right to present defense (South Carolina) · Go Syfert
← South Carolina issues

right to present defense in South Carolina

15 South Carolina opinions name it 2 courts 1986–2023 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by South Carolina courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (17)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Lylesgreen
scctapp · 2008 · cited in 3 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2016–2023
2 sentences

2023See California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 (1984) (finding the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment affords criminal defendants a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense); see also State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) (finding the right to present a defense is not unlimited).

2023See California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 (1984) (finding the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment affords criminal defendants a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense); see also State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) (finding the right to present a defense is not unlimited).

33
Washington v. Texasgreen
scotus · 1967 · cited in 4 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2008–2020
2 sentences

2020VI. ("In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor."); Mizzell, 349 S.C. at 330 , 563 S.E.2d at 317 ("The Sixth Amendment right[] to . . . compulsory process guarantee[s] that a criminal charge may be answered through the calling . . . of favorable witnesses." (quoting Graham, 314 S.C. at 385 , 444 S.E.2d at 527 )); Washington, 388 U.S. at 19 ("The right to offer the testimony of witnesses, and to compel their attendance, if necessary, is in plain terms the right to present a defense, the right to present

2013“The right to offer the testimony of witnesses ... is in plain terms the right to present a defense, the right to present the defendant’s version of the facts as well as the prosecution’s to the jury so it may decide where the truth lies.” Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 19 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967).

24
State v. Schmidtgreen
sc · 1986 · cited in 4 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2002–2013
2 sentences

2013This Sixth Amendment right “guarantee^] that a criminal charge may be answered through the calling and interrogation of favorable witnesses----” State v. Schmidt, 288 S.C. 301, 303 , 342 S.E.2d 401, 402 (1986).

2008“The Amendment essentially ‘constitutionalizes’ the right to present a defense in an adversary criminal trial.” Id.

24
State v. Hamiltongreen
scctapp · 2001 · cited in 3 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2008–2016
2 sentences

2016As to whether the trial court erred in refusing to permit Tate to elicit testimony concerning the content of three illicit photographs found on Victim's phone: State v. Dickerson, 395 S.C. 101, 116 , 716 S.E.2d 895, 903 (2011) ("The admission of evidence is within the [trial] court's discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion."); State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) ("The right to present a defense is not unlimited, 'but must bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.'" (quoting State v.

2016As to whether the trial court erred in refusing to permit Tate to elicit testimony concerning the content of three illicit photographs found on Victim's phone: State v. Dickerson, 395 S.C. 101, 116 , 716 S.E.2d 895, 903 (2011) ("The admission of evidence is within the [trial] court's discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion."); State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) ("The right to present a defense is not unlimited, 'but must bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.'" (quoting State v.

23
California v. Trombettagreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 2 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023See California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 (1984) (finding the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment affords criminal defendants a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense); see also State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) (finding the right to present a defense is not unlimited).

2023See California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 (1984) (finding the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment affords criminal defendants a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense); see also State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) (finding the right to present a defense is not unlimited).

22
Montana v. Egelhoffgreen
scotus · 1996 · cited in 2 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2008–2016
2 sentences

2016As to whether the trial court erred in refusing to permit Tate to elicit testimony concerning the content of three illicit photographs found on Victim's phone: State v. Dickerson, 395 S.C. 101, 116 , 716 S.E.2d 895, 903 (2011) ("The admission of evidence is within the [trial] court's discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion."); State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) ("The right to present a defense is not unlimited, 'but must bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.'" (quoting State v.

2008“The right to present a defense is not unlimited, but must ‘bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.’ ” Hamilton, 344 S.C. at 359 , 543 S.E.2d at 594 (quoting Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 55 , 107 S.Ct. 2704 , 97 L.Ed.2d 37 (1987) (quoting Chambers, 410 U.S. at 295 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 )). “ ‘The accused does not have an unfettered right to offer [evidence] that is incompetent, privileged, or otherwise inadmissible under standard rules of evidence.’ ” Montana v. Egelhoff 518 U.S. 37, 42 , 116 S.Ct. 2013 , 135 L.Ed.2d 361 (1996) (quoting Taylor v. Illinois, 484

12
Rock v. Arkansasgreen
scotus · 1987 · cited in 2 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2001–2008
2 sentences

2008“The right to present a defense is not unlimited, but must ‘bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.’ ” Hamilton, 344 S.C. at 359 , 543 S.E.2d at 594 (quoting Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 55 , 107 S.Ct. 2704 , 97 L.Ed.2d 37 (1987) (quoting Chambers, 410 U.S. at 295 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 )). “ ‘The accused does not have an unfettered right to offer [evidence] that is incompetent, privileged, or otherwise inadmissible under standard rules of evidence.’ ” Montana v. Egelhoff 518 U.S. 37, 42 , 116 S.Ct. 2013 , 135 L.Ed.2d 361 (1996) (quoting Taylor v. Illinois, 484

