irrebuttable presumption in Indiana

12 Indiana opinions name it 2 courts 1980–2017 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Indiana courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (7)

Case	Followed	Cited
Woods v. Stategreen ind · 1954 · cited in 2 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2014–2015 2 sentences 2015The Court explained that this irrebuttable presumption of prejudice was “aimed at identifying egregious ‘juror conduct with witnesses occurring contemporaneous to the trial proceeding,’” noting that such conduct was referred to in the case law as “prima facie prejudicial.” Id. (quoting May, 716 N.E.2d at 422 (emphasis in original)). 2015Cf. May, 716 N.E.2d at 420 (granting a new trial based on prima facie prejudice after a juror’s conversation with a witness ended with an invitation for the juror to come over to the witness’s house to watch a pay-per-view boxing match); Kelley, 555 N.E.2d at 141 (finding an irrebuttable presumption of prejudice applied after three jurors ate lunch with the State’s sole witness, and the witness was overheard stating “I seen him do it,” and one of the jurors responded, “I could see him do that”); Woods, 233 Ind. at 323 , 119 N.E.2d at 560 (finding an irrebuttable presumption of prejudice where	2	2
May v. Stategreen ind · 1999 · cited in 2 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2014–2015 2 sentences 2015The Court explained that this irrebuttable presumption of prejudice was “aimed at identifying egregious ‘juror conduct with witnesses occurring contemporaneous to the trial proceeding,’” noting that such conduct was referred to in the case law as “prima facie prejudicial.” Id. (quoting May, 716 N.E.2d at 422 (emphasis in original)). 2015Cf. May, 716 N.E.2d at 420 (granting a new trial based on prima facie prejudice after a juror’s conversation with a witness ended with an invitation for the juror to come over to the witness’s house to watch a pay-per-view boxing match); Kelley, 555 N.E.2d at 141 (finding an irrebuttable presumption of prejudice applied after three jurors ate lunch with the State’s sole witness, and the witness was overheard stating “I seen him do it,” and one of the jurors responded, “I could see him do that”); Woods, 233 Ind. at 323 , 119 N.E.2d at 560 (finding an irrebuttable presumption of prejudice where	2	2
Weinberger v. Salfigreen scotus · 1975 · cited in 2 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2014–2015 2 sentences 2015The Court of Appeals “recognize[d] that the Supreme Court has retreated to some extent from the irrebuttable presumption doctrine since Vlandis and Stanley,” but held it is “still ... applicable to interests that enjoy constitutionally protected status.” Id. at 790 n. 5 (citing Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749 , 95 S.Ct. 2457 , 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975)). 2015The Court of Appeals “recognize[d] that the Supreme Court has retreated to some extent from the irrebuttable presumption doctrine since Vlandis and Stanley,” but held it is “still ... applicable to interests that enjoy constitutionally protected status.” Id. at 790 n. 5 (citing Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749 , 95 S.Ct. 2457 , 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975)).	1	2
