abandonment claim (Texas) · Go Syfert
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abandonment claim in Texas

84 Texas opinions name it 6 courts 1909–2026 19 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (31)

CaseFollowedCited
Thomas, Heathergreen
texcrimapp · 2013 · cited in 33 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2026
2 sentences

2026When assessing whether a statement of “no objection” waives a previously preserved error, we first ask whether “the record as a whole plainly demonstrates that the defendant did not intend, nor did the trial court construe, his ‘no objection’ statement to constitute an abandonment of a claim of error that he had earlier preserved for appeal[.]” Stairhime, 463 S.W.3d at 906 (quoting Thomas, 408 S.W.3d at 885 ).

2026If the “no objection” statement does not constitute an abandonment of a claim of error that was preserved earlier, then an appellate court should not regard the claim as “waived.” Id.

1233
King v. Fishergreen
texapp · 1996 · cited in 7 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005King v. Fisher , 918 S.W.2d 108, 112 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1996, writ denied). 3.

2005King v. Fisher, 918 S.W.2d 108, 112 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1996, writ denied). 3 In Lunsford, this Court affirmed an order of the Board of Nursing Examiners imposing discipline for “unprofessional or dishonorable conduct” in refusing to treat a patient who had presented himself at an emergency room with chest pains.

77
Stairhime, Ryan Matthewgreen
texcrimapp · 2015 · cited in 13 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2026
2 sentences

2026When assessing whether a statement of “no objection” waives a previously preserved error, we first ask whether “the record as a whole plainly demonstrates that the defendant did not intend, nor did the trial court construe, his ‘no objection’ statement to constitute an abandonment of a claim of error that he had earlier preserved for appeal[.]” Stairhime, 463 S.W.3d at 906 (quoting Thomas, 408 S.W.3d at 885 ).

2025When assessing whether a statement of “no objection” waives a previously preserved error, we first ask whether “the record as a whole plainly demonstrates that the defendant did not intend, nor did the trial court construe, [her] ‘no objection’ statement to constitute an abandonment of a claim of error that [s]he had earlier preserved for appeal.” Stairhime, 463 S.W.3d at 906 (quoting Thomas, 408 S.W.3d at 885 ).

613
Concept General Contracting, Inc. v. Asbestos Maintenance Services, Inc.green
texapp · 2011 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2025
2 sentences

2025Servs., 346 S.W.3d 172, 180 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, pet. denied)); accord Bundren v. Holly Oaks Townhomes Ass’n, Inc., 347 S.W.3d 421, 431 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, pet. denied). “[T]here is nothing in the case law linking a failure to respond to discovery to an abandonment of a claim[.]” Bundren, 347 S.W.3d at 431 (quoting Killam Ranch Props., Ltd. v. Webb Cnty., No. 04-08-00105-CV, 2008 WL 4958452 , at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Nov. 19, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.)). (1) there was good cause for the failure to timely make, amend, or supplement the discovery response; or (2) the failure to timel

2022Servs., 346 S.W.3d 172, 180 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, pet. denied)); accord Bundren v. Holly Oaks Townhomes Ass’n, Inc., 347 S.W.3d 421, 431 (Tex. App.— Dallas 2011, pet. denied). “[T]here is nothing in the case law linking a failure to respond to discovery to an abandonment of a claim[.]” Bundren, 347 S.W.3d at 431 (quoting Killam Ranch Props., Ltd. v. Webb Cnty., No. 04-08-00105-CV, 2008 WL 4958452 , at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Nov. 19, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.)). 17 Rather, notice that a party is pursuing a particular legal theory “generally must come from the pleadings.” Concept Gen.

33
In Re JFCgreen
tex · 2002 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2019
2 sentences

2019To date, this court has not received any response from appellant or appellant’s counsel. “[I]nvoluntary termination of parental rights involves fundamental constitutional rights.” Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 302 (Tex. 2002).

2018Because “involuntary termination of parental rights involves fundamental constitutional rights,” Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 302 (Tex. 2002), we look to the abandonment procedures for criminal cases for guidance in this circumstance.

