right to present defense (Louisiana) · Go Syfert
← Louisiana issues

right to present defense in Louisiana

77 Louisiana opinions name it 2 courts 1959–2026 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Louisiana courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (14)

CaseFollowedCited
Washington v. Texasgreen
scotus · 1967 · cited in 21 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1978–2020
2 sentences

2020Fundamental to due process of law is the right to present a defense, Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 , 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973), and to have it fairly considered by the jury, Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967). “[T]he Constitution guarantees criminal defendants ‘a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.’” Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 , 106 S.Ct. 2142, 2146 , 90 L.Ed.2d 636 (1986), citing California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 , 104 S.Ct. 2528, 2532 , 81 L.Ed.2d 413 (1984).

2020Fundamental to due process of law is the right to present a defense, Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 , 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973), and to have it fairly considered by the jury, Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967). “[T]he Constitution guarantees criminal defendants ‘a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.’” Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 , 106 S.Ct. 2142, 2146 , 90 L.Ed.2d 636 (1986), citing California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 , 104 S.Ct. 2528, 2532 , 81 L.Ed.2d 413 (1984).

221
Chambers v. Mississippigreen
scotus · 1973 · cited in 10 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2015–2024
2 sentences

2020Fundamental to due process of law is the right to present a defense, Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 , 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973), and to have it fairly considered by the jury, Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967). “[T]he Constitution guarantees criminal defendants ‘a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.’” Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 , 106 S.Ct. 2142, 2146 , 90 L.Ed.2d 636 (1986), citing California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 , 104 S.Ct. 2528, 2532 , 81 L.Ed.2d 413 (1984).

2020Fundamental to due process of law is the right to present a defense, Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 , 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973), and to have it fairly considered by the jury, Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967). “[T]he Constitution guarantees criminal defendants ‘a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.’” Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 , 106 S.Ct. 2142, 2146 , 90 L.Ed.2d 636 (1986), citing California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 , 104 S.Ct. 2528, 2532 , 81 L.Ed.2d 413 (1984).

210
State v. Clarkgreen
la · 1982 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2004–2010
2 sentences

2010La.C.Cr.P. art. 718 allows a defendant, upon motion, to scientifically test tangible objects within the possession, custody or control of the state which “1) are favorable to the defendant and which are material and relevant to the issue of guilt | ¡,3or punishment, or (2) are intended for use by the state as evidence at the trial, or (3) were obtained from or belong to the defendant.” In State v. Clark, 414 So.2d 737, 740 (La.1982), the Louisiana Supreme Court recognized that a defendant’s right to present a defense may be impaired when a defendant is denied the opportunity to have his expert

2004La.C.Cr.P. art. 718 allows a defendant, upon motion, to scientifically test tangible objects within the possession, custody or control of the state which "(1) are favorable to the defendant and which are material and relevant to the issue of guilt or punishment, or (2) are intended for use by the state as evidence at the trial, or (3) were obtained from or belong to the defendant." In State v. Clark, 414 So.2d 737, 740 (La.1982), the Louisiana Supreme Court recognized that: Fundamental fairness is violated when a criminal defendant on trial for his liberty is denied the opportunity to have an

22
State v. Foretgreen
la · 1993 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008State v. Foret, 628 So.2d 1116, 1130 (La.1993).

2008State v. Foret, 628 So.2d 1116, 1180 (La.1993).

22
State v. Ludwiggreen
la · 1982 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2001–2005
2 sentences

2005State v. Shaw, 00-1051 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/14/01) , 785 So.2d 34, 45 , writ denied, 01-0969 (La.2/8/02), 807 So.2d 861 (citing State v. Ludwig, 423 So.2d 1073, 1079 (La.1982)).

2001State v. Ludwig, 423 So.2d 1073, 1079 (La.1982).

22
State v. Cartergreen
lactapp · 1990 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1997–1998
2 sentences

1998Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967); State v. Hamilton, 441 So.2d 1192 (La.1983); State v. Carter, 570 So.2d 234, 236 (La.App. 5th Cir.1990).