David Bisard v. State of Indianagreen indctapp · 2015 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017 2 sentences 2017See, e.g., Bisard v. State, 26 N.E.3d 1060, 1069 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (holding juror’s internet search on the reliability of blood test results, the results of which were shared with other jurors, did not fall into the category of cases where egregious behavior creates an irrebuttable presumption of prejudice), trans. denied. [24] Next, Baldwin argues the trial court abused its discretion when it concluded the State adequately rebutted the presumption of prejudice created by K.W.’s behavior. 2017See, e.g., Bisard v. State, 26 N.E.3d 1060, 1069 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (holding juror’s internet search on the reliability of blood test results, the results of which were shared with other jurors, did not fall into the category of cases where egregious behavior creates an irrebuttable presumption of prejudice), trans. denied. [24] Next, Baldwin argues the trial court abused its discretion when it concluded the State adequately rebutted the presumption of prejudice created by K.W.’s behavior.	1	1
Kelley v. Stategreen ind · 1990 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015 2 sentences 2015Cf. May, 716 N.E.2d at 420 (granting a new trial based on prima facie prejudice after a juror’s conversation with a witness ended with an invitation for the juror to come over to the witness’s house to watch a pay-per-view boxing match); Kelley, 555 N.E.2d at 141 (finding an irrebuttable presumption of prejudice applied after three jurors ate lunch with the State’s sole witness, and the witness was overheard stating “I seen him do it,” and one of the jurors responded, “I could see him do that”); Woods, 233 Ind. at 323 , 119 N.E.2d at 560 (finding an irrebuttable presumption of prejudice where 2015Cf. May, 716 N.E.2d at 420 (granting a new trial based on prima facie prejudice after a juror’s conversation with a witness ended with an invitation for the juror to come over to the witness’s house to watch a pay-per-view boxing match); Kelley, 555 N.E.2d at 141 (finding an irrebuttable presumption of prejudice applied after three jurors ate lunch with the State’s sole witness, and the witness was overheard stating “I seen him do it,” and one of the jurors responded, “I could see him do that”); Woods, 233 Ind. at 323 , 119 N.E.2d at 560 (finding an irrebuttable presumption of prejudice where	1	1
Johnson v. St. Vincent Hospital, Inc.green ind · 1980 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983 1 sentence 1983It is true that, "[a] statute cannot survive a due process challenge if it denies rights and benefits on the basis of facts presumed to exist and to be true, without affording the individual an opportunity to defend those facts." Johnson, supra at 599-600 (citations omitted).	1	1
19 Fair empl.prac.cas. 418, 19 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 9188 Raymond E. Trafelet v. James R. Thompsongreen ca7 · 1979 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980 1 sentence 1980See, e. g., Trafelet v. Thompson (7th Cir. 1979), 594 F.2d 623 (questioning the current status of the irrebuttable presumption doctrine); O'Neil v. Baine (Mo.1978), 568 S.W.2d 761 .	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Indiana. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (18)

Case	Cited	Years
Ernesto Roberto Ramirez v. State of Indiana green ind · 2014 1 sentence 2017To rebut that presumption, the State had to show “any contact or communications were harmless.” Ramirez, 7 N.E.3d at 939 .	1	2017–2017
