013); see also Giles, 554 U.S. at 376 ; Roberts v. State, 894 N.E.2d 1018, 1024 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008); State v. Jensen, 2011 WI App 3, ¶¶ 23-28 , 331 Wis. 2d 440 , 794 N.W.2d 482 ; Proffit v. State, 2008 WY 102, ¶ 10 , 191 P.3d 963 (Wyo. 2008). {28} Rule 11-804(B)(5) provides that “[a] statement offered against a party that wrongfully caused—or acquiesced in wrongfully causing—the declarant’s unavailability as a witness, and did so intending that result” is “not excluded by the rule against hearsay if the declarant is unavailable as a witness.” We co

12020–2020
Proffit v. State green
wyo · 2008
2 sentences

2020People v. Burns, 832 N.W.2d 738, 744 (Mich. 2013); see also Giles, 554 U.S. at 376 ; Roberts v. State, 894 N.E.2d 1018, 1024 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008); State v. Jensen, 2011 WI App 3, ¶¶ 23-28 , 331 Wis. 2d 440 , 794 N.W.2d 482 ; Proffit v. State, 2008 WY 102, ¶ 10 , 191 P.3d 963 (Wyo. 2008). {28} Rule 11-804(B)(5) provides that “[a] statement offered against a party that wrongfully caused—or acquiesced in wrongfully causing—the declarant’s unavailability as a witness, and did so intending that result” is “not excluded by the rule against hearsay if the declarant is unavailable as a witness.” We co

2020People v. Burns, 832 N.W.2d 738, 744 (Mich. 2013); see also Giles, 554 U.S. at 376 ; Roberts v. State, 894 N.E.2d 1018, 1024 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008); State v. Jensen, 2011 WI App 3, ¶¶ 23-28 , 331 Wis. 2d 440 , 794 N.W.2d 482 ; Proffit v. State, 2008 WY 102, ¶ 10 , 191 P.3d 963 (Wyo. 2008). {28} Rule 11-804(B)(5) provides that “[a] statement offered against a party that wrongfully caused—or acquiesced in wrongfully causing—the declarant’s unavailability as a witness, and did so intending that result” is “not excluded by the rule against hearsay if the declarant is unavailable as a witness.” We co

12020–2020
United States v. Steven David Montague green
ca10 · 2005
1 sentence

2018Giles , 554 U.S. at 377 , 128 S.Ct. 2678 ; Montague , 421 F.3d at 1103 -04 .

12018–2018
Stamm v. Buchanan green
nm · 1951
2 sentences

2009Id. at 135 , 227 P.2d at 638 ; see also Thomas, 112 N.M. at 460-61 , 816 P.2d at 529-30 (denying partial reversion under equitable preference for avoiding forfeitures because the deed did not contain explicit language permitting divisibility or partial forfeiture). {25} These cases indicate that contractual silence is problematic when forfeitures are sought because the contracts necessarily lack the specificity required to be confident that a forfeiture is enforceable.

2009Id. at 135 , 227 P.2d at 638 ; see also Thomas, 112 N.M. at 460-61 , 816 P.2d at 529-30 (denying partial reversion under equitable preference for avoiding forfeitures because the deed did not contain explicit language permitting divisibility or partial forfeiture). {25} These cases indicate that contractual silence is problematic when forfeitures are sought because the contracts necessarily lack the specificity required to be confident that a forfeiture is enforceable.

12009–2009
State v. Wiemer green
nebctapp · 1995
1 sentence

2007See, e.g., United States v. Hansel, 70 F.3d 6, 8 (2d Cir.1995) (per curiam); Byrd v. State, 754 So.2d 191, 192 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App. 2000) (per curiam); People v. Gwinn, 255 Ill.App.3d 628 , 194 Ill.Dec. 362 , 627 N.E.2d 699, 701-02 (1994); People v. Brocksmith, 237 Ill.App.3d 818 , 178 Ill.Dec. 536 , 604 N.E.2d 1059, 1065-66 (1992); Commonwealth v. Barrett, 418 Mass. 788 , 641 N.E.2d 1302, 1306, 1308 (1994); State v. Wiemer, 3 Neb.

12007–2007
McGowan v. United States green
ncwd · 1995
11999–1999
Garvin v. Gordon green
nm · 1932
11965–1965
Desmet v. Sublett green
nm · 1950
11965–1965
Portner v. Tanner green
wyo · 1923
11963–1963
Hood v. Southern Production Co. green
la · 1944
11951–1951
Von Hatzfeld v. Haubert neutral
texapp · 1920
11951–1951
In Re the Guardianship of Wilber neutral
wash · 1929
11944–1944
Yosemite Gold Mining & Milling Co. v. Emerson green
scotus · 1908
11939–1939
Sturtevant v. Vogel green
ca9 · 1909
11939–1939
English v. Johnson green
cal · 1860
11939–1939
Dripps v. the Allison's Mines Co. green
calctapp · 1919
11939–1939
Stock v. Plunkett green
cal · 1919
11939–1939
Jupiter Mining Co. v. Bodie Consolidated Mining Co. green
· 1881
11939–1939
Hill v. Tucker green
scotus · 1852
11891–1891

Where else courts name it

CA 1324 (1864–2026) IL 690 (1891–2026) WI 179 (1925–2026) TX 102 (1893–2026) OH 80 (1895–2026) PA 61 (1893–2025) WA 52 (1910–2022) NY 51 (1900–2026) LA 41 (1904–2017) MI 40 (1895–2026) MN 38 (1893–2026) NJ 37 (1910–2026) AZ 32 (1912–2023) WV 26 (1902–2023) FL 26 (1930–2025) TN 23 (1914–2025) GA 21 (1905–2014) MO 20 (1897–2022) MA 19 (1942–2023) OR 19 (1903–2020) IA 18 (1916–2026) KY 18 (1934–2023) MD 16 (1906–2022) SC 16 (1950–2022) MT 15 (1919–2023) ND 15 (1890–2022) NM 15 (1891–2024) IN 15 (1899–2026) UT 14 (1905–2020) VA 14 (1993–2020) CO 14 (1939–2025) MS 13 (1911–2022) OK 12 (1913–2024) AR 12 (1913–2024) AK 12 (1976–2022) ID 11 (1911–2016) AL 11 (1909–2023) DC 11 (1978–2021) KS 10 (1908–2026) WY 9 (1921–2018) NC 9 (1925–2026) NE 8 (1933–2024) VT 8 (1913–2022) CT 8 (1960–2022) SD 7 (1907–2005) NV 6 (1950–2022) DE 5 (1951–2024) ME 3 (2006–2016) PR 2 (1930–1968)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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