1997Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967); State v. Hamilton, 441 So.2d 1192 (La.1983); State v. Carter, 570 So.2d 234, 236 (La.App. 5th Cir.1990).

22
State v. Cartergreen
lactapp · 1996 · cited in 3 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1997–2007
2 sentences

2007State v. Mosby, 595 So.2d 1135 (La.1992); State v. Pugh, 02-171 (La.App. 5th Cir.10/16/02), 831 So.2d 341 , citing State v. Mosby, supra ; State v. Carter, 96-358 (La.App. 5th Cir.11/26/96), 685 So.2d 346 ; and La.

2000State v. Winfrey, 97-427 (La.App. 5 Cir. 10/28/97) , 703 So.2d 63, 76 , writ denied, 98-0264 (La.6/19/98), 719 So.2d 481 ; State v. Carter, 96-358 (La.App. 5 Cir. 11/26/96) , 685 So.2d 346, 351 .

13
State v. Callowaygreen
lactapp · 1998 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1999–2005
2 sentences

2005Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967); accord State v. Calloway, 97-796 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/25/98) , 718 So.2d 559, 567 , writs denied 98-2435, 98-2438 (La.1/8/99), 734 So.2d 1229 .

1999Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967); State v. Hamilton, 441 So.2d 1192 (La.1983); State v. Calloway, 97-796 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/25/98) , 718 So.2d 559 , writs denied, 98-2435, 98-2438 (La.1/8/99), 734 So.2d 1229 .

12
State v. Selfgreen
la · 1999 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1999–2005
2 sentences

2005Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967); accord State v. Calloway, 97-796 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/25/98) , 718 So.2d 559, 567 , writs denied 98-2435, 98-2438 (La.1/8/99), 734 So.2d 1229 .

1999Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967); State v. Hamilton, 441 So.2d 1192 (La.1983); State v. Calloway, 97-796 (La.App. 5 Cir. 8/25/98) , 718 So.2d 559 , writs denied, 98-2435, 98-2438 (La.1/8/99), 734 So.2d 1229 .

12
State v. Trahangreen
lactapp · 1989 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1991–1994
2 sentences

1994As stated by this court in State v. Trahan, 543 So.2d 984 (La.App. 3rd Cir. 1989), affirmed, 576 So.2d 1 (La.1990), "the right to present a defense is not without limits".

1991See State v. Trahan, 543 So.2d 984 (La.App. 3d Cir.1989), overruled on other grounds, 551 So.2d 1303, 1304 (La.1989).

12
State v. Taylorgreen
la · 1990 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
State v. Taylorgreen
lactapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
State v. Shoemakergreen
la · 1987 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
State v. Simpsongreen
la · 1989 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Louisiana. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (54)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Van Winkle green
la · 1995
2 sentences

2017“It is difficult to imagine rights more inextricably linked to our concept of a fair trial [than the right to present a defense].” Van Winkle, 658 So.2d at 202 ; State v. McMillan, 2009-2094 (La.App. 1st Cir. 7/1/10), 43 So.3d 297, 308 , writ denied, 57 So.3d 309 (La. 2/4/11).

2010“It is difficult to imagine rights more inextricably linked to our concept of a fair trial [than the right to present a defense].” Van Winkle , 94-0947 at p. 5, 658 So.2d at 202 .

91997–2026
State v. Lirette green
lactapp · 2012
2 sentences

2015State v. Lirette, 11-1167 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/28/12) ; 102 So.3d 801, 813 , writ denied, 12-1694 (La.2/22/13); 108 So.3d 763 .

2015State v. Lirette, 11-1167 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/28/12) ; 102 So.3d 801, 813 , writ denied, 12-1694 (La.2/22/13); 108 So.3d 763 .

72013–2015
State v. Hamilton green
la · 1983
2 sentences

2001Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967); State v. Hamilton, 441 So.2d 1192 (La.1983).

1984Unlike the case of State v. Hamilton, 441 So.2d 1192 (La.1983), defendant was not deprived of the right to present his defense of insanity.