In re the Adoption of Jonee green nycfamct · 1999 2 sentences 2015Id. at 790-91 (citing Stanley v. Illinois, 1169 405 U.S. 645, 656-57 , 92 S.Ct. 1208 , 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972) and In re Adoption of Jonee, 181 Misc.2d 822 , 695 N.Y.S.2d 920 (N.Y.Fam.Ct.1999)). 2015Id. at 790-91 (citing Stanley v. Illinois, 1169 405 U.S. 645, 656-57 , 92 S.Ct. 1208 , 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972) and In re Adoption of Jonee, 181 Misc.2d 822 , 695 N.Y.S.2d 920 (N.Y.Fam.Ct.1999)).	1	2015–2015
Lindsey v. State green ind · 1973 1 sentence 2015The Court concluded that “[a] 11 jurors stated they could render a fair verdict, and Ramirez has given us no reason to doubt their assurances.” Id. [34] To the extent Beasley argues that the circumstances here warranted an irrebuttable presumption of prejudice, we find that nothing about Juror No. 9’s conduct fundamentally compromised the appearance of neutrality.	1	2015–2015
Stanley v. Illinois green scotus · 1972 2 sentences 2015Id. at 790-91 (citing Stanley v. Illinois, 1169 405 U.S. 645, 656-57 , 92 S.Ct. 1208 , 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972) and In re Adoption of Jonee, 181 Misc.2d 822 , 695 N.Y.S.2d 920 (N.Y.Fam.Ct.1999)). 2015Id. at 790-91 (citing Stanley v. Illinois, 1169 405 U.S. 645, 656-57 , 92 S.Ct. 1208 , 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972) and In re Adoption of Jonee, 181 Misc.2d 822 , 695 N.Y.S.2d 920 (N.Y.Fam.Ct.1999)).	1	2015–2015
In Re the Adoption of: I.B. and W.B., (Minor Children) and B.B. v. B.C. & J.L., and The Indiana Department of Child Services green indctapp · 2014 2 sentences 2015Id. at 790-91 (citing Stanley v. Illinois, 1169 405 U.S. 645, 656-57 , 92 S.Ct. 1208 , 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972) and In re Adoption of Jonee, 181 Misc.2d 822 , 695 N.Y.S.2d 920 (N.Y.Fam.Ct.1999)). 2015*The Court of Appeals “recognize[d] that the Supreme Court has retreated to some extent from the irrebuttable presumption doctrine since Vlandis and Stanley,” but held it is “still ... applicable to interests that enjoy constitutionally protected status.” Id. at 790 n. 5 (citing Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749 , 95 S.Ct. 2457 , 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975)).	1	2015–2015
Vlandis v. Kline green scotus · 1973 2 sentences 2014Although in many cases this presumption may be apt, it is not in all, and the United States Supreme Court has warned that “[statutes creating permanent irrebuttable presumptions have long been disfavored under the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth .and Fourteenth Amendments.” Vlandis v. Kline, 412 U.S. 441, 446 , 93 S.Ct. 2230 , 37 L.Ed.2d 63 (1973). 2014Although in many cases this presumption may be apt, it is not in all, and the United States Supreme Court has warned that “[statutes creating permanent irrebuttable presumptions have long been disfavored under the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth .and Fourteenth Amendments.” Vlandis v. Kline, 412 U.S. 441, 446 , 93 S.Ct. 2230 , 37 L.Ed.2d 63 (1973).	1	2014–2014
State v. Shaw green ariz · 1970 2 sentences 1998Such a presumption is in violation of due process, * * .' [ State v. Shaw,] 106 Ariz. 103 , 471 P.2d [715,] 724 [ (1970) ]. 1998Such a presumption is in violation of due process, * *.’ [State v. Shaw,] 106 Ariz. 103 , 471 P.2d [715,] 724 [ (1970) ].	1	1998–1998