33
Holick v. Smithgreen
tex · 1985 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2019
2 sentences

2019To date, this court has not received any response from appellant or appellant’s counsel. “[I]nvoluntary termination of parental rights involves fundamental constitutional rights.” Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 302 (Tex. 2002).

2018Because “involuntary termination of parental rights involves fundamental constitutional rights,” Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 302 (Tex. 2002), we look to the abandonment procedures for criminal cases for guidance in this circumstance.

33
Bundren v. Holly Oaks Townhomes Ass'n, Inc.green
texapp · 2011 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2025
2 sentences

2025Servs., 346 S.W.3d 172, 180 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, pet. denied)); accord Bundren v. Holly Oaks Townhomes Ass’n, Inc., 347 S.W.3d 421, 431 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, pet. denied). “[T]here is nothing in the case law linking a failure to respond to discovery to an abandonment of a claim[.]” Bundren, 347 S.W.3d at 431 (quoting Killam Ranch Props., Ltd. v. Webb Cnty., No. 04-08-00105-CV, 2008 WL 4958452 , at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Nov. 19, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.)). (1) there was good cause for the failure to timely make, amend, or supplement the discovery response; or (2) the failure to timel

2025Servs., 346 S.W.3d 172, 180 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, pet. denied)); accord Bundren v. Holly Oaks Townhomes Ass’n, Inc., 347 S.W.3d 421, 431 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, pet. denied). “[T]here is nothing in the case law linking a failure to respond to discovery to an abandonment of a claim[.]” Bundren, 347 S.W.3d at 431 (quoting Killam Ranch Props., Ltd. v. Webb Cnty., No. 04-08-00105-CV, 2008 WL 4958452 , at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Nov. 19, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.)). (1) there was good cause for the failure to timely make, amend, or supplement the discovery response; or (2) the failure to timel

22
Estrada v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2010 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2019
2 sentences

2019A “no objection” statement waives preservation of an adverse pretrial ruling unless the record “plainly demonstrates that the defendant did not intend, nor did the trial court construe his ‘no objection’ statement to constitute an abandonment of a claim of error that he had earlier preserved for appeal.” Thomas, 408 S.W.3d at 885 ; see Estrada v. State, 313 S.W.3d 274, 302 (Tex. Crim.

2014But when a defendant affirmatively asserts during trial that he or she has no objection to the admission of the complained-of evidence, he or she forfeits any error in the admission of the evidence despite the pretrial ruling unless the “record as a whole plainly demonstrates that the defendant did not intend, nor did the trial court construe, his ‘no objection’ statement to constitute an abandonment of a claim of error that he had earlier preserved for appeal.” Thomas, 408 S.W.3d at 885-86 (holding that “if from the record as a whole the appellate court simply cannot tell whether an abandonme

22
Person v. Lathamgreen
texapp · 1979 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005Person v. Latham , 582 S.W.2d 246, 250 (Tex. Civ.

2005Person v. Latham, 582 S.W.2d 246, 250 (Tex.Civ.App.-Beaumont 1979, writ ref d n.r.e.). *36 The Jordans assert that an abandoned cause of action cannot be revived.

22
Friendswood Development Co. v. McDade + Co.green
tex · 1996 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005See Friendswood , 926 S.W.2d at 282 .

2005See Friendswood, 926 S.W.2d at 282 .

22
Moraguez v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1986 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014But when a defendant affirmatively asserts during trial that he or she has no objection to the admission of the complained-of evidence, he or she forfeits any error in the admission of the evidence despite the pretrial ruling unless the “record as a whole plainly demonstrates that the defendant did not intend, nor did the trial court construe, his ‘no objection’ statement to constitute an abandonment of a claim of error that he had earlier preserved for appeal.” Thomas, 408 S.W.3d at 885-86 (holding that “if from the record as a whole the appellate court simply cannot tell whether an abandonme

2014App. 2013) (holding that “if from the record as a whole the appellate court simply cannot tell whether an abandonment was intended or understood,” an “affirmative ‘no objection’ statement will, by itself, serve as an unequivocal indication that a waiver was both intended and understood”); see also Moraguez, 701 S.W.2d at 904 .