71984–2001
State v. Fernandez neutral
lactapp · 2010
2 sentences

2016State v. Fernandez, 09-1727, p. 14 (La.App. 4 Cir. 10/6/10), 50 So.3d 219, 229 .

2015State v. Fernandez, 09-1727, p. 14 (La.App. 4 Cir. 10/6/10), 50 So.3d 219, 229 .

62012–2016
State v. Cox neutral
la · 2013
2 sentences

2015State v. Lirette, 11-1167 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/28/12) ; 102 So.3d 801, 813 , writ denied, 12-1694 (La.2/22/13); 108 So.3d 763 .

2014State v. Lirette, 11-1167 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/28/12) , 102 So.3d 801, 813 , writ denied, 12-1694 (La.2/22/13), 108 So.3d 763 .

52013–2015
State v. Mosby green
la · 1992
2 sentences

2013Fernandez, 50 So.3d at 229 ; State v. Mosby, 595 So.2d 1135 (La.1992); La.

2012State v. Mosby, 595 So.2d 1135 (La.1992); State v. Laster, 44,870 (La.App.2d Cir.02/03/10), 33 So.3d 259 .

52007–2013
State v. Shaw green
lactapp · 2001
2 sentences

2011Marsalis, supra, (citing State v. Shaw, 00-1051 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/14/01) , 785 So.2d 34, 45 , writ denied, 01-0969 (La.2/8/02), 807 So.2d 861 ).

2005State v. Shaw, 00-1051 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/14/01) , 785 So.2d 34, 45 , writ denied, 01-0969 (La.2/8/02), 807 So.2d 861 . *1089 Relevant evidence is "evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." LSA-C.E. art. 401.

42001–2011
California v. Trombetta green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

2020Fundamental to due process of law is the right to present a defense, Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 , 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973), and to have it fairly considered by the jury, Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967). “[T]he Constitution guarantees criminal defendants ‘a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.’” Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 , 106 S.Ct. 2142, 2146 , 90 L.Ed.2d 636 (1986), citing California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 , 104 S.Ct. 2528, 2532 , 81 L.Ed.2d 413 (1984).

2020Fundamental to due process of law is the right to present a defense, Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 , 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973), and to have it fairly considered by the jury, Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967). “[T]he Constitution guarantees criminal defendants ‘a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.’” Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 , 106 S.Ct. 2142, 2146 , 90 L.Ed.2d 636 (1986), citing California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 , 104 S.Ct. 2528, 2532 , 81 L.Ed.2d 413 (1984).

32018–2020
Crane v. Kentucky green
scotus · 1986
2 sentences

2020Fundamental to due process of law is the right to present a defense, Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 , 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973), and to have it fairly considered by the jury, Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967). “[T]he Constitution guarantees criminal defendants ‘a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.’” Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 , 106 S.Ct. 2142, 2146 , 90 L.Ed.2d 636 (1986), citing California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 , 104 S.Ct. 2528, 2532 , 81 L.Ed.2d 413 (1984).

2020Fundamental to due process of law is the right to present a defense, Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 , 93 S.Ct. 1038 , 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973), and to have it fairly considered by the jury, Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14 , 87 S.Ct. 1920 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967). “[T]he Constitution guarantees criminal defendants ‘a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.’” Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 , 106 S.Ct. 2142, 2146 , 90 L.Ed.2d 636 (1986), citing California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485 , 104 S.Ct. 2528, 2532 , 81 L.Ed.2d 413 (1984).

32018–2020
State v. Everett green
lactapp · 2012
2 sentences

2019"This right to present a defense, however, does not require the trial court to permit the introduction of evidence that is irrelevant or has so little probative value that it is substantially outweighed by other legitimate considerations in the administration of justice." Id.

2019"This right to present a defense, however, does not require the trial court to permit the introduction of evidence that is irrelevant or has so little probative value that it is substantially outweighed by other legitimate considerations in the administration of justice." Id.

32013–2019
State v. Decay green
la · 2009
2 sentences

2017State v. Decay, 07-966 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/19/08) , 989 So.2d 132, 144 , writ denied, 08-1634 (La. 4/13/09), 5 So.3d 161 .