In Re Marriage of Agostinelli green illappct · 1993 2 sentences 1997In re Marriage of Stephenson, 162 Cal.App.3d 1057 , 209 Cal.Rptr. 383 (1984); In re Marriage of Jacobs, 128 Cal.App.3d 273 , 180 Cal.Rptr. 234 (1982); Golden v. Golden, 434 So.2d 978 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1983), petition for review denied; In re Marriage of Agostinelli, 250 Ill.App.3d 492 , 189 Ill.Dec. 898 , 620 N.E.2d 1215 (1993); Heath by Heath v. Heath, 143 Ill.App.3d 390 , 97 Ill.Dec. 615 , 493 N.E.2d 97 (1986); Gordon, 70 A.D.2d 86 , 419 N.Y.S.2d 684 ; State v. Keith, 81 Ohio App.3d 192 , 610 N.E.2d 1017 (1991). 1997In re Marriage of Stephenson, 162 Cal.App.3d 1057 , 209 Cal.Rptr. 383 (1984); In re Marriage of Jacobs, 128 Cal.App.3d 273 , 180 Cal.Rptr. 234 (1982); Golden v. Golden, 434 So.2d 978 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1983), petition for review denied; In re Marriage of Agostinelli, 250 Ill.App.3d 492 , 189 Ill.Dec. 898 , 620 N.E.2d 1215 (1993); Heath by Heath v. Heath, 143 Ill.App.3d 390 , 97 Ill.Dec. 615 , 493 N.E.2d 97 (1986); Gordon, 70 A.D.2d 86 , 419 N.Y.S.2d 684 ; State v. Keith, 81 Ohio App.3d 192 , 610 N.E.2d 1017 (1991).	1	1997–1997
Gordon v. Gordon green nyappdiv · 1979 2 sentences 1997In re Marriage of Stephenson, 162 Cal.App.3d 1057 , 209 Cal.Rptr. 383 (1984); In re Marriage of Jacobs, 128 Cal.App.3d 273 , 180 Cal.Rptr. 234 (1982); Golden v. Golden, 434 So.2d 978 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1983), petition for review denied; In re Marriage of Agostinelli, 250 Ill.App.3d 492 , 189 Ill.Dec. 898 , 620 N.E.2d 1215 (1993); Heath by Heath v. Heath, 143 Ill.App.3d 390 , 97 Ill.Dec. 615 , 493 N.E.2d 97 (1986); Gordon, 70 A.D.2d 86 , 419 N.Y.S.2d 684 ; State v. Keith, 81 Ohio App.3d 192 , 610 N.E.2d 1017 (1991). 1997In re Marriage of Stephenson, 162 Cal.App.3d 1057 , 209 Cal.Rptr. 383 (1984); In re Marriage of Jacobs, 128 Cal.App.3d 273 , 180 Cal.Rptr. 234 (1982); Golden v. Golden, 434 So.2d 978 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1983), petition for review denied; In re Marriage of Agostinelli, 250 Ill.App.3d 492 , 189 Ill.Dec. 898 , 620 N.E.2d 1215 (1993); Heath by Heath v. Heath, 143 Ill.App.3d 390 , 97 Ill.Dec. 615 , 493 N.E.2d 97 (1986); Gordon, 70 A.D.2d 86 , 419 N.Y.S.2d 684 ; State v. Keith, 81 Ohio App.3d 192 , 610 N.E.2d 1017 (1991).	1	1997–1997
Golden v. Golden green fladistctapp · 1983 1 sentence 1997In re Marriage of Stephenson, 162 Cal.App.3d 1057 , 209 Cal.Rptr. 383 (1984); In re Marriage of Jacobs, 128 Cal.App.3d 273 , 180 Cal.Rptr. 234 (1982); Golden v. Golden, 434 So.2d 978 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1983), petition for review denied; In re Marriage of Agostinelli, 250 Ill.App.3d 492 , 189 Ill.Dec. 898 , 620 N.E.2d 1215 (1993); Heath by Heath v. Heath, 143 Ill.App.3d 390 , 97 Ill.Dec. 615 , 493 N.E.2d 97 (1986); Gordon, 70 A.D.2d 86 , 419 N.Y.S.2d 684 ; State v. Keith, 81 Ohio App.3d 192 , 610 N.E.2d 1017 (1991).	1	1997–1997