12
Sharper v. Stategreen
texapp · 2016 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Nothing in this record “plainly demonstrates that [Appellant] did not intend, nor [that] the trial court construe[d], his ‘no objection’ statement to constitute an abandonment of a claim of error that he had earlier preserved for appeal.” See Thomas, 408 S.W.3d at 885 ; see also Sharper v. State, 485 S.W.3d 612, 616 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2016, pet. ref’d) (“Since the record does not plainly demonstrate that [Appellant] did not intend to abandon his Sixth Amendment objections, we find that [Appellant] has failed to preserve this error for our review.”).

11
Pollard v. Stategreen
texapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022See Pollard v. State, 392 S.W.3d 785, 790 (Tex. App.—Waco 2012, pet. ref’d); Guy v. State, No. 03-12-00466-CR, 2014 WL 5423760 , at *6 (Tex. App.—Austin Oct. 22, 2014, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

11
C/S Solutions, Inc. v. Energy Maintenance Services Group LLCgreen
texapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022LLC, 274 S.W.3d 299, 307 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.) (concluding that the abandonment of a claim is not governed by Rule 162 pertaining to nonsuits).

11
State v. Martinezgreen
texcrimapp · 2019 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Useful reference can be made to the abandonment doctrine. “[N]o person can reasonably expect privacy in property he abandons.” State v. Martinez, 570 S.W.3d 278, 286 (Tex. Crim.

11
United States v. Prentiss Anthony Crumblegreen
ca8 · 2018 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020See United States v. Crumble, 878 F.3d 656, 660 (8th Cir. 2018); United States v. Quashie, 162 F.Supp.3d 135, 141-42 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) (finding Riley does not eliminate abandonment exception for cell phones); Kelso v. State, 562 S.W.3d 120, 135 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2018, pet. ref’d); Edwards, 497 S.W.3d at 160 ; Lopez v. State, 512 S.W.3d 416 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2016, no pet.) (holding that appellant abandoned phone and had no standing to object to evidence retrieved from it when he left the device at his workplace and never requested that it be returned to him).

11
State v. K.C.green
fladistctapp · 2016 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020See State v. K.C., 207 So. 3d 951, 958 (Fla. Ct. App. 2016) (concluding that under Riley the abandonment exception does not apply to cell phones whose contents are protected by a password).

2020See State v. K.C., 207 So. 3d 951, 958 (Fla. Ct. App. 2016) (concluding that under Riley the abandonment exception does not apply to cell phones whose contents are protected by a password).

11
Carpenter v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 2018 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020Ed. 2d 430 (2014) (finding that search-incident-to-arrest exception to the warrant requirement did not apply to the cell phone, but noting the continuing applicability of other case-specific exceptions); see also Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206, 2222 , 201 L.

2020Ed. 2d 430 (2014) (finding that search-incident-to-arrest exception to the warrant requirement did not apply to the cell phone, but noting the continuing applicability of other case-specific exceptions); see also Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206, 2222 , 201 L.

11
Miranda Renea Kelso v. Stategreen
texapp · 2018 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020See United States v. Crumble, 878 F.3d 656, 660 (8th Cir. 2018); United States v. Quashie, 162 F.Supp.3d 135, 141-42 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) (finding Riley does not eliminate abandonment exception for cell phones); Kelso v. State, 562 S.W.3d 120, 135 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2018, pet. ref’d); Edwards, 497 S.W.3d at 160 ; Lopez v. State, 512 S.W.3d 416 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2016, no pet.) (holding that appellant abandoned phone and had no standing to object to evidence retrieved from it when he left the device at his workplace and never requested that it be returned to him).

11
State of Texas v. Granville, Anthonygreen
texcrimapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020While this Court has recognized that the abandonment doctrine may apply as an exception to the warrantless search of a cell phone, State v. Granville, 423 S.W.3d 399, 409 (Tex. Crim.