2013State v. Decay, 07-966 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/19/08) , 989 So.2d 182, 144 , writ denied, 08-1634 (La.4/13/09), 5 So.3d 161 .

32013–2017
State v. Marsalis green
lactapp · 2005
2 sentences

2017State v. Marsalis, 04-827 (La.App. 5 Cir. 4/26/05) , 902 So.2d 1081, 1088 .

2013State v. Marsalis, 04-827 (La.App. 5 Cir. 4/26/05) , 902 So.2d 1081, 1088 .

32009–2017
State v. Lewis neutral
la · 2002
2 sentences

2014State v. Lewis, 01-1084 (La.App. 5 Cir. 3/13/02) , 815 So.2d 166, 171 , writ denied, 02-1053 (La.11/15/02), 829 So.2d 424 .

2012State v. Lewis, 01-1084, p. 6 (La.App. 5 Cir. 3/13/02), 815 So.2d 166, 171 , writ denied, 02-1053 (La.11/15/02), 829 So.2d 424 .

32004–2014
State v. Lewis green
lactapp · 2002
2 sentences

2014State v. Lewis, 01-1084 (La.App. 5 Cir. 3/13/02) , 815 So.2d 166, 171 , writ denied, 02-1053 (La.11/15/02), 829 So.2d 424 .

2012State v. Lewis, 01-1084, p. 6 (La.App. 5 Cir. 3/13/02), 815 So.2d 166, 171 , writ denied, 02-1053 (La.11/15/02), 829 So.2d 424 .

32004–2014
State v. Shaw green
la · 2002
2 sentences

2011Marsalis, supra, (citing State v. Shaw, 00-1051 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/14/01) , 785 So.2d 34, 45 , writ denied, 01-0969 (La.2/8/02), 807 So.2d 861 ).

2005State v. Shaw, 00-1051 (La.App. 5 Cir. 2/14/01) , 785 So.2d 34, 45 , writ denied, 01-0969 (La.2/8/02), 807 So.2d 861 . *1089 Relevant evidence is "evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." LSA-C.E. art. 401.

32005–2011
State v. Clark neutral
lactapp · 1996
2 sentences

2017However, this guarantee does not grant the right to the admission of any type of evidence.” State v. Clark, 95-1046, p. 23 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/6/96), 670 So.2d 624, 636 , writ denied, 96-861 (La. 9/20/96), 679 So.2d 431 (citing State v. Hill, 610 So.2d 1080 (La.App. 3 Cir. 1992)).

1997State v. Clark, 95-1046 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/6/96) , 670 So.2d 624 .

21997–2017
State v. Decay green
lactapp · 2008
2 sentences

2017State v. Decay, 07-966 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/19/08) , 989 So.2d 132, 144 , writ denied, 08-1634 (La. 4/13/09), 5 So.3d 161 .

2013State v. Decay, 07-966 (La.App. 5 Cir. 6/19/08) , 989 So.2d 132, 144 , writ denied, 08-1634 (La.4/13/09), 5 So.3d 161 .

22013–2017
State v. Dressner green
la · 2010
2 sentences

2016Just as an accused has the right to confront the prosecution’s witnesses for the purpose of challenging their testimony, he has the right to present his own witnesses to establish a defense.”); Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 302 , 93 S.Ct. 1038, 1049 , 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973)(“Few rights are more fundamental than that of an accused to present witnesses in his own defense.”); State v. Dressner, 08-1366, p. 15 (La.7/6/10), 45 So.3d 127, 137-38 ; State v. Mills, 12-0851, p. 9 (La.App. 4 Cir. 7/3/13), 120 So.3d 802, 808 .

2015Just as an accused has the right to confront the prosecution’s witnesses for the purpose of challenging their testimony, he has the right to present his own witnesses to establish a defense.”); Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 302 , 93 S.Ct. 1038, 1049 , 35 L.Ed.2d 297 (1973) (holding that "[f]ew rights are more fundamental than that of an accused to present witnesses in his own defense.”); State v. Dressner, 08-1366, p. 15 (La.7/6/10), 45 So.3d 127, 137-38 . .