2008“The right to present a defense is not unlimited, but must ‘bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.’ ” Hamilton, 344 S.C. at 359 , 543 S.E.2d at 594 (quoting Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 55 , 107 S.Ct. 2704 , 97 L.Ed.2d 37 (1987) (quoting Chambers, 410 U.S. at 295 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 )). “ ‘The accused does not have an unfettered right to offer [evidence] that is incompetent, privileged, or otherwise inadmissible under standard rules of evidence.’ ” Montana v. Egelhoff 518 U.S. 37, 42 , 116 S.Ct. 2013 , 135 L.Ed.2d 361 (1996) (quoting Taylor v. Illinois, 484

12
Chambers v. Mississippigreen
scotus · 1973 · cited in 2 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2001–2008
2 sentences

2008“The right to present a defense is not unlimited, but must ‘bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.’ ” Hamilton, 344 S.C. at 359 , 543 S.E.2d at 594 (quoting Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 55 , 107 S.Ct. 2704 , 97 L.Ed.2d 37 (1987) (quoting Chambers, 410 U.S. at 295 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 )). “ ‘The accused does not have an unfettered right to offer [evidence] that is incompetent, privileged, or otherwise inadmissible under standard rules of evidence.’ ” Montana v. Egelhoff 518 U.S. 37, 42 , 116 S.Ct. 2013 , 135 L.Ed.2d 361 (1996) (quoting Taylor v. Illinois, 484

2008“The right to present a defense is not unlimited, but must ‘bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.’ ” Hamilton, 344 S.C. at 359 , 543 S.E.2d at 594 (quoting Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 55 , 107 S.Ct. 2704 , 97 L.Ed.2d 37 (1987) (quoting Chambers, 410 U.S. at 295 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 )). “ ‘The accused does not have an unfettered right to offer [evidence] that is incompetent, privileged, or otherwise inadmissible under standard rules of evidence.’ ” Montana v. Egelhoff 518 U.S. 37, 42 , 116 S.Ct. 2013 , 135 L.Ed.2d 361 (1996) (quoting Taylor v. Illinois, 484

12
State v. Cottrellgreen
sc · 2017 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020See State v. Cottrell, 421 S.C. 622, 639 , 809 S.E.2d 423, 433 (2017) ("The right to present a defense is not without limits, and the right does not allow criminal defendants to present any evidence regardless of its admissibility under the rules of evidence."); Rule 403, SCRE ("Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence."); Cottrell, 421 S.C. at 640 , 809 S.E.2

2020See State v. Cottrell, 421 S.C. 622, 639 , 809 S.E.2d 423, 433 (2017) ("The right to present a defense is not without limits, and the right does not allow criminal defendants to present any evidence regardless of its admissibility under the rules of evidence."); Rule 403, SCRE ("Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence."); Cottrell, 421 S.C. at 640 , 809 S.E.2

11
State v. Mizzellgreen
sc · 2002 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020VI. ("In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor."); Mizzell, 349 S.C. at 330 , 563 S.E.2d at 317 ("The Sixth Amendment right[] to . . . compulsory process guarantee[s] that a criminal charge may be answered through the calling . . . of favorable witnesses." (quoting Graham, 314 S.C. at 385 , 444 S.E.2d at 527 )); Washington, 388 U.S. at 19 ("The right to offer the testimony of witnesses, and to compel their attendance, if necessary, is in plain terms the right to present a defense, the right to present

2020VI. ("In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor."); Mizzell, 349 S.C. at 330 , 563 S.E.2d at 317 ("The Sixth Amendment right[] to . . . compulsory process guarantee[s] that a criminal charge may be answered through the calling . . . of favorable witnesses." (quoting Graham, 314 S.C. at 385 , 444 S.E.2d at 527 )); Washington, 388 U.S. at 19 ("The right to offer the testimony of witnesses, and to compel their attendance, if necessary, is in plain terms the right to present a defense, the right to present

11
United States v. Bert Lancaster, United States of America v. Derrick Vanlieropgreen
ca4 · 1996 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017See U.S. v. Lancaster, 96 F.3d 734, 744 (4th Cir. 1996).

2017See U.S. v. Lancaster, 96 F.3d 734, 744 (4th Cir. 1996).

11
Holmes v. South Carolinagreen
scotus · 2006 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016As to whether the trial court erred in refusing to permit Tate to elicit testimony concerning the content of three illicit photographs found on Victim's phone: State v. Dickerson, 395 S.C. 101, 116 , 716 S.E.2d 895, 903 (2011) ("The admission of evidence is within the [trial] court's discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion."); State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) ("The right to present a defense is not unlimited, 'but must bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.'" (quoting State v.