11
United States v. Quashiegreen
nyed · 2016 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020See United States v. Crumble, 878 F.3d 656, 660 (8th Cir. 2018); United States v. Quashie, 162 F.Supp.3d 135, 141-42 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) (finding Riley does not eliminate abandonment exception for cell phones); Kelso v. State, 562 S.W.3d 120, 135 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2018, pet. ref’d); Edwards, 497 S.W.3d at 160 ; Lopez v. State, 512 S.W.3d 416 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2016, no pet.) (holding that appellant abandoned phone and had no standing to object to evidence retrieved from it when he left the device at his workplace and never requested that it be returned to him).

11
Simko v. Blakegreen
mich · 1995 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Cedeno v. Gumbinergreen
illappct · 2004 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
In Re SNgreen
texapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
In Re KWgreen
texapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Priest v. Texas Animal Health Commissiongreen
texapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Jones v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1992 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Baker v. Goldsmithgreen
tex · 1979 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Blockburger v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1931 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
Ex Parte McWilliamsgreen
texcrimapp · 1982 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
Griffith v. Allisongreen
· 1936 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1969–1969
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (27)

CaseCitedYears
Harris v. State green
texcrimapp · 1983
2 sentences

2020Therefore, appellate courts should review the entirety of the record to determine whether the record “plainly demonstrates that the defendant did not intend, nor did the trial court construe, his ‘no objection’ statement to constitute an abandonment of a claim of error that he had earlier preserved for appeal.” Id.

2019Therefore, appellate courts 3 should review the entirety of the record to determine whether the record “plainly demonstrates that the defendant did not intend, nor did the trial court construe, his ‘no objection’ statement to constitute an abandonment of a claim of error that he had earlier preserved for appeal.” Id.

22019–2020
Rubalcado v. State green
texcrimapp · 2014
2 sentences

2015But in the case now before this court, the Denton 4 Rubalcado v. State, 424 S.W.3d 560 , 573–74 (Tex. Crim.

2015But in the case now before this court, the Denton 4 Rubalcado v. State, 424 S.W.3d 560 , 573–74 (Tex. Crim.

22015–2015
Lessee of Ewing v. Burnet green
· 1837
2 sentences

1920Ewing v. Burnet, 11 Pet., 54 ; 9 L.

1919Ewing v. Burnet, 11 Pet. 54 , 9 L.

21919–1920
In Re DT green
texapp · 2001
1 sentence

2026Id.

12026–2026
In Re Jm green
texapp · 2011
1 sentence

2024In opposition to the abandonment claim, DFPS argued that it “could not abandon its pleading during closing arguments because Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 162 requires a party to dismiss a claim or take a non-suit ‘before the plaintiff has introduced all of his evidence.’” Id. at 827 n.3.

12024–2024
Anders v. California green
scotus · 1967
1 sentence

2024Valenzuela, Justice Lori Massey Brissette, Justice Delivered and Filed: September 11, 2024 APPEAL DISMISSED; MOTION TO WITHDRAW GRANTED Following an abandonment hearing in the trial court due to appellant’s court-appointed attorney’s failure to file a brief, on July 15, 2024, counsel filed a brief and motion to withdraw pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), in which she asserts there are no meritorious issues to raise on appeal.

12024–2024
Edwards v. State green
texapp · 2016
1 sentence

2020See United States v. Crumble, 878 F.3d 656, 660 (8th Cir. 2018); United States v. Quashie, 162 F.Supp.3d 135, 141-42 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) (finding Riley does not eliminate abandonment exception for cell phones); Kelso v. State, 562 S.W.3d 120, 135 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2018, pet. ref’d); Edwards, 497 S.W.3d at 160 ; Lopez v. State, 512 S.W.3d 416 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2016, no pet.) (holding that appellant abandoned phone and had no standing to object to evidence retrieved from it when he left the device at his workplace and never requested that it be returned to him).

12020–2020
Lopez v. State green
texapp · 2016
1 sentence

2020See United States v. Crumble, 878 F.3d 656, 660 (8th Cir. 2018); United States v. Quashie, 162 F.Supp.3d 135, 141-42 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) (finding Riley does not eliminate abandonment exception for cell phones); Kelso v. State, 562 S.W.3d 120, 135 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2018, pet. ref’d); Edwards, 497 S.W.3d at 160 ; Lopez v. State, 512 S.W.3d 416 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2016, no pet.) (holding that appellant abandoned phone and had no standing to object to evidence retrieved from it when he left the device at his workplace and never requested that it be returned to him).