22015–2016
State v. Pugh green
lactapp · 2002
2 sentences

2010State v. Mosby, 595 So.2d 1135 (La.1992); State v. Lathan, supra; State v. Pugh, 02-171 (La.App. 5th Cir.10/16/02), 831 So.2d 341 .

2010State v. Mosby, 595 So.2d 1135 (La.1992); State v. Lathan, supra ; State v. Pugh, 02-171 (La.App. 5th Cir.10/16/02), 831 So.2d 341 .

22007–2010
United States v. Samuel Buchbinder green
ca7 · 1986
2 sentences

1991State v. Buchbinder, 796 F.2d 910 (7th Cir.1986); U.S. v. Hillsberg, 812 F.2d 328 (7th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1041 , 107 S.Ct. 1981 , 95 L.Ed.2d 821 (1987).

1989In State v. Buchbinder, 796 F.2d 910 (7th Cir.1986), the court held that the exclusion of expert testimony regarding defendant's mental state was appropriate under federal procedural rules.

21989–1991
Holmes v. South Carolina green
scotus · 2006
12019–2019
State v. McMillan green
lactapp · 2010
12017–2017
State v. Hill green
lactapp · 1992
12017–2017
State v. Carrier green
la · 1996
12017–2017
State ex rel. Hensley v. State green
la · 2011
12017–2017
State v. Smoot green
lactapp · 2014
12017–2017
State v. Stewart green
la · 2014
12017–2017
State v. Prieur red
la · 1973
12016–2016
State v. Mills neutral
lactapp · 2013
12016–2016
State v. Hatton green
la · 2008
12014–2014
State v. Johnson neutral
lactapp · 2006
12012–2012
State v. Strong neutral
lactapp · 2010
12012–2012
State v. McCullough green
lactapp · 2000
12011–2011
State v. McCullough green
la · 2002
12011–2011
State v. Green neutral
lactapp · 1999
12011–2011
State v. Morgan green
la · 1990
12007–2007
State v. Johnson green
lactapp · 1989
12007–2007
State v. Vigee green
la · 1988
12007–2007
State v. Tauzin neutral
lactapp · 2004
12006–2006
State v. Winfrey green
lactapp · 1997
12000–2000

Statutes the citing opinions construe

LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:30.1 (24) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 15:438 (17) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 15:529.1 (15) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:30 (12) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:64 (11) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 1 (9) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:10 (9) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:20 (8) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:31 (8) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:24 (6) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:27 (6) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 40:967 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 205 (1928–2026) MI 199 (1936–2026) WA 188 (1927–2026) TX 118 (1974–2026) NY 106 (1891–2026) TN 102 (2000–2026) CT 92 (1935–2025) IL 87 (1949–2025) LA 77 (1959–2026) WI 47 (1988–2026) OH 46 (1979–2026) KS 41 (1905–2025) IN 41 (1952–2024) MN 37 (1988–2026) CO 31 (1894–2026) MA 24 (1978–2025) IA 23 (1992–2025) DC 20 (1979–2015) ID 19 (1978–2025) KY 18 (1924–2025) SC 15 (1986–2023) MD 15 (1977–2022) NC 14 (1976–2014) OR 13 (1982–2026) NM 11 (1988–2024) AL 11 (1896–2002) OK 10 (1998–2025) HI 10 (1936–2023) AZ 10 (1976–2022) PA 9 (1919–2025) WY 7 (1937–2025) NJ 7 (1988–2026) MO 7 (1932–2011) RI 7 (1981–2014) VT 6 (1983–2025) MT 5 (1935–2025) NE 5 (1989–2020) AK 5 (1997–2019) WV 4 (1987–2018) FL 4 (1982–2024) MS 4 (2006–2022) VA 4 (1985–2017) ND 3 (1980–2001) SD 3 (2009–2025) AR 3 (1922–1941) GA 3 (1998–2019) NH 2 (1985–2012) UT 2 (2014–2018) ME 2 (1983–2019) DE 2 (1989–2019)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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