Heath v. Heath green illappct · 1986 2 sentences 1997In re Marriage of Stephenson, 162 Cal.App.3d 1057 , 209 Cal.Rptr. 383 (1984); In re Marriage of Jacobs, 128 Cal.App.3d 273 , 180 Cal.Rptr. 234 (1982); Golden v. Golden, 434 So.2d 978 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1983), petition for review denied; In re Marriage of Agostinelli, 250 Ill.App.3d 492 , 189 Ill.Dec. 898 , 620 N.E.2d 1215 (1993); Heath by Heath v. Heath, 143 Ill.App.3d 390 , 97 Ill.Dec. 615 , 493 N.E.2d 97 (1986); Gordon, 70 A.D.2d 86 , 419 N.Y.S.2d 684 ; State v. Keith, 81 Ohio App.3d 192 , 610 N.E.2d 1017 (1991). 1997In re Marriage of Stephenson, 162 Cal.App.3d 1057 , 209 Cal.Rptr. 383 (1984); In re Marriage of Jacobs, 128 Cal.App.3d 273 , 180 Cal.Rptr. 234 (1982); Golden v. Golden, 434 So.2d 978 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1983), petition for review denied; In re Marriage of Agostinelli, 250 Ill.App.3d 492 , 189 Ill.Dec. 898 , 620 N.E.2d 1215 (1993); Heath by Heath v. Heath, 143 Ill.App.3d 390 , 97 Ill.Dec. 615 , 493 N.E.2d 97 (1986); Gordon, 70 A.D.2d 86 , 419 N.Y.S.2d 684 ; State v. Keith, 81 Ohio App.3d 192 , 610 N.E.2d 1017 (1991).	1	1997–1997
In Re Marriage of Jacobs green calctapp · 1982 2 sentences 1997In re Marriage of Stephenson, 162 Cal.App.3d 1057 , 209 Cal.Rptr. 383 (1984); In re Marriage of Jacobs, 128 Cal.App.3d 273 , 180 Cal.Rptr. 234 (1982); Golden v. Golden, 434 So.2d 978 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1983), petition for review denied; In re Marriage of Agostinelli, 250 Ill.App.3d 492 , 189 Ill.Dec. 898 , 620 N.E.2d 1215 (1993); Heath by Heath v. Heath, 143 Ill.App.3d 390 , 97 Ill.Dec. 615 , 493 N.E.2d 97 (1986); Gordon, 70 A.D.2d 86 , 419 N.Y.S.2d 684 ; State v. Keith, 81 Ohio App.3d 192 , 610 N.E.2d 1017 (1991). 1997In re Marriage of Stephenson, 162 Cal.App.3d 1057 , 209 Cal.Rptr. 383 (1984); In re Marriage of Jacobs, 128 Cal.App.3d 273 , 180 Cal.Rptr. 234 (1982); Golden v. Golden, 434 So.2d 978 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1983), petition for review denied; In re Marriage of Agostinelli, 250 Ill.App.3d 492 , 189 Ill.Dec. 898 , 620 N.E.2d 1215 (1993); Heath by Heath v. Heath, 143 Ill.App.3d 390 , 97 Ill.Dec. 615 , 493 N.E.2d 97 (1986); Gordon, 70 A.D.2d 86 , 419 N.Y.S.2d 684 ; State v. Keith, 81 Ohio App.3d 192 , 610 N.E.2d 1017 (1991).	1	1997–1997
In Re Marriage of Stephenson green calctapp · 1984 2 sentences 1997In re Marriage of Stephenson, 162 Cal.App.3d 1057 , 209 Cal.Rptr. 383 (1984); In re Marriage of Jacobs, 128 Cal.App.3d 273 , 180 Cal.Rptr. 234 (1982); Golden v. Golden, 434 So.2d 978 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1983), petition for review denied; In re Marriage of Agostinelli, 250 Ill.App.3d 492 , 189 Ill.Dec. 898 , 620 N.E.2d 1215 (1993); Heath by Heath v. Heath, 143 Ill.App.3d 390 , 97 Ill.Dec. 615 , 493 N.E.2d 97 (1986); Gordon, 70 A.D.2d 86 , 419 N.Y.S.2d 684 ; State v. Keith, 81 Ohio App.3d 192 , 610 N.E.2d 1017 (1991). 1997In re Marriage of Stephenson, 162 Cal.App.3d 1057 , 209 Cal.Rptr. 383 (1984); In re Marriage of Jacobs, 128 Cal.App.3d 273 , 180 Cal.Rptr. 234 (1982); Golden v. Golden, 434 So.2d 978 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1983), petition for review denied; In re Marriage of Agostinelli, 250 Ill.App.3d 492 , 189 Ill.Dec. 898 , 620 N.E.2d 1215 (1993); Heath by Heath v. Heath, 143 Ill.App.3d 390 , 97 Ill.Dec. 615 , 493 N.E.2d 97 (1986); Gordon, 70 A.D.2d 86 , 419 N.Y.S.2d 684 ; State v. Keith, 81 Ohio App.3d 192 , 610 N.E.2d 1017 (1991).	1	1997–1997