11
State v. Stokesgreen
scctapp · 2000 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016As to whether the trial court erred in refusing to permit Tate to elicit testimony concerning the content of three illicit photographs found on Victim's phone: State v. Dickerson, 395 S.C. 101, 116 , 716 S.E.2d 895, 903 (2011) ("The admission of evidence is within the [trial] court's discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion."); State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) ("The right to present a defense is not unlimited, 'but must bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.'" (quoting State v.

2016As to whether the trial court erred in refusing to permit Tate to elicit testimony concerning the content of three illicit photographs found on Victim's phone: State v. Dickerson, 395 S.C. 101, 116 , 716 S.E.2d 895, 903 (2011) ("The admission of evidence is within the [trial] court's discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion."); State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) ("The right to present a defense is not unlimited, 'but must bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.'" (quoting State v.

11
State v. Turnergreen
sc · 2007 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016As to whether the trial court erred in refusing to permit Tate to elicit testimony concerning the content of three illicit photographs found on Victim's phone: State v. Dickerson, 395 S.C. 101, 116 , 716 S.E.2d 895, 903 (2011) ("The admission of evidence is within the [trial] court's discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion."); State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) ("The right to present a defense is not unlimited, 'but must bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.'" (quoting State v.

2016As to whether the trial court erred in refusing to permit Tate to elicit testimony concerning the content of three illicit photographs found on Victim's phone: State v. Dickerson, 395 S.C. 101, 116 , 716 S.E.2d 895, 903 (2011) ("The admission of evidence is within the [trial] court's discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion."); State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) ("The right to present a defense is not unlimited, 'but must bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.'" (quoting State v.

11
State v. Dickersongreen
sc · 2011 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016As to whether the trial court erred in refusing to permit Tate to elicit testimony concerning the content of three illicit photographs found on Victim's phone: State v. Dickerson, 395 S.C. 101, 116 , 716 S.E.2d 895, 903 (2011) ("The admission of evidence is within the [trial] court's discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion."); State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) ("The right to present a defense is not unlimited, 'but must bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.'" (quoting State v.

2016As to whether the trial court erred in refusing to permit Tate to elicit testimony concerning the content of three illicit photographs found on Victim's phone: State v. Dickerson, 395 S.C. 101, 116 , 716 S.E.2d 895, 903 (2011) ("The admission of evidence is within the [trial] court's discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion."); State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) ("The right to present a defense is not unlimited, 'but must bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.'" (quoting State v.

11
State v. Langleygreen
sc · 1999 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016As to whether the trial court erred in refusing to permit Tate to elicit testimony concerning the content of three illicit photographs found on Victim's phone: State v. Dickerson, 395 S.C. 101, 116 , 716 S.E.2d 895, 903 (2011) ("The admission of evidence is within the [trial] court's discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion."); State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) ("The right to present a defense is not unlimited, 'but must bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.'" (quoting State v.

2016As to whether the trial court erred in refusing to permit Tate to elicit testimony concerning the content of three illicit photographs found on Victim's phone: State v. Dickerson, 395 S.C. 101, 116 , 716 S.E.2d 895, 903 (2011) ("The admission of evidence is within the [trial] court's discretion and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion."); State v. Lyles, 379 S.C. 328, 342 , 665 S.E.2d 201, 209 (Ct. App. 2008) ("The right to present a defense is not unlimited, 'but must bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.'" (quoting State v.

11
State v. Kinggreen
scctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 South Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013See King, 367 S.C. at 140 , 623 S.E.2d at 870 (holding, where the trial court abused its discretion in not allowing a witness to testify, the error was “coupled with prejudice as a matter of law”); see Washington, 388 U.S. at 23 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 (holding a defendant has a fundamental constitutional right to offer relevant witness testimony); see also id. (“The right to offer the testimony of witnesses ... is in plain terms the right to present a defense, the right to present the defendant’s version of the facts as well as the prosecution’s to the jury so it may decide where the truth lies.”).

2013See King, 367 S.C. at 140 , 623 S.E.2d at 870 (holding, where the trial court abused its discretion in not allowing a witness to testify, the error was “coupled with prejudice as a matter of law”); see Washington, 388 U.S. at 23 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 (holding a defendant has a fundamental constitutional right to offer relevant witness testimony); see also id. (“The right to offer the testimony of witnesses ... is in plain terms the right to present a defense, the right to present the defendant’s version of the facts as well as the prosecution’s to the jury so it may decide where the truth lies.”).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in South Carolina. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (5)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Graham green
sc · 1994
2 sentences