12020–2020
Riley v. Cal. United States green
· 2014
2 sentences

2020In Riley, the Supreme Court did not address the abandonment doctrine or any standing issue and explicitly left the door open for other case-specific exceptions. 573 U.S. 373 , 401–02, 134 S. Ct. 2473, 2494 , 189 L.

2020In Riley, the Supreme Court did not address the abandonment doctrine or any standing issue and explicitly left the door open for other case-specific exceptions. 573 U.S. 373 , 401–02, 134 S. Ct. 2473, 2494 , 189 L.

12020–2020
Hunt Oil Co. v. Moore green
tex · 1982
12015–2015
Sharpstown Civic Ass'n, Inc. v. Pickett green
tex · 1984
12009–2009
Vasquez v. State green
texapp · 1995
11996–1996
Martin v. Schneider green
texapp · 1981
11993–1993
Huffington v. Upchurch green
tex · 1976
11989–1989
City of Anson v. Arnett green
texapp · 1952
11982–1982
Hopkins v. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation green
fla · 1967
11968–1968
Osborne v. Keith green
tex · 1944
11954–1954
Hill v. Patterson neutral
texapp · 1916
11950–1950
Bruyere Const. Co. v. Bewley neutral
texapp · 1923
11950–1950
E. H. Bruyere Const. Co. v. Bewley neutral
texapp · 1921
11950–1950
Brooks v. Taylor green
texapp · 1919
11950–1950
Jackson v. Guaranty State Bank of Fort Worth neutral
texapp · 1924
11950–1950
Wakefield v. Queisser neutral
texapp · 1927
11950–1950
Buse v. Buse neutral
texapp · 1926
11935–1935
Ormsby v. Ratcliffe green
tex · 1928
11929–1929
Finegan v. Read neutral
texapp · 1894
11927–1927
Honeyman v. Jarvis neutral
ill · 1875
11909–1909

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Occ. Code § 164.001 (7) TX § Tex. Occ. Code § 164.011 (7) TX § Tex. Occ. Code § 164.051 (7) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 21.07 (5) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 37.09 (5) TX § Tex. Occ. Code § 164.007 (4) TX § Tex. Occ. Code § 165.001 (4) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 19.02 (4) TX § Tex. Fam. Code § 107.013 (3) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 1.07 (3) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 21.11 (3) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 6.03 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

MO 149 (1885–2025) TX 84 (1909–2026) IL 66 (1898–2025) CA 41 (1863–2026) NY 39 (1873–2025) LA 32 (1931–2023) CT 28 (1967–2024) FL 26 (1931–2025) OH 25 (1960–2026) PA 24 (1905–2025) UT 24 (1987–2020) MI 23 (1886–2026) WA 20 (1963–2019) AZ 18 (1965–2025) IN 15 (1881–2019) CO 14 (1914–2026) TN 12 (1899–2024) NJ 11 (1957–2024) MS 11 (1924–2020) AL 11 (1912–2011) ID 10 (1873–2024) SC 10 (1926–2024) MD 8 (1976–2016) MA 7 (1938–2025) IA 7 (1940–2021) OK 7 (1947–1993) AR 7 (1898–2017) AK 7 (1983–1998) WI 6 (1938–2026) GA 6 (1976–2017) NC 6 (1948–2014) MN 6 (1914–2004) NM 6 (2012–2016) NE 6 (1906–2009) VT 5 (1881–2015) KY 5 (1932–2025) VA 5 (1902–2024) NH 4 (1859–2007) KS 4 (1976–2025) DC 4 (1978–2023) MT 3 (1910–2010) OR 3 (1978–2014) WV 3 (1957–1997) HI 3 (1940–2006) RI 3 (1987–2005) ME 2 (1992–2012) DE 2 (2019–2022) SD 2 (1915–1990) NV 2 (1983–2014)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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