State v. Keith green ohioctapp · 1991 2 sentences 1997In re Marriage of Stephenson, 162 Cal.App.3d 1057 , 209 Cal.Rptr. 383 (1984); In re Marriage of Jacobs, 128 Cal.App.3d 273 , 180 Cal.Rptr. 234 (1982); Golden v. Golden, 434 So.2d 978 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1983), petition for review denied; In re Marriage of Agostinelli, 250 Ill.App.3d 492 , 189 Ill.Dec. 898 , 620 N.E.2d 1215 (1993); Heath by Heath v. Heath, 143 Ill.App.3d 390 , 97 Ill.Dec. 615 , 493 N.E.2d 97 (1986); Gordon, 70 A.D.2d 86 , 419 N.Y.S.2d 684 ; State v. Keith, 81 Ohio App.3d 192 , 610 N.E.2d 1017 (1991). 1997In re Marriage of Stephenson, 162 Cal.App.3d 1057 , 209 Cal.Rptr. 383 (1984); In re Marriage of Jacobs, 128 Cal.App.3d 273 , 180 Cal.Rptr. 234 (1982); Golden v. Golden, 434 So.2d 978 (Fla.Dist.Ct.App.1983), petition for review denied; In re Marriage of Agostinelli, 250 Ill.App.3d 492 , 189 Ill.Dec. 898 , 620 N.E.2d 1215 (1993); Heath by Heath v. Heath, 143 Ill.App.3d 390 , 97 Ill.Dec. 615 , 493 N.E.2d 97 (1986); Gordon, 70 A.D.2d 86 , 419 N.Y.S.2d 684 ; State v. Keith, 81 Ohio App.3d 192 , 610 N.E.2d 1017 (1991).	1	1997–1997
Daugherty v. State green indctapp · 1984 2 sentences 1996In the criminal context, however, courts are properly concerned with “whether the prosecuting attorney gained any confidential information through their prior association.” Id. 1996In the criminal context, however, courts are properly concerned with "whether the prosecuting attorney gained any confidential information through their prior association." Id.	1	1996–1996
United States v. Marion green scotus · 1971 2 sentences 1984Supportive of this conclusion, the Supreme Court in Marion observed, “[tjhese statutes [of limitations] provide predictability by specifying a limit beyond which there is an irrebuttable presumption that a defendant’s right to fair trial would be prejudiced.” 404 U.S. at 822 , 92 S.Ct. at 464. 1984Supportive of this conclusion, the Supreme Court in Marion observed, "[t]hese statutes [of limitations] provide predictability by specifying a limit beyond which there is an irrebuttable presumption that a defendant's right to fair trial would be prejudiced." 404 U.S. at 322 , 92 S.Ct. at 464.	1	1984–1984
Soave v. Milliken green miwd · 1980 1 sentence 1981While that factual presumption might be true for some general assistance recipients, it was not true for the Van Buskirks in the lawsuit herein. 5 Cf. Soave v. Milliken, (W.D.Mich.1980) 497 F.Supp. 254 .	1	1981–1981
O'NEIL v. Baine green mo · 1978 1 sentence 1980See, e. g., Trafelet v. Thompson (7th Cir. 1979), 594 F.2d 623 (questioning the current status of the irrebuttable presumption doctrine); O'Neil v. Baine (Mo.1978), 568 S.W.2d 761 .	1	1980–1980

Where else courts name it

PA 152 (1900–2026) TX 115 (1968–2026) NC 76 (1907–2023) OH 75 (1974–2026) NY 59 (1924–2024) IL 42 (1894–2024) FL 36 (1947–2024) NJ 30 (1911–2026) CA 25 (1937–2025) TN 23 (1997–2018) MS 23 (1992–2020) MI 22 (1936–2026) LA 21 (1977–2024) IA 19 (1977–2023) AZ 18 (1906–2024) WA 17 (1932–2017) MD 17 (1946–2012) CT 16 (1981–2025) CO 16 (1887–2021) NM 15 (1974–2025) MN 14 (1903–2013) WI 14 (1978–2022) NE 13 (1977–2013) IN 12 (1980–2017) WY 11 (1977–2024) AL 10 (1990–2007) HI 10 (1972–2023) MO 9 (1978–2020) GA 9 (1981–2019) DE 9 (1959–2023) OK 8 (1935–2016) OR 8 (1914–2025) SC 7 (1963–2012) VA 6 (1983–2013) VT 5 (1978–2024) KS 5 (1995–2026) NH 5 (1986–2017) AK 5 (1979–1998) MA 5 (1975–2017) DC 5 (1978–2007) KY 4 (1994–1999) ID 4 (2022–2026) MT 4 (1975–2010) NV 4 (2018–2018) UT 3 (1983–1989) ND 2 (1984–1991) WV 2 (1949–1985) SD 2 (1943–1985) AR 2 (1985–2010)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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