2020VI. ("In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor."); Mizzell, 349 S.C. at 330 , 563 S.E.2d at 317 ("The Sixth Amendment right[] to . . . compulsory process guarantee[s] that a criminal charge may be answered through the calling . . . of favorable witnesses." (quoting Graham, 314 S.C. at 385 , 444 S.E.2d at 527 )); Washington, 388 U.S. at 19 ("The right to offer the testimony of witnesses, and to compel their attendance, if necessary, is in plain terms the right to present a defense, the right to present

2020VI. ("In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor."); Mizzell, 349 S.C. at 330 , 563 S.E.2d at 317 ("The Sixth Amendment right[] to . . . compulsory process guarantee[s] that a criminal charge may be answered through the calling . . . of favorable witnesses." (quoting Graham, 314 S.C. at 385 , 444 S.E.2d at 527 )); Washington, 388 U.S. at 19 ("The right to offer the testimony of witnesses, and to compel their attendance, if necessary, is in plain terms the right to present a defense, the right to present

12020–2020
State v. Gentry green
sc · 2005
2 sentences

2015While defendants are entitled to a fair opportunity to present a defense, that right does not encompass the right to present any evidence, regardless of its admissibility under the rules of evidence." (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)), overruled on other grounds by State v. Gentry, 363 S.C. 93 , 610 S.E.2d 494 (2005).

2015While defendants are entitled to a fair opportunity to present a defense, that right does not encompass the right to present any evidence, regardless of its admissibility under the rules of evidence." (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)), overruled on other grounds by State v. Gentry, 363 S.C. 93 , 610 S.E.2d 494 (2005).

12015–2015
Alaska Steamship Co. v. Petterson green
scotus · 1954
1 sentence

2008“The right to present a defense is not unlimited, but must ‘bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.’ ” Hamilton, 344 S.C. at 359 , 543 S.E.2d at 594 (quoting Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 55 , 107 S.Ct. 2704 , 97 L.Ed.2d 37 (1987) (quoting Chambers, 410 U.S. at 295 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 )). “ ‘The accused does not have an unfettered right to offer [evidence] that is incompetent, privileged, or otherwise inadmissible under standard rules of evidence.’ ” Montana v. Egelhoff 518 U.S. 37, 42 , 116 S.Ct. 2013 , 135 L.Ed.2d 361 (1996) (quoting Taylor v. Illinois, 484

12008–2008
Taylor v. Illinois green
scotus · 1988
1 sentence

2008“The right to present a defense is not unlimited, but must ‘bow to accommodate other legitimate interests in the criminal trial process.’ ” Hamilton, 344 S.C. at 359 , 543 S.E.2d at 594 (quoting Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 55 , 107 S.Ct. 2704 , 97 L.Ed.2d 37 (1987) (quoting Chambers, 410 U.S. at 295 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 )). “ ‘The accused does not have an unfettered right to offer [evidence] that is incompetent, privileged, or otherwise inadmissible under standard rules of evidence.’ ” Montana v. Egelhoff 518 U.S. 37, 42 , 116 S.Ct. 2013 , 135 L.Ed.2d 361 (1996) (quoting Taylor v. Illinois, 484

12008–2008
Faretta v. California green
scotus · 1975
2 sentences

1986Faretta v. California, 422 U. S. 806 , 95 S. Ct. 2525 , 45 L.

1986Faretta v. California, 422 U. S. 806 , 95 S. Ct. 2525 , 45 L.

11986–1986

Statutes the citing opinions construe

SC § S.C. Code Ann. § 16-3-910 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 205 (1928–2026) MI 199 (1936–2026) WA 188 (1927–2026) TX 118 (1974–2026) NY 106 (1891–2026) TN 102 (2000–2026) CT 92 (1935–2025) IL 87 (1949–2025) LA 77 (1959–2026) WI 47 (1988–2026) OH 46 (1979–2026) KS 41 (1905–2025) IN 41 (1952–2024) MN 37 (1988–2026) CO 31 (1894–2026) MA 24 (1978–2025) IA 23 (1992–2025) DC 20 (1979–2015) ID 19 (1978–2025) KY 18 (1924–2025) SC 15 (1986–2023) MD 15 (1977–2022) NC 14 (1976–2014) OR 13 (1982–2026) NM 11 (1988–2024) AL 11 (1896–2002) OK 10 (1998–2025) HI 10 (1936–2023) AZ 10 (1976–2022) PA 9 (1919–2025) WY 7 (1937–2025) NJ 7 (1988–2026) MO 7 (1932–2011) RI 7 (1981–2014) VT 6 (1983–2025) MT 5 (1935–2025) NE 5 (1989–2020) AK 5 (1997–2019) WV 4 (1987–2018) FL 4 (1982–2024) MS 4 (2006–2022) VA 4 (1985–2017) ND 3 (1980–2001) SD 3 (2009–2025) AR 3 (1922–1941) GA 3 (1998–2019) NH 2 (1985–2012) UT 2 (2014–2018) ME 2 (1983–2019) DE 2 (1989–2019)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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